Diamention and Units

A good leader is someone who first learned to obey - - - Unknown
ENGINEERING BIOMECHANICS: STATICS1

Xiomara Ortiz, Edwin Quiles, Keira Ramos and Jos Vzquez2
Numbers in the parenthesis refer to the appended

references.
1
This review article was prepared on December 8,2003.
Course Instructor: Dr. Megh R. Goyal, Professor in
Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, General
Engineering Department, PO Box 5984, Mayagez, Puerto
Rico 00681-5984. For details contact:
m_goyal@ece.uprm.edu or visit at:
http://www.ece.uprm.edu/~m_goyal/home.htm/
2
The authors are in the alphabetical order.
December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez 1
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
1. A person on a diet might loose 2.3 kg per week. Express the mass loss rate in mg per second, as if the dieter could sense the
second-by-second loss, [Halliday, Resnick and Walker 2003, 1N].
SOLUTION:
2.3kg 1000 g 1000mg 1week 1day 1hr

= 3.803 mg
1week 1kg 1g 7days 24hrs 3600 s s
Answer: 3.803 mg/s
2. A man ran from a Marathon at a speed of about 23 rides per

hour. The ride is an ancient Greek unit for length, as are the
stadium and the plethron; 1 ride was defined to be 4 stadia, 1
stadium was defined to be 6 plethra, and, 1 plethron is 30.8 m.
How fast did the man runs in m/s. [Halliday, Resnick and
Walker 2003, 3]
SOLUTION:
The key is to write the conversion factors as ratios that will eliminate unwanted units:
23 rides 4 stadia 6 plethra 30.8m x 1h = 4.928 m / s

h 1 ride 1 stadium 1 plethron 3600s
Answer: 4.928 m/s
3. A boy exerts a force of 20 N to push the chair. Change from

SI units to US Customary units.
SOLUTION:
From SI to US customary units:
20N 1 lb = 4.496 lb
4.448N
Answer: 4.496 lbs
4. A boy grows at a rate of 1mm per day. How many cm

would he grow in 2 years?
SOLUTION:
1 mm 1m 100 cm 365 day

day 1000 mm 1m 1 year
= 36.5 x 2 cm in 2 years
= 73 cm in 2 years
Answer: 36.5 x 2 cm in 2 years
73 cm in 2 years
STATICS OF PARTICLES
1. The patella P located in the human knee joint is subjected to

tendor forces T1 and T2, and a force F exerted on the patella by
the femoral articula A. If the directions of these forces are
estimated from an X-ray as shown, determine the magnitude of
T1 and F when the tendor force T2 = 6 lbs. The forces are
concurrent at point O, [Hibbeler 1992, 33].
SOLUTION:
We first draw the FBD (Free Body Diagram for the forces):
T1
30 O
30
F
20
6 lbs
Then we sum all the forces corresponding to x and y:
F x = 0:
Fx = 6 sin 20 + F cos 30 T1 cos 30 = 0 /1/
F y = 0:
Fy = T1 sin 30 + F sin 30 6 cos 20 = 0 /2/
Solving equations (1) and (2), we get:
T1 = 4.45lb and F = 6.82lb
2. Two men pull a car. If the resultant of the forces exerted by

the men is 210 lb force directed along the axis of the car,
determine; [a] the tension in each of the ropes knowing that
=45, [b] the value of alpha for which the tension in rope 2 is
minimum, [Modified from: Beer and Johnston 2003, 33].
SOLUTION:
(a) Trigonometric Solution. The triangle rule can be used. We note that the triangle shown represents half of the
parallelogram. Using the Law of sines, we write:
T1 = 210 T2 = 210
sin 45 sin 105 sin 30 sin 105 D
B 30
T1 = 210 (sin 45) T2 = 210 (sin 30)
sin 105 sin 105
= 210 (0.7) = 210 (0.5)

0.96 0.96 C
= 153.1 = 109.4
(b) Value of minimum T2. To determine the value of a for which the tension in rope is minimum, the triangle rule is
again used. The minimum value of T2 is:
T2= (210) sin 30
T2 = 105 lb.
Corresponding values of T1 and are:
T1 = (210) cos 30
T1 = 181.9 lb.
= 90grades 30 grades
= 60
Answer: T2 = 105 lb.

T1 = 181.9 lb.
= 60
3. While emptying a wheelbarrow, a gardener exerts a force of

70 N directed along line AB. Determine (a) the horizontal
component, (b) the vertical component of the force, (c) the
force in unit vector notation, [Modified from: Beer and
Johnston 2003, 33].
SOLUTION:
40
(a) Horizontal component:
Fx = -70N cos(40) = -53.6 N
(b) Vertical component:
Fy = 70N sin(40) = 44.9 N
(c) Force in unit vector notation:
( -53.6 N) i + (44.9 N) j
4. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant

force FAB exerted along link AB by the tractive apparatus
shown. The suspended mass is 10 Kg. Neglect the size of the
pulley at A. [Hibbeler 1992, 34]
SOLUTION:
+ Fx = 0 = FAB cos - 98.1*cos (45) 98.1*cos (75) /1/
+ Fy = 98.1*sin (75) 98.1*sin (45)- FAB *sin /2/
Solving equations (1) and (2) we get:
= 150 and FAB = 98.1 N
EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES
1. The 60-N force P is applied at the point C of the ankle, if

= 45, determine the moment of P about point B and point A,
[Modified from: Meriam and Kraige 1997, 43].
SOLUTION:
We first need to find the position vector of AC:
RAC:
45
A B
C'
BC= 0.5cos45 = 0.354 = CC
RAC: (AB + BC)i + CCj = -0.854i - 0.354j
We convert the force in terms of components:
PC = -60cos45i + 60sin45= -42.43i + 42.43j
i j k
Then we look for the MA: MA= RAC PC =
0.854 0.354 0 = 51.26 k CCW

42.43 42.43 0
We do the same with point B: BC = -0.5cos45i + 0.5sin45j = -0.354i 0.354j
i j k
MB= RBC PC =
0.354 0.354 0 = 30.04 k CCW
Answer: MA = 51.26 CCW
MB = 30.04 CCW

42.43 42.43 0
2. The man pulls on the cord with a force of 70 lb. Represent

this force, acting on the support A, as a Cartesian vector and
determine its direction, [Hibbeler 1986, 49].
SOLUTION:
Force F is shown in figure. The direction of this vector, u, is determined from the position vector r, which extends from A
to B. To formulate F as a Cartesian vector we use the following procedure.
Position vector. The coordinates of the end points of the cord are A(0,0,30) and B(12,-8,6). Forming the position vector by
subtracting the corresponding x, y and z coordinates of A from those of B, we have:
r = (12 - 0)i + (-8-0)j + (6-30)k = (12i - 8j - 24 k) ft
The magnitude of r, which represents the length of cord AB, is
r = [(12)2 + (-8)2 + (-24)2]1/2 = 28 ft
Unit Vector. Forming the unit vector that defines the direction of both r and F yields
U= r / r = 12/ 28 i - 8/ 28 j - 24/ 28 k
Force Vector. Since F has a magnitude of 70 lb and a direction specified by u, then
F = Fu = 70 lb(12/ 28 i - 8/ 28 j - 24/ 28 k) = {30 i - 20 j - 60 k} lb
The coordinate direction angles are measured between r (or F) and the positive axes of a localized coordinate system with
origin placed at A. From the components of the unit vector:
= cos (12 / 28) = 64.6

= cos (-8 / 28) = 106.6
y = cos (-24 / 28) = 149.0
3. Replace the two couples acting on the pipe column by a

resultant couple moment, [Hibbeler 1995, 143].
SOLUTION: (vector analysis)
Couple M1 develop by the forces at A and B can be determined from scalar formulation
M1 = Fd = (150 N) (0.4m) = 60 N-m
Using the right hand rule, M1 acts n the direction of +i, figure 3.3 (a). Hence
M1 = ( 60 i ) N-m
Couple M2 developed by the forces at C and D can be determined by using vector analysis. If
Moments are computed about point D, M2 = RDC Fc, then
M2 = RDC FC = (0.3i) [ 125 (4/5)j 125 (3/5)k]

= (0.3i) [100j 75 k] = 30 (i j) 22.5 (i k)
= { 22.5j + 30K} N-m
(a) (b)
4. A 200 N force acts on the leg shown. Determine the moment

of the force about point A, [Modified from: Hibbeler 1992,
105].
SOLUTION:
CB = d = 100 cos (45) = 70.71 mm = 0.07071 m
MA = Fd = 200N (0.070714 m) = 17.1 N-m
EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES
1. People often complaint about low back pains. But not many
have wondered why they happen. The person shown here is
lifting a box of 400 N. Find the force, F3, on the fifth lumbar
vertebra caused by the wrong lifting of the box, [Broholm
1997, Internet].
SOLUTION:
We consider forces in the model of a persons back while lifting an object in the wrong way (ie: using the back rather than the
legs.)
First, let us draw the FBD:
Where:
F1 = 300 N
F2 = 400 N
1 = 30
2 = 12
Then we find the projection vector of F3:
F3i = F3 sin = [T cos(1 2 )]i F3 j = F3 cos = [T sin( 1 2 ) + F1 + F2 ] j
Now we solve for F3:
F3 = T 2 + ( F1 + F2 ) 2 + 2T ( F1 + F2 ) sin(1 2 )
To find T we need the torque, which we find from the fifth vertebra (the origin):
2 1 cos1 3 3
T L sin 2 F1 L cos 1 F2 L cos 1 = 0 T= ( F1 + F2 )
3 2 sin 2 4 2
Putting in numbers we get:
cos 30 3 3
T= ( 300 N + 400 N ) = 3440 N
sin 12 4 2
F3 = (3440 N ) 2 + (300 N + 400 N ) 2 + 2 sin(30 12)(300 N + 400 N )3440 N = 3716 N
These are both enormous forces larger than the entire weight of the whole person so no wonder that after 40 years exerting such
forces problems can begin to develop!
Answer: F3 = 3716 N
2. A modified peavey is used to lift a 0.2m diameter log of

mass 3.6kg. Knowing that =45 and that the force exerted at
C by the worker is perpendicular to the handle of the peavey,
determine the force exerted at C, (b) the reaction at A, [Beer
and Johnston 2003, 189].
SOLUTION:
First Note W = mg
= (36)(9.81m/s2 ) = 353.16 N
From the geometry of the three forces acting on the modified peavey:
353.16
= tan-1 (1.1m) 135 4.7
(1.1m + 0.2m)
A
= 40 C 40
= 45-
= 45- 40.236
= 4.7
Applying the Law of sines to the force triangle,
W = C = A
sin sin sin 135
Or
353.16 N C A
= =
sin 40 sin 4.7 sin 135
C = 353.16 N (sin 4.7 ) = 45 N

sin 40
C = 45.404 N
A = 386.60 N
3. While slowly walking, a man having a total weight of 150 lb

places all his weight on one foot. Assuming that the normal
force Nc of the ground acts on his foot at C, determine the
resultant vertical compressive force FB which the tibia T
exerts on the astragalus B, and the vertical tension FA in the
Achilles tendon A at the instant shown, [Hibbeler 1997, 175].
SOLUTION:
NC = 150 lb
+ MA = 0 = -FB (2in) + 150 (9in) = 0
FB = 675 lb
+ FY = 0 = FA FB + NC
= FA 675 lb + 150 lb
FA = 525 lb
Answer:
FA = 525 lb
FB = 675 lb
4. A Russells traction is used for immobilizing femoral

fractures C. If the lower leg has a weight of 8 lb, determine the
weight W that the must be suspended at D in order for leg to be
held in the position shown. Also what is the tension force F in
the femur and the distance X that locates the center of gravity
G of the lower leg? Neglect the size of the pulley al B,
[Hibbeler 1992, 96].
SOLUTION:
+ Fx = 0 =T cos (40)+Fcos (20)-T-Tcos (30)
T= 10.81 lb
+ Fy = 0 = Tsin (30) + Tsin (40) - Fsin (20)-8
F = 12.6 lb
+ Mb = 0 = x (8) + 1.70*sin (20) - 0.6*Fcos (20) 1.70*Tsin (40)
x = 1.44
CENTROIDS AND CENTER OF GRAVITY
1. Approximate the location of the centroid of the kidney

shown here. Hint: Consider it has a constant thickness.
SOLUTION:
The shape of the kidney can be approximated by a SEMIELLIPTICAL AREA:
C b
4b
x =0 y=
3 O
a
Therefore:
11.6
x= = 10.8cm
2
4b 4 6cm
y= = = 2.55cm
3 3
Answer: x = 10.8 cm
y = 2.55 cm
2. Find the centroid of the leg shown. Determine the second

moment of area about the centroid axes parallel to the sides of
the leg, [Modified from: Hibbeler 1986, 361-362].
SOLUTION:
Subdivide the leg into three rectangular areas:
A i (in.2) xi (in.) y i (in.) Ai xi (in.^3) Ai yi (in.^3)

(2)(1) = 2 1 7.50 2 15
(8)(1) = 8 2.50 4 20 32
(4)(1) = 4 5 .50 20 2
Ai = 14 Ai xi = 42 Ai y i = 49
(Composite Area)
Therefore:
A y i i
49
yC = i
= = 3.5in.
A y
i
i i 14
Ax i i
42
xC = i
= = 3in.
A i
i 14
We now find Ixc xc and yc yc using the parallel axis theorem and the formula 1/12 bh3 and 1/12 hb3 for the second moments of
area about centroidal axes of symmetry of a rectangle.
I Thigh Leg Foot Total

Ixc (1/12)(2)(13 ) + (2)(42) (1/12)(1)(83) + (8)(1/12)2 1/12)(4)(13) + (4)(32) 113.2 in 4
Iyc 1/12)(1)(23) + (2)(22) (1/12)(8)(13) + (8)()2 (1/12)(1)(43) + (4)(22) 32.67 in4
Answer: Ixcyc = 42 in4
3. For the plane area of the face shown that include one eye,
determine (a) the first moments with respect to the x and y
axes, (b) the location of the centroid, [Modified from: Beer and
Johnston 2003, 228].
SOLUTION:
Component A, mm
x , mm y , mm x A, mm y A, mm
Rectangle (120)(80) = 9.6 10 60 40 +576 10 +384 10
Triangle (0.5)(120)(60) = 3.610 40 -20 +144 10 -72 10
Semicircle (0.5)(60)= 5.65510 60 105.46 +339.3 10 +596.4 10
Circle -(40) = -5.027 10 60 80 -301.6 10 -402.2 10
A = 13.828 10
x A = +757.7 10 y A= + 506.2 10
(a) First Moments of the Area.
QX = y A = 506.2 10 mm
QX = 506.2 10 mm
QY = x A = 757.7 10 mm
QY = 758 10 mm
PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):
(b) Location of Centroid. Substituting the values given in the table into the equations defining the centroid of a
composite area, we obtain:
X A = x A: X (13.828 10 mm) = 757.7 10 mm
X = 54.8 mm
Y A = y A: Y (13.828 10 mm) = 506.2 10 mm
Y = 36.6 mm
Centroid is at [54.8, 36.6] mm
4. A needle can with mass M, height H, and uniform density is

initially filled with blood of mass m. We punch small holes in
the top and bottom to drain the blood; we then consider the
height h of the center of mass of the needle and any blood
within it. What is h initially and when all the blood has
drained? What happens to h during the draining of the blood?
If x is the height of the remaining blood at any given instant,
find x (in terms of M, H, and m) when the center of mass
reaches its lowest point, [Modified from: Halliday, Resnick
and Walker 2003, 189].
SOLUTION:
H H
M +
h= =
2 2 H
M +m 2
x
m p = m
H
x=h
H x H x x
M + m p M + m
H 2 = MH + mx
2 2
h= 2 = 2
2
M + mp mx 2( MH + mx)
M +
H
dh 2mx ( MH 2 + mx 2 )m m 2 x 2 + 2 MmHx MmH 2
= =
dx 2( MH + mx) 2( MH + mx) 2 2( MH + mx) 2
The solution to m2x2 + 2MmHx - MmH2 = 0 is
MH m
x= 1 + 1 +
m M
MH m
h= 1 + 1
m M
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
1. Following structure is used for the exercise of a hand.

Compute the forces in members AB, BC and BD. The hand is
exerting a force of 250 N, [Modified from: Soutas 1999, 310].
SOLUTION:
I.Find support reactions:
Fy = 0 : Ay 250 N = 0 Ay = 250 N
M A = 0 : AX (0) + Ay (0) + B X (0.3) 0.5(250) = 0

BX = 417 Nm
II. By the method of joints:
Joint F: Joint E: Joint D: Joint C:
*Then member BC=0*
III. Determine whether there is Tension or Compression in each of the beams:

Joint B: BD components: Fx = 0 :
417 N + BD = 0
BD = -417 N
Fy = 0 :
BA + 1/10(BD) = 0
BA = 41.7 N
Answers: BA = 41.7 N (T)

BC = 0 N
BD = -417 N (T) 417 N (C)
2. A man having a weight of 175 lb attempts to lift himself

using the method shown. Determine the total force he must
exert on the bar AB and the normal reaction he exerts on the
platform at C. The platform has a weight of 30 lb, [Hibbeler
1995, 293].
SOLUTION:
F = 2T1 - T2 = 0
2T1= T2
Platform:
2T2 30 175 = 0
T2= 205 / 2
= 102.5 lb.
Bar:
F= 2T1= T2
= 102.5 lb.
Answer:
Plataform = 102.5 lb.
Bar = 102.5 lb.
3. An artificial leg BCD is connected by pins to crank AB at B

and to a collar at C. Neglecting the effect of friction, determine
the couple M required to hold the system in equilibrium when
= 45, [Modified from: Beer and Johnston 2003, 336].
SOLUTION:
Member FBDs:
Note: d = (5 in) tan = (5 in) 12 in/6.4 in. = 9.735 in
+ Fy = 0: 21/2 / 2 *16 lb By = 0
By = 8 * (2)1/2 lb
= 11.3137 lb
ME = 0: ( 12 in + 9.375 in + 5 in) BY (6.4 in) BX = 0
BX = 46.627 lb
MA = 0: (7.5 in.) (46.627 lb) + (10 in.) (11.314 lb) M = 0
Answer: M = 463 lb-in
4. Determine the magnitude of the gripping forces exerted

along line z-z on the nut when two 240-N forces are applied to
the handles as shown. Assume that pins A and D slide freely in
slots cut in the jaws, [Modified from: Beer and Johnston 2003].
SOLUTION:
+ Fx = 0
Bx = 0
MB = 0 = (0.01 m) G (0.03 m) A
A=G/3
+ Fy = 0 = A +. G - By
By = A + G = 4 G
3
By symmetry and FBD jaw DE: D = A = G, Ex = Bx = 0

3
E y = By = 4 G
3
Mc = 0 = (0.105 m )* (240 N) + (0.015 m ) * (G / 3) (0+.015 m ) ( 4G / 3)
G = 1680 N
FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES
1. Find internal reactions at point C of the orthopedic leg

below. The leg is lying over a ball, [Modified from: Beer and
Johnston 2004, 372].
SOLUTION:
F x = 0 : Ax + N C = 0 N C = 0
F y = 0 : 37.5 37.5 VC = 0 VC = 0
M C = 0 : VC (0) + N C (0) + 37.5(.375) + Ax (0) (37.5)(.75) + M C = 0
14.0625 - 28.125 + M C = 0 M C = 14.0625 lb-ft
Answer: 14.0625 lb-ft
2. A steel tape used for measurement in surveying has a

length of 100.0 ft and a total weight of 2 lb. How much
horizontal tension must be applied to the tape so that the
distance marked on the ground is 99.90 ft. The calculation
should also include the effects of elastic stretching and
temperature changes on the tapes length, [Hibbeler 1998,
362].
SOLUTION:
Wo = 2/100 = 0.02 lb/ ft.
50 = FH / Wo sin h [Wo/ FH (x)]
50= FH/ 0.02 sin h [(0.02/FH) (99.90/ 2)]
1= FH sin h (0.999/ FH)
FH = 12.9 lb.
Answer: FH = 12.9 lb.
3. An athlete is performing squats to strengthen knee muscles.

The movement is slow enough to assume static equilibrium.
Consider the four-link system to represent the athlete during
squatting. The beam representing the beam is connected to the
rod representing the upper leg at the hip joint. A tension-
carrying cord representing the calf muscles connects the foot to
the thigh. The squad muscle connects the thigh and the leg
through a frictionless pulley mechanism representing the
patella joint. The joints at H, K and A are hinge joints.
Determine the tension in hamstring, calf, and squads as a
function of the angle the leg makes with the horizontal plane
(), [Aydin Tzeren 2000, 166].
SOLUTION:
Consider the free-body diagram of the foot shown in figure (b). The moment created by force P about A should be equal to the
moment produced by the calf muscle at A:
-b sin FC + c P = 0
FC = c P
b sin
in which FC denotes the force produced by the calf muscle group. Because of symmetry in the idealized structure, the calf muscle
will produce the same tension as the hamstring:
FC = FH
Next, let us consider the free-body diagram of the feet and the lower legs, figure (c ). The moment of all external forces with
respect to the knee just must be equal to zero:
-(L cos c)P 2dKFH sin + dq = 0
where L represents the length of upper and lower leg. Using geometric relations, the moment arm dK can be shown to be given by
the relation:
dK = b + L cos L sin cos

sin
The angle is related to the angle and the length LH of the hamstring as follows:
LH sin = (L + h) sin
LH cos = b + (L h) cos
Eliminating LH from these equations, we obtain the following relationship for :
tan = (L + h) sin
[b + (L h) cos ]
We use the law of cosines successively to determine the moment arm dq ,figure (d) :
s = (L/3) + u - (2L/3)u cos ( )
(L/3) = s + u -2s u cos
dq = u sin
The compressive force acting on the squads and the knee joint can be found by considering the static equilibrium of point K,
figure (e):
FP = 2Fq cos
In which FP represents the patellofemoral compressive force.

Let us illustrate this solution with a numerical example. Let us assume that L = 40 cm, b = 10 cm, h = 8 cm, u = 5 cm, and c = 14
cm. For body consideration at = 60:
= 58, = 45, FC = FH = 1.5P, Fq = 7.9P, and FP = 11.2P
When the body goes further down so that = 30:
= 32, = 22, FC = FH = 2.64P, Fq = 22.0P, and FP = 40.8P
4. Two hikers are standing 30-ft apart and are holding the ends
of a 35-ft length of rope as shown. Knowing that the weight
per unit length of the rope is 0.05 lb/ft, determine (a) the sag h,
(b) the magnitude of the force exerted on the hand of a hiker,
[Modified from: Beer and Johnston 2003,399].
SOLUTION:
w = 0.05 lb/ft L= 30 ft SB = (35 / 2) ft
SB = c * sinh (yB / xB)
17.5 ft = c*sinh(15 / c)
c= 15.36 ft
yB = c * cosh (xB ) = (15.36)cosh(15 ft / 15.36 ft) = 23.28 ft
a. hB = yB c = 23.28 ft 15.36 ft
b. TB = wyB = (0.05 lb/ft)* (23.28 ft)
Answer: hB =7.92 ft.
TB =1.164 ft.
FRICTION
1. Before running, a jogger stretches his calf muscles by

leaning against a wall as shown in the figure. This position is
achieved with no vertical (friction) force acting between his
hands and the wall. What is the minimum coefficient S of
static friction for which his feet will not slip?, [Meriam and
Kraige 1997, 399].
SOLUTION:
We are asked to find the S for which he will not slip, and we know that:
Fs = s N
s = tan [Where: is the maximum angle he can make with respect to the floor before he slips.]
48"
= tan = 63.4
24"
= 180 (90 + 63.4) = 26.6
tan 26.6 = 0.5
Answer: s = 0.5
FRICTION
2. The coefficient of static friction between the person and the

floor is 0.50 and the coefficient of static friction between the
crate and the floor is 0.25 Determine the largest mass for the
crate that the person can move by pulling on the cable if the
persons mass is 70 kg, [Ginsberg and Genin 1984, 12].
SOLUTION:
Object:
Fy= N-W + T sin 30 = 0 We can see that Tcos 30 is equal to N
N= m1g Tsin 30 T cos 30 = 0.25(m1g- T sin 30) N T
f = N = 0.25(m1g-T sin 30) T cos 30 = 0.25m1g 0.25 T sin 30

30
f C
Fx= Tcos 30 - f =0 T(cos 30 + 0,25 sin 30) = 0.25m1g
T cos 30 = f T= 0.25 m1g / 0.99 W
Person:
Fy= N- m2g Tsin 30= 0 Use the formula of tension.
N= m2g + Tsin 30 ( 0.25 m1g / 0.99)( 1.11)= 343 kg
f=N = 0.50(m2g+ Tsin 30) m1= 343(0.99) / (1.11)(9.8)(0.25)
= 0.50(70(9.8) + Tsin 30) m1= 124 kg (1lb./ 0.4536kg)
Fx= Tcos 30+ f =0 = 275.8 lb
f= Tcos30 The largest mass for the crate is 275.8 lb
T cos 30 = 0.50(70(9.8) + Tsin 30)
Tcos 30 = 0.5(70)99.8) + 0.5(T sin 30)
T(cos 30 + 0.50 sin 30) = 0.50(70)(9.8)
Answer: 275.8 lb
FRICTION
3. The uniform dresser has a weight of 80 lb and rest on a tile

floor for which coefficient of static friction is 0.25. If the man
pushes on it in the direction shown, determine the smallest
magnitude of force F needed to move the dresser. Also if the
man has a weight of 150 lb determine the smallest coefficient
of friction between his shoes and the floor to avoid slippage,
[Hibbeler 1983, 296].
SOLUTION:
(a) Frictional force:
+FX = F cos(30) fSmax = 0
F cos(30) = fSmax
+FY = -F sin(30) + N 80 = 0
N = 80 + F sin(30)
FSmax = S N = 0.25 (80 + Fsin(30))
FSmax = 20 + 0.125 F = 0.866 F
20 = (0.866 F 0.125 F)
F = 27 lb
(b) Coefficient of static friction:
FX = fS 27 cos(30) = 0
fS = 27 cos(30)
fS = 23.4 lb
FY = N + 27sin(30) 150 = 0
N = 150 27sin(30)
N = 136.5 lb
FS = 23.4 < S N = S (136.5 lb)
S > 23.4 lb = 0.17

136.5 lb
FRICTION
4. Two men are sliding a 100 Kg crate up an incline. If the

lower man pushes horizontally with a force of 500 N and if the
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.40, determine the tension T
that the upper man must exert in the rope to maintain motion of
the crate, [Meriam and Kraige 1992, 359].
SOLUTION:
W = 100 kg (9.81) = 980
980 N 1 lb = 220 lb
4.448 N
500 N * (1 lb / 4.448 N) = 112 lb
Fx = 0 =T cos(45) + fk W sin(30) + 112
0 =T cos(45) + k N 220 sin(30) + 112
Fx = 0 = N W cos(30) + T sin(45)
N =220* cos(30) T sin(45)
0 =T cos(45) + k (220* cos(30) T sin(45) ) 220 sin(30) + 112
T = -184
Answer: Trope = 112 - ( - 184) = 296 lb
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
1. Determine the moment of inertia of the bones cross-

sectional area with respect to the x - x axis passing through
the centroid C of the cross section, [Hibbeler 1992, 147].
SOLUTION:
First we need to find the Inertia by the Parallel Axis Theorem: I T = I x x + Ad 2 [where: d = y axis]
1 1
I SmallCircle = r 4 = (17.5) 4 = 73662mm 4
4 4
1 4 1
I BigCircle = r = ( 25 ) 4 = 3 .0628 10 5 mm 4
4 4
1 3
I Re c tan gle = b h = 33750mm 4
12
I T = 414212mm 4
Now, the area:
A = ABigCircle + ASmallCircle + ARe c tan gle

A = (25) 2 + (17.5) 2 + 15(120) = 4725.6mm 2
Finally, since I xx = 0 :
IT
= d = 87.65mm
A
Answer: I T = 87.65mm
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
2. Find the moment of inertia of the arm shown. About the

alpha and beta axes through its centroid C. The thickness t is
very small compared to b, [Modified from: Shames 1997, 564-
566].
SOLUTION:
1. Find the centroid

2. Find Ix, Iy, Ixy
3. Use the transfer theorems to get Ixc, Iyc and Ixyc
1.Find the centroid: Let the horizontal rectangle have area A1 and the vertical one A2:
_ _ _
Ax = A1x1 + A2x2 = (b-t)t (b-t / 2 + t) + bt (t / 2)
b 2 t bt 2 t 3
+
x= 2 2 2 b (since t << b) y = b / 4 (by symmetry)
2bt t 2
4
2. Find Ix, Iy, Ixy:

I Bicep Forearm Total
Ix ( b t / 12 ) t3 + (b- t)t (t/ 2)2 (tb3 / 12 ) + tb(b / 2)2 b3 t / 3
Iy By symmetry By symmetry b3 t / 3
Ixy 0- (b-t)t (b-t / 2 + t) t/2 0 (bt) (t / 2) (b / 2) ( t << b )
3. Use the transfer theorems to get Ixc, Iyc and Ixyc:
Ix = Ixc + Ad2
Ixc = Ix Ad2 ~ b3t / 3 - (2bt) (b / 4)2 = 5 / 24 b3t
Iyc = 5 / 24 b3t ( by symmetry)

__
Ixy = Ixyc Axy
Ixyc ~ 0 + (2bt) (b / 4 ) (b / 4) = b3t / 8 or 3b3t / 24
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
3. (a) Determine the centroidal polar moment of inertia of a

circular area of the leg by direct integration. (b) Using the
results of part a, determine the moment of inertia of the
circular area with respect to a diameter, [Modified from: Beer
and Johnston 2003, 461].
SOLUTION:
(a) Polar Moment of Inertia. An annular differential element of area is chosen to be dA. Since all portions of the differential area
are at the same distance from the origin, we write
d JO = u dA
dA = 2udu
JO = d JO = r0 u (2udu) = 2 0r u du
JO = (/2) r4
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
4. Find Inertia Moment of the person along with the chair (All
dimensions in mm, [Modified from: Hibbeler 1989, 452].
SOLUTION:
Rectangle A
Ixy = Ixy + A dx dy
= 0 + 30*100*-250*200
=-1.50 x 109 mm4
Rectangle B
Ixy = Ixy + A dx dy
= 0+0
=0
Rectangle D
Ixy = Ixy + A dx dy
= 0 +300*100*250*-200
= -1.50 x 109 mm4
Ixy = -1.50 x 109 mm4 + 0 - 1.50 x 109 mm4

=-3.00 x 109 mm4

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A good leader is someone who first learned to obey - - - Unknown

ENGINEERING BIOMECHANICS: STATICS1

Numbers in the parenthesis refer to the appended

2.3kg 1000 g 1000mg 1week 1day 1hr

Answer: 3.803 mg/s

2. A man ran from a Marathon at a speed of about 23 rides per

23 rides 4 stadia 6 plethra 30.8m x 1h = 4.928 m / s

Answer: 4.928 m/s

3. A boy exerts a force of 20 N to push the chair. Change from

From SI to US customary units:

Answer: 4.496 lbs

4. A boy grows at a rate of 1mm per day. How many cm

1 mm 1m 100 cm 365 day

Answer: 36.5 x 2 cm in 2 years

1. The patella P located in the human knee joint is subjected to

Fx = 6 sin 20 + F cos 30 T1 cos 30 = 0 /1/

Fy = T1 sin 30 + F sin 30 6 cos 20 = 0 /2/

Solving equations (1) and (2), we get:

T1 = 4.45lb and F = 6.82lb

2. Two men pull a car. If the resultant of the forces exerted by

= 210 (0.7) = 210 (0.5)

T2= (210) sin 30

Corresponding values of T1 and are:

Answer: T2 = 105 lb.

3. While emptying a wheelbarrow, a gardener exerts a force of

(a) Horizontal component:

Fx = -70N cos(40) = -53.6 N

(b) Vertical component:

Fy = 70N sin(40) = 44.9 N

(c) Force in unit vector notation:

4. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant

+ Fx = 0 = FAB cos - 98.1*cos (45) 98.1*cos (75) /1/

+ Fy = 98.1*sin (75) 98.1*sin (45)- FAB *sin /2/

Solving equations (1) and (2) we get:

= 150 and FAB = 98.1 N

1. The 60-N force P is applied at the point C of the ankle, if

We first need to find the position vector of AC:

BC= 0.5cos45 = 0.354 = CC

RAC: (AB + BC)i + CCj = -0.854i - 0.354j

We convert the force in terms of components:

PC = -60cos45i + 60sin45= -42.43i + 42.43j

We do the same with point B: BC = -0.5cos45i + 0.5sin45j = -0.354i 0.354j

2. The man pulls on the cord with a force of 70 lb. Represent

r = (12 - 0)i + (-8-0)j + (6-30)k = (12i - 8j - 24 k) ft

The magnitude of r, which represents the length of cord AB, is

r = [(12)2 + (-8)2 + (-24)2]1/2 = 28 ft

Force Vector. Since F has a magnitude of 70 lb and a direction specified by u, then

F = Fu = 70 lb(12/ 28 i - 8/ 28 j - 24/ 28 k) = {30 i - 20 j - 60 k} lb

= cos (12 / 28) = 64.6

3. Replace the two couples acting on the pipe column by a

SOLUTION: (vector analysis)

M1 = Fd = (150 N) (0.4m) = 60 N-m

M2 = RDC FC = (0.3i) [ 125 (4/5)j 125 (3/5)k]

4. A 200 N force acts on the leg shown. Determine the moment

CB = d = 100 cos (45) = 70.71 mm = 0.07071 m

MA = Fd = 200N (0.070714 m) = 17.1 N-m

First, let us draw the FBD:

Then we find the projection vector of F3:

F3i = F3 sin = [T cos(1 2 )]i F3 j = F3 cos = [T sin( 1 2 ) + F1 + F2 ] j

+ Fx = 0 = FAB cos - 98.1cos (45) 98.1cos (75) /1/

+ Fy = 98.1sin (75) 98.1sin (45)- FAB *sin /2/

+ Mb = 0 = x (8) + 1.70sin (20) - 0.6Fcos (20) 1.70*Tsin (40)

Then member BC=0