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    Csec Chemistry Notes 5

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    debestie
    The physical properties of solids are determined by the arrangement of atoms and type of bonding between them. There are three main types of bonding - ionic, molecular and metallic. Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic attractions between ions giving them high melting points, while molecular crystals have weaker van der Waals forces and lower melting points. Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons binding to cation cores, allowing heat and electricity conduction. Different crystal structures also impact properties - giant molecular structures like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds throughout, while layered structures like graphite have weaker interlayer attractions. Allotropes like diamond and graphite have distinct arrangements of the same element atoms, leading to different physical properties.

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    Csec Chemistry Notes 5

    Uploaded by

    debestie
    479 views3 pages
    The physical properties of solids are determined by the arrangement of atoms and type of bonding between them. There are three main types of bonding - ionic, molecular and metallic. Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic attractions between ions giving them high melting points, while molecular crystals have weaker van der Waals forces and lower melting points. Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons binding to cation cores, allowing heat and electricity conduction. Different crystal structures also impact properties - giant molecular structures like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds throughout, while layered structures like graphite have weaker interlayer attractions. Allotropes like diamond and graphite have distinct arrangements of the same element atoms, leading to different physical properties.

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    The physical properties of solids are determined by the arrangement of atoms and type of bonding between them. There are three main types of bonding - ionic, molecular and metallic. Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic attractions between ions giving them high melting points, while molecular crystals have weaker van der Waals forces and lower melting points. Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons binding to cation cores, allowing heat and electricity conduction. Different crystal structures also impact properties - giant molecular structures like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds throughout, while layered structures like graphite have weaker interlayer attractions. Allotropes like diamond and graphite have distinct arrangements of the same element atoms, leading to different physical properties.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    479 views3 pages

    Csec Chemistry Notes 5

    Uploaded by

    debestie
    The physical properties of solids are determined by the arrangement of atoms and type of bonding between them. There are three main types of bonding - ionic, molecular and metallic. Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic attractions between ions giving them high melting points, while molecular crystals have weaker van der Waals forces and lower melting points. Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons binding to cation cores, allowing heat and electricity conduction. Different crystal structures also impact properties - giant molecular structures like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds throughout, while layered structures like graphite have weaker interlayer attractions. Allotropes like diamond and graphite have distinct arrangements of the same element atoms, leading to different physical properties.

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    Structure and bonding

    What determines the physical properties of solids?

    The arrangement of atoms and ions in a crystal helps to determine the physical properties of thermal and
    electrical conductivity, melting and boiling points, physical state at room temperature and solubility in
    solvents.

    Solids can be divided into the following groups: ionic crystals, molecular (simple and giant) and metallic
    crystals. The differences in the properties can be explained by the type of bonds they possess. Ionic
    compounds are crystalline solids, able to conduct electricity when molten, due to the movement of ions
    which can carry an electric current. These compounds also have high melting and boiling temperatures,
    due to the strength of the attractive forces between the ions.

    Simple molecular crystals have low melting and boiling temperatures, due to weak forces of attraction
    between molecules. Giant structures of atoms and molecules have very high melting and boiling points,
    due to strong covalent bonds throughout their three-dimensional network.

    Metals are able to conduct electricity and heat, due to the presence of mobile electrons.

    What is metallic bonding?

    In metallic crystals, the outer electrons of each atom are mobile or delocalised (that is, they do not belong
    to any particular cation) and come together to form a band or sea of electrons. These will bind to the
    cations formed from the electron loss, forming a strong bond. In this way, metals are able to conduct heat
    and electricity since the mobile electrons can move throughout the metal. The strong bonds between the
    cations and electrons mean that they are hard to break, thus, metals have high melting and boiling points.
    Metals are also solids (except mercury) and are malleable and ductile. The bonding in metals can be
    represented below:

    + e + e + e + e

    The mobile electrons form a cloud or band surrounding the cations. The difference in charges holds them
    together into a strong bond.

    How are ionic bonds formed?

    In an ionic crystal, the attraction between cations and anions holds the crystal together into a regular
    three-dimensional framework. Each cation is surrounded by anions and vice versa. These crystals are
    solids at room temperature and are unable to conduct electricity in this state.

    However, imagine what happens when these ionic crystals are heated. The ions gain more energy to
    move but, because they are oppositely charged, it requires vast amounts of energy to break this force of
    attraction, and so, these crystals have high melting and boiling points. Please note that ionic solids can
    only conduct electricity when molten, as only then are the ions free enough to move. Examples of ionic
    solids are sodium chloride, magnesium oxide and potassium iodide.

    What is the difference between giant and simple molecular crystals?

    In giant molecular crystals, such as graphite, diamond and silicon dioxide, strong covalent bonds exist
    between the atoms, which make them difficult to melt or boil. On the other hand, simple molecular crystals
    have covalent bonds within molecules but weak bonds between molecules. Hence, the molecules
    separate easily at fairly low temperatures.

    Structure and bonding (Part 3)


    Francine Taylor-Campbell, Contributor

    What is allotrophy?

    Allotrophy is the ability of an element to exist in the same physical state but in different structural forms.
    This causes them to have different physical properties but the same chemical properties

    How are the atoms in graphite, diamond and sodium chloride arranged?

    Diamond and graphite are giant molecular or macromolecular crystals. A diamond consists of carbon
    atoms tetrahedrally arranged and bonded by strong covalent bonds. A graphite consists of carbon atoms
    arranged in hexagonal rings and in layers, while sodium chloride is an ionic solid having a giant structure.

    What are the main differences in bonding between diamond and graphite?

    In diamond, four carbon atoms are joined in a tetrahedral arrangement. This is repeated throughout to
    give a three-dimensional structure with strong, covalent bonds.

    In a graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three other atoms, arranged hexagonally in layers. These
    layers are held together by weak bonds which enable them to slide over one another. There are strong,
    covalent bonds, however, between the carbon atoms in each layer. Note that, for graphite, since the
    carbon atom is bonded to only three others, it means that each carbon atom has a fourth electron not
    involved in bonding. That is a free mobile electron. This will influence the properties of graphite.

    What are diamond and graphite allotropes?

    Graphite and diamond are composed of carbon atoms but their structures are different, hence, these
    solids are allotropes. They show the same chemical properties, since they have the same element -
    carbon, but the difference in their structure causes them to have different chemical properties.

    How do the properties of sodium chloride, graphite and diamond differ?


    Property Sodium Chloride Diamond Graphite
    Apperance Crystalline solid Sparkling solid Dark solid
    Soft and flaky - due th
    Very hard - due to strong eweak bonds between
    Hardness Brittle - easily split convalent bonds in the the layers. Layers can slip
    structure over each other hence it
    is a good lubricant.
    Very high due to strong
    High due to strong ionic Very high due to strong
    covalent bonds that
    Melting point bonds that need a lot of covalent bonds that are
    need vast amounts of
    energy to break difficult ot break
    energy to break.
    Cannot conduct
    Conducts electricity when electricity because all
    Conducts electricity when
    Electrical dissolved in solution or electrons are involved in
    solid as mobile electrons
    Conductivity when molten as the ions bonding hence there are
    are present
    are free to move. no free electrons to carry
    a current.

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