Fundamentals Electrical Power Measurement PDF

Fundamentals
of
Electrical Power Measurement
Barry Bolling
Application Engineer
Yokogawa Corporation of America
Credits: Bill Gatheridge
Presentation: IEEE / UTC Aerospace
2012 Yokogawa Corporation of America

Presenter
Barry Bolling
Newnan, GA
1-800-888-6400 Ext 2538

Barry.Bolling@us.yokogawa.com
Barry Bolling is a High Frequency Instruments
Application Engineer with Yokogawas Test &
Measurement Group. He began his career in
component-level RF and Analog circuit design and
design verification with additional experience in
power electronics.
http://tmi.yokogawa.com Barry is currently responsible for Yokogawas digital

oscilloscope measurement applications support,
including application notes and seminars.
Barry graduated from the Georgia Institute of

Technology with a degree in electrical engineering,
and he enjoys amateur radio, fly fishing, gardening,
and travel with his family.
2
Fundamentals
of
Electrical Power Measurements
2012 Yokogawa Corporation of America
3
Overview Part I of III
Part I: Electrical Power Measurements
Review Some Basics
Power Measurements Using a Precision
Power Analyzer
Single-Phase Power Measurements
Current Sensors
Three-Phase Power Measurements
2 & 3 Wattmeter Method
4
Overview Part II of III
Part II: Power Factor Measurement

Displacement Power Factor
True Power Factor
Power Factor Measurements in Single-
Phase & Three-Phase Circuits
Practical Power Factor Measurement
Applications
5
Overview Part III of III
Part III: Power Measurements using a
Digital Oscilloscope
How to properly use a Digital Oscilloscope to
make Electrical Power Measurements
Some Dos and Donts
Measurement Examples
Comparison of a DSO and a Power Analyzer
6
Yokogawa Corporate History
1930 Vintage
Standard AC Voltmeter Founded in 1915.
0.2% Accuracy Class First to produce and sell electric
meters in Japan.
North American operation
established in 1957
World wide sales in excess of $4.3
Billion
84 companies world wide
Over 19,000 employees worldwide
Operations in 33 Countries
WT3000
Precision Power Analyzer
7

Newnan, GA
8
Part I Electrical Power Measurements
PART I
ELECTRICAL POWER MEASUREMENTS
9
First, Some Basics: OHMS LAW
10
Average and RMS Values
Average, RMS, Peak-to-Peak Value

Conversion for Sinusoidal Wave
(multiplication factors)
Known Value Average RMS Peak Peak-to-Peak

Average 1.0 1.11 1.57 3.14
RMS 0.9 1.0 1.414 2.828
Peak 0.637 0.707 1.0 2.0
Peak-to-Peak 0.32 0.3535 0.5 1.0
11
Average and RMS Values
12
Measurement of Power
Whats A Watt ?
A unit of Power equal to one
Joule of Energy per Second
DC Source: W = V x A
AC Source: W = V x A x PF
13
AC Power Measurement
Active Power:
Watts P = Vrms x Arms x PF
Also sometimes referred to as True Power or Real Power
Apparent Power:
Volt-Amps S = Vrms x Arms
14
Measurement of AC Power
Watts P = Vrms x Arms x PF = Urms1 x Irms1 x 1

Volt-Amps S = Vrms x Arms = Urms1 x Irms1
15
Digital Power Analyzers are entirely electronic

and use some form of DIGITIZING TECHNIQUE
to convert analog signals to digital form.
higher end analyzers use DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING techniques to determine values
Digital Power Oscilloscopes use SPECIAL
FIRMWARE to make true power measurements
Digitizing instruments are somewhat
RESTRICTED because it is a sampled data
technique
Many Power Analyzers and Power Scopes apply
FFT algorithms for additional power and
harmonic analysis
16
Yokogawa Digital Power Analyzers and

Digital Power Scopes use the following
method to calculate power:
T
Pavg = 1/T 0 v(t) * I (t) dt
Using digitizing techniques, the

INSTANTANEOUS VOLTAGE is multiplied by the
INSTANTANEOUS CURRENT and then
INTEGRATED over some time period.
17
True RMS Measurements
T
Ptotal = 1/T 0 v(t) * I (t) dt
URMS = 1/T T
0 v(t)2 dt
IRMS = 1/T T
0 i(t)2 dt
These calculation methods provide a True Power

Measurement and True RMS Measurement on any
type of waveform, including all the harmonic
content, up to the bandwidth of the instrument.
18
Single Phase Power Measurement
Wattmeter
AC A +
W
Source I(t) One - phase
V two - wire
V(t)
Load
. +
Single Wattmeter
Method
19
Single-Phase Two-Wire System
The voltage and current detected by the

METER are the voltage and current
applied directly to the Load.
The indication on the Meter is the POWER

being dissipated by the load.
20
Measurement Results Single-Phase Two-Wire System
21
Current Sensors
AEMC
Yokogawa
Scope
Probes Yokogawa
CTs
Yokogawa/GMW-
LEM/Danfysik CT System
Pearson
Electronics Ram Meter
Shunts
22
Current Sensors
SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
Accuracy, CT Turns Ratio Accuracy
Phase Shift
1 or 2 Degrees Maximum: Cosine 2 Deg = 0.9994
Frequency Range
DC to line frequency, sine waves: DC Shunts
DC & AC: Hall Effect or Active type CT
AC Approximately 30 Hz and higher: Various types
of CTs
23
Current Sensors
SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
Instrument Compatibility
Output: Millivolts/Amp, Milliamps/Amp; or Amps
Impedance and Load, Burden
Scope Probes - - CAUTION! Use on Scopes, NOT
Power Analyzers
Physical Requirements
Size
Connections: Clamp-On or Donut type
Distance from Load to Instrument
24
Current Sensors
A WORD OF CAUTION
NEVER Open Circuit the Secondary side of a Current

Transformer while it is energized!
This could cause serious damage to the CT and could

possibly be harmful to equipment operators.
A CT is a Current Source.
By Ohms Law E = I x R
When R is very large, E becomes very high
The High Voltage generated inside the CT will cause
a magnetic saturation of the core, winding damage, or
other damage which could destroy the CT.
25
Single-Phase Three-Wire Power Measurement
Wattmeter 1
L1 A W
+
AC I(t)
Source V
V(t) One - phase
three - wire
N . +
Load
V(t)
I(t)
V
L2 W
A +
Wattmeter 2
PT = W1 + W2
Two Wattmeter
Method
26
Single-Phase Three-Wire System
(Split Phase)
The voltage and current detected by the METERS are the

voltage and current applied directly to the Load.
The indication on EACH METER is the power being

delivered by the LINE to which the meter is connected.
The total power dissipated by the load is the ALGEBRAIC

SUM of the two indications.
27
Measurement Results Single-Phase Three-Wire System
28
29
30
Blondel Theorem
Blondel theory states that total power is

measured with ONE LESS wattmeter than the
number of WIRES.
1-P 2-W 1 Wattmeter
1-P 3-W 2 Wattmeters

31
Andre Blondel
Blondel was born in France. He was employed as an engineer by the
Lighthouses and Beacons Service until he retired in 1927 as its general first
class inspector.He became a professor of electrotechnology at the School of
Bridges and Highways and the School of Mines. Very early in his career he
suffered immobility due to a paralysis of his legs, which confined him to his room
for 27 years, but he never stopped working.
In 1893 Andr Blondel sought to solved the problem of integral synchronization.

He determined the conditions under which the curve traced by a high-speed
recording instrument would follow as closely as possible the actual variations of
the physical phenomenon being studied.
This led him to invent the bifilar and soft iron oscillographs. These instruments
won the grand prize at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904. They remained the best
way to record high-speed electrical phenomena for more than 40 years when
they were replaced by the cathode ray oscilloscope.
He published Empirical Theory of Synchronous Generators which contained the

basic theory of the two armature reactions (direct and transverse). It was used
extensively to explain the properties of salient-pole AC machines.
In 1909, assisted by M. Mhl, he worked on one of the first long distance

schemes for the transmission of AC power. The project created a (then) large
300,000 hp hydroelectric power plant at Genissiat on the River Rhone, and
transmitted electrical power to Paris more than 350 km away using polyphase
AC current at 120 kV.
32
Three - Phase Systems
vcn
vca
120o
vbc 120o n van

120o
vab
vbn
33
Phase
Voltages
Measured
Line to
Neutral
34
vab
b
vca Four - Wire
van vbc Three - Phase
c System
vbn
vcn
n
Vl-n = 120 / 277 Volts

Vl-l = 3 * Vl-n
Vl-l = 208 / 480 Volts
35
a A W +
a
AC V
Source b A +
Wb
V Four - Wire
van c A W +
Three - Phase
c Load
vbn V
vcn
+
n
Three Wattmeter
PT = Wa + Wb + Wc
Method
36
Three-Phase Four-Wire System
The three meters use the FOURTH wire as the

common voltage REFERENCE.
Each meter indicates the PHASE power.
The TOTAL POWER for the three phases is the

ALGEBRAIC SUM of the three meters.
In essence, each meter measures a SINGLE

PHASE of the three phase system.
37
Measurement Results Three-Phase Four-Wire System
+ Phase
Phase Power
Power Factor
+
Phase
Current
&
Voltage
38
Measurement Results Three-Phase Four-Wire System
Phase
Voltages
Measured
Line to
Neutral
Phase
Currents
39
Three-Phase FourWire Vector Diagram
U1
Phase
Voltages
Measured
Line to
Neutral
U2
U3
40
Three-Phase Three-Wire Systems
vab
vca Three - Wire
Three - Phase
b System
vcb
c
41
Remember
Blondels Theory
. . . total power is measured with ONE LESS

wattmeter than the number of WIRES.
42
Measurement of Power 3P-3W System
Three - Phase Three - Wire System With Two Meters
a A +
Wa
V V
AC
Source vac
vab
Three - Wire
+ A + Three - Phase
b Wb Load
+
vcb
c V +
Wc
A +
Two Wattmeter
Method PT = Wa + Wb
43
Three-Phase Three-Wire System
The wattmeters used for this connection each

measure the PHASE CURRENTS
The measured voltages are the LINE-TO-LINE
values, NOT Phase Voltage.
Thus the indications on each of the meters IS NOT
the power delivered by the PHASE of the
measured current.
This configuration is a very NON-INTUITIVE
connection!
44
Three-Phase Three-Wire System
The method yields the Total Power as the Sum of the

TWO METERS in Phase 1 and 2. Note that NONE of the
meters is indicating the correct PHASE POWER.
45
The Two Wattmeter technique tends to cause

less confusion than the three meter technique
since there is no expectation that a meter will
give an accurate phase indication.
However, with the Yokogawa Power

Analyzers, on a 3-Phase 3-Wire System, use the
3V-3A wiring method. This method will give all
three Voltages and Currents, and correct Total
Power, Total Power Factor and VA
Measurements on either Balanced or
Unbalanced 3-Wire system.
46
Three-Phase Three-Wire System With Three Meters
The method yields the Total Power as the Sum of the

TWO METERS in Phase 1 and 2. Note that NONE of the
meters is indicating the correct PHASE POWER.
47
Delta Measurements
3P3W (3V3A) Connection P3P3W = P3P4W
L-L
Voltage L-N
Voltage
+
Phase
+ Power
Neutral
Curren
t
Phase Power Measurement Solution on 3P3W (3V3A) Connection
48 48
3P-3W and 3P-4W Power Measurements
P3P3W = P3P4W
3P-3W 3P-4W
U L-N x 3 = U L-L 55.20 x 3 = 95.60

49 49
Part II - Power Factor Measurements
PART II
POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENTS
50
Power Factor Measurement
If Power Factor is the Cosine of the Angle

between Voltage and Current, then how
do we measure Power Factor on a Three
Phase Circuit?
51
R - L - C Circuit
Itot IL IC IR
R
S
Vmax*sin(w*t) C
52
Current LAGS Voltage in an Inductor
PT = Vrms * IT rms * Cos

= 44.77 Degrees
Cos = 0.70994
53
Current LEADS Voltage in a Capacitor
PT = Vrms * IT rms * Cos

= 45.09 Degrees
Cos = 0.70599
54
Real World Examples
Inductive Load
AC Motor
Current LAGS
Voltage in an
Inductor
Capacitive Load
Compact Florescent
Lamp
Current LEADS
Voltage in a
Capacitor
55
PF = COS
Where is the Zero
Crossing for the
Current
Waveform?
How do we
accurately
measure
between these two
waveforms?
56
For SINE WAVES ONLY

PF = Cos
This is defined as the DISPLACEMENT
Power Factor
---------------------------------------------------------
For All Waveforms
PF = W/VA
This is defined as TRUE Power Factor
57
Phasor Form of Power
Phasor Diagram of Power for R - L Circuit
S Q
POWER TRIANGLE
VOLT-AMPS VAR
TRUE POWER FACTOR

0 PF = W / VA
WATTS P
58
True Power Factor
PF = W / VA
PF = 87.193/113.753
PF = 0.76651
Power Supply Input
59
Displacement
Power Factor
PF = Cos
Between
Fundamental
Waveforms
PF = Cos 21.06
PF = 0.9332
PF = P1 / S1
PF = 48.16 / 51.61
PF = 0.9332
Power Supply Input

Current LAGS Voltage by 21.06 Degrees
60
Power Factor on 3-Phase System
3-Phase 4-Wire System
PFTotal = W / VA
PFTotal = ( W1 + W2 + W3 ) / ( VA1 + VA2 + VA3 )
61
Power Factor on 3-Phase 3-Wire System
Using 2 Wattmeter Method
PFTotal = W / VA
PFTotal = ( W1 + W2 ) / ( 3/2)( VA1 + VA2 )
If the load is Unbalanced, that is the Phase Currents are

different, this method could result in an error in calculating
total Power Factor since only two VA measurements are
used in the calculation.
62
Power Factor on 3-Phase 3-Wire System
Using 3 Wattmeter Method
PFTotal = W / VA
PFTotal = ( W1 + W2 ) / ( 3/3)( VA1 + VA2 + VA3 )
This method will give correct Power Factor calculation on
either Balanced or Unbalanced 3-Wire system. Note that
all three VA measurements are used in the calculation.
This calculation is performed in the Yokogawa Power
Analyzers when using the 3V-3A wiring method.
63
3-Phase 3-Wire Power Factor Measurement
3V 3A
Measurement Method
P = P1 + P2
PF = P / VA
PF = 49.466 / 93.060
PF = 0.53155
How is VA calculated?
64
Power Measurement Applications
POWER MEASUREMENT
APPLICATIONS
65
Standby Power & Energy Star
Standby Power

Energy Star
&
IEC62301 Testing
(Household Applicances)
66
Overview
International Standard IEC62301
Household Electrical Appliances

Measurement of Standby Power
Hardware and Software

Measurement Solution
67
Scope of IEC62301
IEC62301 specifies methods of measurement

of electrical power consumption in Standby
Mode.
IEC62301 is applicable to mains-powered

electrical household appliances.
The objective of this standard is to provide a

standard method of test to determine the
power consumption of a range of appliances
and equipment in standby mode.
68
Terms and Definitions
The Standard also references Twenty Five

(25) IEC Standards for various Household
electrical appliances.
These standards define the various test

parameters with the limits for items such as
THD, Power and other items for the
appropriate product.
In the US and North America, the Energy

Star standard is typically used for the testing
limits.
69
Appliance Type
Pulse Power Mode
Example: Laser Printer or Copy Machine with Heaters
70
Terms and Definitions
Yokogawas Standby Power Measurement:

Energy divided by Time > Watt-Hour/Time.
This is the Average Active Power
measurement mode.
This is the preferred method as it works on
both steady and fluctuating power sources
and is the most accurate method.
Yokogawa pioneered this method with the
Model WT200 introduced in 2000.
71
Other Applications
OTHER APPLICATIONS
72
Power Measurement Application
3-P 3-W PWM Motor Drive Power Measurement
3V 3A
Measurement
Method
Drive voltage is
typically
measured using
the Mean value
scaled to rms.
DC Bus
Voltage is
measured as
U+pk
73
Device Efficiency Measurement
Device Efficiency is Calculated as Output Power
Divided by Input Power
Usually expressed as a percentage
Use Two Power Meters to Measure the Input and
Output Power
Calculate the Efficiency from the readings of the
two Power Meters
Problem Input and Output Readings may not be
made Simultaneously. Possible error due to Time
Skew
Use a Multi-Element Power Analyzer to Measure
Input and Output Power
Calculate the Efficiency in a Single Power Analyzer
Eliminates any Error due to Time Skew of
Measurements
74
Device Efficiency Measurements
Device
Efficiency:
Output P
Input P
Power Analyzer Setup Menu
75
Device Efficiency & Power Loss
Input Power
Device Efficiency
Output
Power Device Loss
76
Power Measurement Application
Device Start Up
Analysis
Device Voltage
Device Current
Cycle-by-Cycle
Start Up Power
77
Overview Part III of III
PART III
BASIC POWER MEASUREMENTS
using a
DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE
78
Power Analysis with a DSO
Why use a Digital Oscilloscope for

Electrical Power Measurements?
We have a Comfort Level using an
Oscilloscope
Dedicated Probes & Ease of Connections
Power Analysis Math Capabilities
High-frequency Bandwidth
Waveform Display & Analysis
Harmonic Analysis to IEC Standards
79
Special Note:
When using an oscilloscope, AC Power is not

just connecting a voltage probe to Ch1 and
a current probe to Ch2 and then multiplying
Ch1 x Ch2.
This will give an AC measurement of VA,

not AC Watts.
80
Remember - AC Power Measurement
Active Power:
Watts P = Vrms x Arms x PF
Also sometimes referred to as True Power or Real Power
Apparent Power:
Volt-Amps S = Vrms x Arms
81
Yokogawa Digital Power Scopes use the

following method to calculate power:
T
Pavg = 1/T 0 v(t) * I (t) dt
Taking advantage of digitizing techniques, the

INSTANTANEOUS VOLTAGE is multiplied by the
INSTANTANEOUS CURRENT and then
INTEGRATED over some time period.
82
Power Analyzer vs. DSO
Function Power Analyzer DSO
Bandwidth DC 2MHz DC 500 MHz
Power DC 50 MHz
Accuracy 0.1 to 0.02% 1.5% at input

terminals, at DC
Calibrated Traceable Power approx 3.5%

Measurement System Based on Probes
DC Accuracy
Ranges Direct connection Probes for high

High Voltage & frequency & small
High Currents currents
Digitizers Typical 16-Bit Typical 8-Bit

65,536 levels 256 Levels
83
Measurement Challenge: SKEW
Current clamp
e.g. 30 A, 100 MHz
model 701932
Differential probe
e.g. 1400 V, 100 MHz
model 700924
Skew = Propagation Delay Difference
Deskew Source - model 701936 Synchronous

reference signal for
voltage and current
Current Voltage
Auto Deskew function Successful de-skew!
84
Deskew Calibration
Signal source used for adjusting the skew between a voltage
probe and a current probe.
- Many different kinds of probes can be used for power
measurements. Each probe has a different signal path
length.
- Signal source generates time-coincident voltage and
current signals. This allows you to adjust for skew
between voltage and current probes.
Signal edges are aligned
85
BEFORE DE-SKEW
86
AFTER DE-SKEW
87
Yokogawa Solution: Auto De-skew
To correctly measure the analysis parameters such as power, impedance, power factor, watt hour,
and ampere hour from the voltage and current under analysis, the voltage and current signals
must be applied to the Vertical Input channels of the Oscilloscope while preserving the phase
relationship which exists between U & I in the DUT.
Output
signals with
no delay
Current
Voltage
Voltage Source Current Source One-touch

Auto-Deskew
Deskew - The difference in the current probe and voltage probe
signal propagation time (skew) is automatically corrected.
88
Power Analysis with a DSO
Typical Measurements
Board Lever Power Measurements

Switching Power Loss
Device Power Consumption
Switching Noise Level
Harmonics
Waveform Display & Analysis
Inrush & Transients
89
Power Supply Input with Power Analyzer
90
Power Supply Input with DSO
91
Power Supply Input Summary
Measurement Comparison
Measurement Power Power
Item Analyzer DSO
Voltage RMS 118.28 V 117.27 V
Current RMS 1.3323 A 1.3321 A
Watts 97.54 W 96.49 W
Power Factor 0.619 0.617
92
Switching Loss
PWM Inverter Output with Power Analyzer
94
PWM Inverter Output with Power DSO
95
PWM Inverter Output Summary
Measurement Comparison
Measurement Power Power
Item Analyzer DSO
Voltage RMS 176.18 V 178.56 V
Current RMS 0.3830 A 0.3950 A
Watts 44.75 W 46.37 W
Power Factor 0.6632 0.6602
96
DSO Power Calculation
97
DSO Power Calculation
Line Measurements:
49.5 VA
42.1 W
25.9 VAR
PF = 0.85
PF
Harmonic
Harmonics
ScopeCorder (Hybrid Instrument) with DSP
101
What You Will Need
Power Measurements with a DSO
Oscilloscope
Options power analysis, probe power
Probes
Differential Voltage Probe
Current probe
High Voltage Probe
Other
Isolation line-transformer for non-isolated designs
(safety).
Deskew Device
102
Yokogawas Power Measuring Solutions
Yokogawa offers the Most Complete Line of

Power Measurement Products to meet the
customers Application and Budget.
Product, Application and Software support

provided from a network of Field Sales Reps,
Factory Regional Sales Managers and Factory
Support Engineers.
NIST Traceable Calibration provided by Factory

Trained technicians in Newnan, GA.
103
Precision Power
Analyzers
104
Digital Scopes & ScopeCorders
with Power Analysis
105
Portable Power Test
Instruments
106
Panel and Switchboard

Analog Meters
107
Power Transducers
108
Multi Function
Digital Meters
109
Portable Instruments
110
Overview - What We Hope You Learned
Helped You With a Better Understanding
of Electrical Power Measurements
Review of Some of the Basics
Power Measurements Using a Precision
Power Analyzer and Digital Oscilloscope
Single-Phase Power Measurements
Current Sensors
Three-Phase Power Measurements
2 & 3 Wattmeter Method
111
Part II: Power Factor Measurements

Displacement Power Factor
True Power Factor
Power Factor Measurements in Single-
Phase & Three-Phase Circuits
Practical Power Factor Measurement
Applications
112
Part III: Power Measurements using a
Digital Oscilloscope
How to properly use a Digital Oscilloscope to
make Electrical Power Measurements
De Skew Operation
Measurement Examples on a Power Supply
Input and a PWM Inverter Output
Measurement Comparison between the DSO
and a Power Analyzer
Answer your questions concerning
113
Invitation to Power Measurement Webinars
Power Analysis: Precision AC Power Measurements This one hour seminar will cover Precision Power
Measurements and Power Factor Measurements.
Power Measurement & Harmonic Analysis This 1-hour seminar is packed with tips and techniques for
making accurate power measurements on distorted waveforms like from a Power Supply, Electronic
Ballast and Variable Speed PWM Motor Drive. We will also cover methods for making and analyzing the
harmonic content of various power waveforms.
Advances in Precision Electrical Power Measurement This informative Webinar covers new measurement
techniques and solutions for making precision power measurements to improve product performance
and efficiency designs.
Back to the Basics of Electrical Power Measurement Target audience is Engineers and Technicians that need
to make Power Measurements but may not be experts in the field or may need a refresher course.
Power Analysis: Precision AC Power Measurements This webinar will cover Precision Power Measurements
and Power Factor Measurements.
Digital Oscilloscope Power Analysis In this 1-hour seminar you will be introduced to the many specialized
power measurements necessary to evaluate switched-mode power supplies.
Requirements and Easy Solutions for Standby Power Measurements This 30-minute Webinar discusses the
area of Standby Power Measurements.
Power Measurement and Analysis Power measurement requires much more than a simple measurement of
voltage and current, requiring phase angle as well as harmonic distortion. Government regulations exist
for both. (not yet online)
Fundamentals of Electrical Power Measurements This one hour webinar will provide attendees with
Solutions and Education for making Electrical Power Measurements.
114
Webinars & Webinars On Demand
Join Us for Future Web Seminars

Visit our Web Site
http://tmi.yokogawa.com/us/technical-library/seminars-webcasts/
115
Thank You & Contact Info
Yokogawa Corp of America
Test & Measurement Div.
2 Dart Rd.
Newnan, GA 30265
tmi.yokogawa.com
Tel: 1-800-888-6400
Barry Bolling
Ext 2538
barry.bolling@us.yokogawa.com
116

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Fundamentals

2012 Yokogawa Corporation of America

1-800-888-6400 Ext 2538

http://tmi.yokogawa.com Barry is currently responsible for Yokogawas digital

Barry graduated from the Georgia Institute of

2012 Yokogawa Corporation of America

Part II: Power Factor Measurement

Yokogawa Corporation of America

Average, RMS, Peak-to-Peak Value

Known Value Average RMS Peak Peak-to-Peak

Watts P = Vrms x Arms x PF = Urms1 x Irms1 x 1

Digital Power Analyzers are entirely electronic

Yokogawa Digital Power Analyzers and

Using digitizing techniques, the

These calculation methods provide a True Power

Single-Phase Two-Wire System

The voltage and current detected by the

The indication on the Meter is the POWER

Accuracy, CT Turns Ratio Accuracy

NEVER Open Circuit the Secondary side of a Current

This could cause serious damage to the CT and could

The voltage and current detected by the METERS are the

The indication on EACH METER is the power being

The total power dissipated by the load is the ALGEBRAIC

Blondel theory states that total power is

1-P 2-W 1 Wattmeter

1-P 3-W 2 Wattmeters

3-P 4-W 3 Wattmeters

In 1893 Andr Blondel sought to solved the problem of integral synchronization.

He published Empirical Theory of Synchronous Generators which contained the

In 1909, assisted by M. Mhl, he worked on one of the first long distance

vbc 120o n van

Vl-n = 120 / 277 Volts

The three meters use the FOURTH wire as the

Each meter indicates the PHASE power.

The TOTAL POWER for the three phases is the

In essence, each meter measures a SINGLE

. . . total power is measured with ONE LESS

Three - Phase Three - Wire System With Two Meters

Three-Phase Three-Wire System

The wattmeters used for this connection each

The method yields the Total Power as the Sum of the

The Two Wattmeter technique tends to cause

However, with the Yokogawa Power

The method yields the Total Power as the Sum of the

U L-N x 3 = U L-L 55.20 x 3 = 95.60

If Power Factor is the Cosine of the Angle

PT = Vrms * IT rms * Cos

PT = Vrms * IT rms * Cos

For SINE WAVES ONLY

Phasor Diagram of Power for R - L Circuit

TRUE POWER FACTOR

Power Supply Input

Power Supply Input

3-Phase 4-Wire System

PFTotal = ( W1 + W2 + W3 ) / ( VA1 + VA2 + VA3 )

Using 2 Wattmeter Method

If the load is Unbalanced, that is the Phase Currents are

Using 3 Wattmeter Method