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    Nanoscience and Technology - It Is Concerned With The Manipulation of Objects of Nanometer

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    Nanoscience and technology involves manipulating objects at the nanometer scale. Richard Feynman postulated manipulating atoms individually in 1959. There are two main approaches to synthesizing nanostructures - covalent synthesis which adds bonds between atoms/molecules, and non-covalent self-assembly using interactions between molecules. Nanotribology studies friction, wear and adhesion at the nanoscale where quantum effects are important. Instruments like nano-tribometers, atomic force microscopes and friction force microscopes are used to characterize materials' tribological properties at the nanoscale. Applications include superlubricity and increasing hard disk storage density.

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    Nanoscience and Technology - It Is Concerned With The Manipulation of Objects of Nanometer

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    noel
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    Nanoscience and technology involves manipulating objects at the nanometer scale. Richard Feynman postulated manipulating atoms individually in 1959. There are two main approaches to synthesizing nanostructures - covalent synthesis which adds bonds between atoms/molecules, and non-covalent self-assembly using interactions between molecules. Nanotribology studies friction, wear and adhesion at the nanoscale where quantum effects are important. Instruments like nano-tribometers, atomic force microscopes and friction force microscopes are used to characterize materials' tribological properties at the nanoscale. Applications include superlubricity and increasing hard disk storage density.

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    Nanoscience and technology involves manipulating objects at the nanometer scale. Richard Feynman postulated manipulating atoms individually in 1959. There are two main approaches to synthesizing nanostructures - covalent synthesis which adds bonds between atoms/molecules, and non-covalent self-assembly using interactions between molecules. Nanotribology studies friction, wear and adhesion at the nanoscale where quantum effects are important. Instruments like nano-tribometers, atomic force microscopes and friction force microscopes are used to characterize materials' tribological properties at the nanoscale. Applications include superlubricity and increasing hard disk storage density.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    56 views4 pages

    Nanoscience and Technology - It Is Concerned With The Manipulation of Objects of Nanometer

    Uploaded by

    noel
    Nanoscience and technology involves manipulating objects at the nanometer scale. Richard Feynman postulated manipulating atoms individually in 1959. There are two main approaches to synthesizing nanostructures - covalent synthesis which adds bonds between atoms/molecules, and non-covalent self-assembly using interactions between molecules. Nanotribology studies friction, wear and adhesion at the nanoscale where quantum effects are important. Instruments like nano-tribometers, atomic force microscopes and friction force microscopes are used to characterize materials' tribological properties at the nanoscale. Applications include superlubricity and increasing hard disk storage density.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Nanoscience and Technology - It is concerned with the manipulation of objects of nanometer

    dimensions. It deals with molecular objects performing mechanical functions.


    Quantum Mechanics Rules of atoms and molecules that systems have to obey.
    Newtons Equation of Motion have to be satisfied by a macroscopic object in motion
    Richard P. Feynman postulated the possibility of atomically manipulated matter in December
    29, 1959.
    The principles of physics do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by
    atom.
    Manipulation of molecules and implementation of their functions requires the use of synthetic
    chemistry.
    Covalent Approach of Synthesis or Routine Chemistry covalent bonds are added in a series to
    assemble larger structures.
    A typical covalent synthesis requires precise control of parameters, longer time and more
    effort.
    Non-covalent self-assembly The alternate approach used for making larger structures.
    Supramolecular chemistry Non-covalent interactions make and reform structures
    Functional Assembly constitutes chemical architecture in which responsive modules can be
    made to perform specific functions by activation by external stimulus including photons,
    electrons, ions, heat, etc.
    Macroscopic Motor device which converts energy into mechanical work, often in the form of
    displacement
    Machine Assembly of devices designed to perform functions by consuming energy.
    Chemical or Physical Stimulus control the displacement of molecular motors or machines.
    Motor proteins contain a head region which binds and hydrolyses ATP. A tail region which
    recognizes the cargo.
    Three kinds of motor protein families:
    1. Myosin
    2. Kinesin
    3. Dynein
    Incorporation of Molecular Building Blocks the most important aspect of nanoscale devices
    Category of nanosystems or devices:
    a) Photoactive
    b) Radioactive
    c) Ion active
    Nature of Stimulus:
    a) Photons
    b) Redox Chemistry
    c) Ions
    Switches- It has the ability to exist in two states, which can be interconverted.
    Categories where several molecular systems used as switches conform to:
    a) Conformational change
    b) Configurational change
    c) Constitutional change
    Ratchets - allow motions in one direction only.
    Simplest ratchets contains:
    a. Toothed ratchet wheel
    b. Paw
    c. Spring
    Nanotribology is the branch of tribology that studies friction, wear, adhesion and lubrication
    phenomena at the nanoscale, where atomic interactions and quantum effects are not negligible.
    . NANOTRIBOMETER
    - A unique instrument for characterizing the tribological properties of a wide range of
    surfaces at low contact pressures. In nano-tribometer, a flat, a pin or a sphere is pressed onto
    the test sample with a precisely known force.
    B. SURFACE FORCE APPARATUS (SFA)
    - measures the interaction force of two surfaces as they are brought together and
    retracted. One surface is held by a cantilevered spring, and the deflection of the spring is used
    to calculate the force being exerted.
    C. QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE (QCM)
    - Measures the interaction force of two surfaces as they are brought together and
    retracted. One surface is held by a cantilevered spring, and the deflection of the spring is used
    to calculate the force being exerted.
    D. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM)
    - AFMs provide pictures of atoms on or in surfaces. Like the Scanning Electron
    Microscope (SEM), the purpose of the AFM is to look at objects on the atomic level. The AFM
    works by employing an ultra-fine needle attached to a cantilever beam.
    E. FRICTION FORCE MICROSCOPE
    - In FFMs the sample is scanned in the direction in which the cantilever is twisted.
    Frictional force, occurring between probe and sample, is converted into cantilevers torsion
    which is simultaneously detected as frictional and topographic images.

    NANOTRIBOLOGY APPLICATION
    A. SUPERLUBRICITY
    It is a phenomenon wherein two parallel surfaces slide over each other in incommensurate
    contact, they experience non-existent or negligible friction.
    B. HEAD DISK CAPACITY
    - technology today demands ultra low flying head-disks. The aerial densities of these
    disks strongly depend on the distance maintained between the slider and the hard disk
    Electronics fabricated using Integrated Circuit (IC) process sequences
    Micromechanical Fabricated by using compatible micro-machining processes that
    selectively etch away parts of the silicon wafer or add new structural layers to form the
    mechanical and electromechanical matrices.
    MEMS
    made by using single crystalline silicone.
    Modern Times characterized by the transformation of the transportation sector, the advent
    of capitalism and rapid urbanization, and the gradual rise of the modern industrial society.
    - All these developments laid the ground for the next revolution.
    - Industrial Automation also known as the second Industrial Revolution (1870).
    - 1964
    - The Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg patented two of the elements he
    had synthesized Americium and Curium.
    - 1974
    - The term nanotechnology was coined by Norio Tanigutchi, a professor at Tokyo
    Science University who appointed out the trend of precision manufacturing at the scale
    of nanometers.
    - Nanoscience a trans-disciplinary nature since it involves chemistry, physics, biology,
    mathematics, cognitive science and life sciences, in particular genomics and proteomics.
    - Nanotechnology fuses with other recent technologies like information and
    communication technologies, and biotechnology
    - 'Green Nanotechnology' - challenges both nature and ecosystem because the control
    and manipulation of matter at its very elementary level leads to the creation of new
    matter not present in the realm of nature.
    -
    - 'Bio-Nanotechnology' - offers a wide spectrum of possibilities for mitigating the adverse
    effects of environmental degradation, regardless of its causes and sources.
    Despite the clash of interests and opinions, the two blocks agree on three central issues
    in the public nano discourse namely:
    The non interference into privacy
    Preservation of human dignity
    The protection of the society and natural environment from hazards

    According to W.F. Ogburns theory of technological evolutionism, there is a gap between


    the technical development of a society and it is moral and legal institutions

    Two possible avenues to assess the trend of nanos presence in the media:

    Use the number of scientific publications


    Publications in popular science

    Lotus Effect- discovered by Wilhelm Barhlott and Christoph Neinhius, illustrates how
    knowledge of what happens at the bio-nano interface can be made fruitful.

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