LessonsinZulu 10089171

L E SS O N S IN ZU L U
BY
RE V . F . S U TE R
E I G HTH E D I TI ON
M C D OU G A L L S E D U C A T I O N A L C O L TD

.
, .
30 R O Y A L T E R R A C E ,
. E D I N BU R G H
P R E FA C E Mu ,
I t has been m y p r ivil ege and p leasu re f or a nu mb er of

year s to teach the Z u lu langu age to the M issionaries of the
S ou th Afri c a G ener al M issio n, who h ave, fro m tim e t o tim e,
come to S ou th Af ri ca to work among the Z u lu sp eaking p eoples .
When it rst becam e p ar t of m y d u ty to tea ch the Z u lu

langu age th er e were n ot so m an y Z ulu G ramm ars as at
p resent in exi ste nc e, and those in use being complained of
as diff ic u lt , I fe lt u rg ed to attem pt a si mp ler m eth od , not,
howev er, w ith t he id ea of prod u cing a book The L e s sons

.

u sed h ave be c ome kn ow n to a wi d e c ir cle of f rien d s ou ts id e of
the and th ei r u r g en t r equ es t for p u bli cati on is th e
pri ncipal r eason f or their appearance in p rint The L esson s.
have be en car efu lly revised , and the or thography ad opted is

that of the nd ing of the Z u lu O r th ography Conferenc e of
May 2 9 th to 3 l s t inclu sive, 1 9 0 7 , of w hi c h I w as secr etary,
an d a c opy of th e R ules i s in s er ted at t he end of th i s b ook .
I t has bee n m y en d eav ou r to g ive a r ule f or everyth ing ,

and to m ak e t he L e ss o ns as s i mple as po s si b le, g iv ing t he
s tu d en t o nly su c h m att er as a c t u ally n eed ed That so m e

.
d egree of su cc es s has been gained i s attes ted by the results

already ac c o m p lish ed .
Wh ile c op iou s examp les are given I have p u rp osely om itted

ex er c ises f or t ranslat ion fr om E ng lish in to Z ulu , be ing
persu ad ed that in the stu dy of a n ew langu age the m ind
sho u ld be c onn ed to t he i d iom of t h e n ew lan gu ag e so th at
at the earlies t p os sible s tage th e s tu d en t sh all b e in d u ced to
th ink in the langu age he is seeking to ac qu ire .
I tru st th at the L essons m ay h elp many others to a know

led ge of t he lang uage, esp ec ially su ch as de si re t o m ake
kn ow n the G o sp el of the g race of G od to the Z ulu s p eaki ng
p eop l
.e F S.U TE B
.
C O N TE N T S .
PA6!
C H A PTE R I .
LE ' '
l l E Rs z V owels ,
C o nsona n ts, C li cks .
C H A P TE R II .
TH E N OU N z I ts co mp osition N u mber Ki nds , , ,
diff eren t C las ses wi th ex am ples and rules .
C H A PTE R III .
D I MI N U TI V E of the N ou n .
C HA PTE R IV .
G E ND E R .
C H A PTE R V .
C AS E S of Nou ns .
C H A PTE R V I .
PR O N O U N S N om inat iv e Case P resen t tense I n ,
d enite of U kub ona to see ( 4 ) 5 O bj ec tive Case , ,
P re sen t ten se D eni te of U k ubona to see ,
s ses siv e F o r m s r ep os it i onal F o r m s

7
( ) P o
( )
1 4 P , ,
( )5
2 4 E m ph a t i c F o r m s
( )
2 7 D e m o ns
,
t r at i ve
Fo rm s ,
R elativ e ,
C H A P TE R V I I .
I N D I C ATI V E M oon of U k ub ona To see ,

.
Part icles ka 8a and S e w i th ce r tain te nse s

, , , .
S u bstantiv e V erb U k uba To be , .
C H A P TE R V II I .
PE E Posm ONs AN D C O NJ U N CTI ON S .

VI L E S S ON S I N ZUL U .
PL O !
C H AP TE R I ! .
A DJ E CTI V E S Position
,
!
A s E p i th et , ( )
2 A s
( )
2
Pr ed icate, M on osyllabic , ( 3 ) H ow lack
of tru e Adj ectives is su ppli ed , ( 9 ) C om
parison of , ( 1 1 ) Q u anti tative, ( 1 4 ) D em on st ra
tive, I n ter rogati ve, N u m eral,
O rdi nal ( 4 9 ) ,
C H APTE R ! .
FO R MS OF V E RB S i mp le N eu te r Pas siv e , ,
R eex iv e R ecip r ocal

,
C au sative , ,
O bj ec ti ve Th ose h av in g Passive
,
Voice ,
C omb inations Of t he d iff er en t
forms ( 2 0),
C H A PTE R ! I .
TH E M oons OF V E R B S u b j u n c ti v e ( 2 ) I n
TH E ,
nit i v e I mp erat ive

,
Potential , ,
O ptative U se of Panele w i th S ubj u n ctive

,
an d I n nit iv e 7
( )
4 ,
U k uba to b e in the S u bj u n cti v e I nni ti ve I m

, , , ,
r ativ e P ote n tial an d O ptati v e

pe , ( )
6 2 ,
C H APTE R !I I .
A DVE R BS -
How form ed ( 1 ) O f ,
Ti me, ( )
5 O f
Place, D emon strat ive ,
I n t erj ec
tions, (p . 1 1 8)
C HA P TE R ! III .
A U ! I L I A RY V E RBS .
C H A PTE R ! I V .
TE E VE RB
U KU TI
VO C ABU L A RY
RU L E S F OR W R I TI N G THE Z U L U L A N G U AG E
LES S O NS IN Z ULU
CH A PTE R I .
L E TTE RS .
1 Th e tw enty six lett er s of the E nglish alph abet are u s ed

.
-
to rep res en t th e so u nd s of t he Z ulu langu age The lette r s .
rep r es en t t he sa m e s o u n d s as i n E nglis h w i th t h e follow in g
exc e pt i o n s The Vowels th e lett ers 0 q x wh ich st and f or , , , ,
so u n d s called click s g whi ch is alway s h ar d as in go gate

, , , ,
etc . and I
,
wh ich st an d s f or a h ar sh g u tt u ral sou nd like 2; in
,
D u tch .
VOWE L S .
a is p rono u nced like a in calm .
e e in ledge .
i 6 0 i n feel .
0 0 in ow .
11 00 in m oon .
The vowels with the ex ception of th at in the acc ented

sy llable are g ener ally u nifo r m i n len g th Of s ou n d The .
sy llable alway s en d s i n a vow el an d th e acc en t f alls on the
penultimate A ccord ing to this ru le a word of two syllables

.
would take the acc ent on the r st one of three syllables on ,
t he sec o nd on e of f ou r syllab les on th e th i rd an d so on

, , .
Ex fu -
n d a, lea r n ; lu n gi lo, be alr i ght ;
- -
a -
ba -
n tw a na, chi ldr en ; -
m a ko
.
a - -
S i k a z i, lad i es , qu eens
- -
.
CON S O NAN TS .
3 . With the ex cept io ns

m ent ion ed above the se st an d f or
the same s o u nd s as in E n glish ; b ut th ere ar e many oth er
so u n d s whi c h ar e rep r esen t ed b y a c om b inat ion of c on sonant s
Of wh i ch t he follow ing ar e ex am p les
W m ay be c omb ined w ith any of t he con sonan ts as : bW , cw ,
dw, f w , gw , etc .
M may p reced e labials as : mb, mf , mp , mv .

4 . RI rep res e nts the sam e s ou n d as th at of 11
THE CL I CK S .
L E S S ON S I N ZUL U . 9
of t he
of the tongu e agains t the
click whi ch
very d ifcu lt to exp ress and

I t is
by consid er able p r ac ti ce I t o c cu r s .
XE R CI S E 1 E .
Read the followi ng y ab es z ba

s ll l ,
mba, de, ndi, dwa,
ga
g w a n g e ,
n g we ,
h o t , , , ,
n hlo,
d hlo,
n dhlo,
j a, j
n e, u i
j, j w a,
k a,
n ke, n kwi ,
lwa, ci, nci, n c wi, ca, qo, nqo, nqw a, qwa, qa, x a, x u, u x a,
hx a, hx wa, tshu, ts hwa, shi , sho, she, t she .
VOC ABUL ARY 1 .
Bona, see ; b u z a ,
i n qu i r e ; b u k a,
look a t biz a, call ; b e ka
t ut i n, u t d ow n ; b h ek a, loo/c, behold
u
p , p p .
CH A PTE R I I .
THE N OU N
noun in the lang uage is composed of tw o pa rts ,
10 L E S S ON S I N ZUL U .
2 . S in gu lar p r e p lu ral aba. S h ou ld

the n o u n i n th e
umunt u , person (male ,

or
CL AS S 2 .
nam es of pe rs ons ,
als o a f ew Z ulu ised foreign w or ds .
ub aba, m y or ou r fa ther
umame, m y or ou r m oth er .
uyihlo, thy or y ou r fath er . oyi hl o, you r father s .
CL AS S 3 .
to t hi s class as to t h e r s t .
u mu ti tree
, ,
m ed icine .
CL AS S 4 .
5 . S ingular p rex isi , Plu ral iz i .
S i ngu lar . P lu r al .
isinkwa, b read , a loaf . iz i nk wa, loaves .
isihlalo, a seat . iz i hlalo, sea ts .
is iz we, t rib e, n ati on . iz iz we, trib es , nations .
isi buk o, a m i rro r . iz i buk o, m ir r ors .
i sandhla, h an d
*
. iz andhla, h and s .
S hou ld t he r oot Of t h e n ou n i n any clas s b eg in wi th a vowel, t he

nal vowel of the p rex 1 8 t hen dr op p ed , excep t Class 9 , the secoh d u
of t h e p re x I n s u ch c as e b eing ch ang ed to w .
E m isan d o, ha mmer u malu si, shep her d , u m ak i, bu i lder ; bu t ;

.
nk w az i , kn ow ledg e u k w ab a, di s tr i bu ti on ; u kw ena ma,
con tentmen t .
CL AS S 5 .
6 S i ngular
. p rex ili , u s u ally co nt ract ed to i, Plu ral ama .
ik anda , h ead . amakanda, head s .
i qanda, egg . amaqand a, egg s .
iz we, land , co u nt ry . amaz we, land s, c ou ntries .
iz wi , a word . amaz wi, w or d s .
it amb o, a bon e . amat amb o, bo nes .
CL AS S 6 .
7 S ingu lar p r ex i, Plu ral iz i

. The initial lette r of the .
root of ea ch no u n of th is clas s is 11 exc ept wh en the following

letter is a labial, in wh ich case I n is s u b s titu t ed f or n .
int amb o, s tr ing, rope . iz int amb o, strings , etc .
imbuz i , a goat . iz imbuz i , g oats .
imvu , a s heep . iz i mvu , sheep .
incwadi , a lett er, a b ook . iz i ncwadi , letters, books .
into, th in g. iz i nt o, thi ngs .
Th efollowing nou ns of th is clas s form thei r plu ral in ama ,
Note those th at d rop the ini tial 11 of the r oot in the p lur al .
L E S S ONS I N ZUL U . 13
Give the Plu ral of the following nou ns

U su k u ,
day i nf a n t ; i ngane,
ig ja p
e , lou g h,
hoe ; i ts h e ,
ston e, r ock ; u m f u ndi si, tea cher , m issi on ar y , ikaya, home ;

l l
i taf u a, ta b e ; inhliz iyo, hear t , i ntab a, mou n ta i n ; u nyaw o ,
f oot ; u l enz e ,ml eg id olo , k nee i h a s hi , hor se u m z i mb a ,
body ; in dhlu, hou s e ; u mu z i, kr aa l, villag e, town ; u f akaz i ,

a w i tn ess ; i sib ane, lamp ; ilanga, the su n , day ; iny a n a, the
g
moon , mon th ; ukamba , a beer p ot .
VOC ABUL ARY 2 .
E he, yes ; yebo yes (emphat ic)

, .
Ca or qa, no cabo or qabo no ( emph atic)

, , , .
Manj e ,
k on a m now ;
anj e, at on ce .
N amhla or namhlanj e, tod ay .
L apa, her e lapo, ther e .
Hleka, lau gh f una, wan t, see/c .
Fun da, lear n fu ndi sa, tea ch .
CH A PTE R I I I .
THE DI M I N U TI VE
NOU N OF THE .
l The Di min u ti ve of the no u n is fo rm ed by d ropp ing th e

.
nal vowel ex c ept 0 and 11 both of wh ic h are c h anged to W

, , ,
and af xi ng ana to ex p r e ss little or sm all and a ny ana to , ,
ex pres s very li ttle or s mall To exp ress exceedi ng di m in u tive .
ness the s eco nd s yllab le ny a of t he latte r t erm is r epeated

as may be d esi red Nou ns end ing in na ne and ui afx
.
,
Ex . inj a, dog ; inj an a, a li ttle dog ; i nj anyana, a ver y li ttle

d og inj anyanyanyana, an ex ceedin g ly sm all dog .
umunt u ,p erson . umnt wana, ch ild .
imvu a sh eep ,
. imvwana, lamb a .
unyaw o foot ,
. u ny awana, a sm all foot .
isi nkwa a loaf , . isink wana, a sma ll loaf .
ink osi chief k ing

, , . ink osana, a p etty ch ief , prin ce .
to the d iminu tiv e ai x , a s

follo ws
b I S ch anged
, t o t sh.
p an d t ar e ,
m is ,
( 1,
mb ,
ar e
mp ,
f ew e xcep ti ons , m it ted

o .
a . i nt ab a, m ou n tai n , i nt at sh ana, a h ill .
i ng u b o, b lank et , d ress ,
I) . i mp up u, m eal, flo ur , M p u sh ana ,
ali t t le m eal, et c .
u p ap e, a f eat h er , u p ash ana , a small f ea t h er .
i qat a, a p iec e of meat,

i si k ati , t i me ,
c . ink omo, c ow ,
uml omo, m ou t h , umlonyana, a s m all m out h .
d incwadl , a b oo k, incwaj ana, a li t t le book

. .
i k anda, h ead , ik anj ana, a litt le h ead .
e . i t amb o, a one, b i t anj ana, a li t t le bo n e .
umt omb o, a S p r i n g of water , umt onj ana, a li t t le s p r ing , etc .
f . ins wempe, a q u ai l, i nswent s h ana, a li t t le q u a

N B
. . umk ont o, a sp ea r , mak es umk ont sh wana, a little sp ea r .
E XE R C I S E 3 .
isibaya, cattle f old ; i ndaw o, p lace ; ubu so, the f ace ; isicat ulo,
boot or shoe ucakide, a w easel indanda to, a r i ng idhlambi,
a w ave .
CH A PTE R I V .
GE N D E R .
Mas cu line Fem ini ne N eu ter

, , ,
and C om m on .
ev er is of small im p ortan c e i n
,
Z ulu G ramm ar ,
L E S S O NS I N ZUL U . 15
is ways a p ronou n agreeing with its res pe c tive nou n

al .
The di s tin c tions mad e are cover ed by the fo llowing r ules

2 I n a f ew case s the nou n is made fem inine by af xi n g
.
Ex . ink o si, ch ief, k i ng . ink osikaz i , q u een , etc .
luk omo , head of ca tt le . ink omokaz i , c ow The w ord is .
en erally hort en ed t
g s o
ink omaz i .
ink uk uk az i , or i sikukuk az i , hen .
3Kazi is frequ en tly af xed to a nou n and also i ts adj ec tive

.
to m agn ify i ts m ean in g .
E x umf az ikaz i a g reat or large w oman

.
, .
it sh ekaz i a hu ge ro c k ,
.
uk alok az i a r eat m o u n t ain r id ge

g , .
inj ak az i a h u ge dog
, .
ink omokaz i emhlop ek az i a larg e wh i te cow , .
lmuz ikaz i omk ulukaz i a v ery larg e k raal or tow n , .
4 M ale and female of p ersons may be dened by the u se

.
of t h e te rm s i sili sa m ale ; an d i sif az ana fem ale ; p reced ed

, ,
by the Poss es sive Par ticle agre ein g w i th the no un ( S ee .
Ch ap V S ect 1 0 f or c o ales cen ce of vo wels )

. . . .
E x umuntu w esili sa a male pe r son

.
, .
umunt u wesif az ana a f em ale p er son ,

.
m ale a nd female

iz i seb enz i z esilisa n ez esif az ana ,
se rv an t s .
5 . Male
female of animals m ay be d en ed
an d in t he sa me
way b y the te r ms ind una male insik az i female , , .
E x ihaS hi lenduna a m ale ho rse a s tallion

.
, ,
.
ih as hi lens i kaz i a female ho rs e a m are , , .
inj a yenduna a m ale d og , .
inj a yensik az i a female d og a bitch

,
, , .
VOC ABU L A RY '
3 .
inkabi, a n ox . ink unz i, bu ll

a . inqama, a r am .
im po ngo, a he g oat . i qu de, a cock . um sebenz i, w or k .
ind hlela, a p a th, wa y . indaw o, a p la ce . isiku nd hla, p osi ti on .

CH A PTE R V .
Vocative the case of a ddress ; L ocative the c ase

, ,
Genit i ve or P osse ss ive cas e in d ica t ing p osses smn or , r ela ti on .
2 The Voca ti ve C as e is form ed by simp ly d

.
initial vowel of the n o u n except in g tho se of ,
prex mi nu s the ini tial vowel .
uMp and e, t he late chi ef

u M pan de .
ink o si, chief ,

ki ng .
obaba ,
my or fathers
ou r .
omame , ou r m others .
ut i , a s t i ck .
it sh e, a sto n e rock , .
i qwa, sn ow . li qwa .
I s, or whi ch the actio n i s p erfo rm ed or to or

at, or in , ,
from wh ich ac t io n proceed s ; an d i s form ed b

the c han in
y g g
the in it ial vowel of t he nou n to e ex cept that of nouns of ,
class 7 singu lar which beco mes 0 an d the nal vowel in ,
if a or e to eni .
i ini .
o weni .
u wini .
4 . Also if the last syllable co n ta ins b p 111 mb

, , , ,
the sam e ch an ges t ak e p lace as i n the fo r m ati on
the w in t he affi xes W eni a nd wini is d ropped .

7 . TO exp re ss at,
to the nam e of th e
i nit ial 11 . Whether the m eani ng be at, to or from will, be
Ex . K wa M qawe at to or from U M qawe s

, ,

.
Kwa D eliweyo at to or from U D eli weyo s

, ,

.
Kwa Zulu at to or fr om U Z u lu s
, ,

.
Kwa Map umulo at to or from U Map u mu lo s , ,

.
an d by, by m e an s of , th ro u gh ,
; ng a,
tow ard s ; nj enga like ,
as or by a p r onou n N o m inat iv e C a s e, a Pos s e s siv e par ti cle ,
or by the v erb ba to be . .
E x . endhli ni na sensi mini i n the h ou se

,
and in the ga rden .
u ng a se mf uleni he i s by t he
,
riv er .
nj e nga s ez ulwi ni,

li ke as in heave n .
u s endhli ni , he is i n the hou se .
umunt u wa seM v ot i , a p er son of U M vot i .
RC I S E 4
E !E .
P ut th e following word s in to the L oc ati ve and gi ve t he
E nglish equ ivalen t

U mgwaqo, r oad ; isif u b a, the ches t int u nj a, hole thr ou g h, as
eye o f n eedle ; i sid u m b u ,
corp se i ci b i , p ool,
lake u b u m n
ya ma,
d ar kness, blackness ; in dhlela, a way, p ath ;

i sihlalo, isibaya, i sandhla, aha nt u , u mlen z e, u
iz imbam bo, u mlom o, u kuk anya, u ku tanda .
Tr an s late -
Kw a G umede eM tshez i . . Kwa Myez a .
eM kom az i . Kw a Bad ebe eM z i n to . . Kw a D um isa .
eM t w alu me . eF af a e oloz i. em an z ini . . enh liz iyw eni na

s emlon eni nga sen dhlini nga seman z ini
y . . .
Par ti cles sig ni fy ing of as expressing the idea of possess mn or

relation . A s they ar e e vident ly form ed from the Pronouns
omi tting the rst vowel and the m als o of the pr ex es umu ,
imi , ama , th e r e main ing p or tion b eing th e P r on ou n 3 rd p er .
N om Cas e Th e Pron ou ns f or C lass 2 are t he sam e as f or

. .
Class 1 .
R
P ONOU NS , NOMI N TI A VE CAS E , sr a Pers on .
S in g P r ex
. . P r on S i n g
. . P lu r P r ex
. . P r on P lu r al
. .
u . aba . ba .
11 . 0 . ba .
11 . imi . i .
Si . iz i . z i
li . ama . a .
6 . i . iz i . z i .
7 . ulu . lu . z i .
8 . ubu . bu .
9 . uk u . ku .
10 . To form t he P oss essi ve P ar ti cles, ( )

a Ch ang e 11 wh ere
ever it oc c u rs to W an d i wh er e stand ing alone to y an d add
, ,
a (b) S u bs t i tu te a for i in ea ch of the oth er Pr on o u n s in

.
wh ich it oc cu rs and the r esu lt w ill be the Possessive Par ticle s

correspo nd ing to the d iff eren t classes of n ou ns .
POS S E S S I VE PAR TI C L E S
S i ng u lar .
C lass 1 . W3
2 . wa .
3 . wa .
4 . sa .
5 . 1a .
6 .
ya .
7 . lwa .
8 . b wa .
9 .
11 . The Possessiv e Pa r ticle m u s t

ys ag ree w ith the alw a
no u n d en oting t he th i ng p os s es s ed after wh ic h it i s p laced , ,
an d the vow el Of th e p ar t i c le w ill c om b in e w ith t he i n i tial
vowel of t he nou n or p ron ou n follo wing and d enoting the

poss es sor th u s ,
a and u bec om e o .
a an d i b e c o m e e .
a and a become a . .
20 L E S S ON S I N ZUL U

12 When a n o un of class
.
k a is u sed as the po ss essi v e
and p lu ral and i s prec ed ed by

,
the noun den ot ing the th ing or thi ngs pos sessed
vowel p rono u ns a i and u wh ich are om itt ed a
, , , ,
f ollow ing lose s i ts i ni tial vow el .
sect ion but no co ales c en c e of vowels tak es plac e .
Wh en t wo or m or e n oun s of d iff erent classes

the possessive case the p ar ticle agr eeing with
only is u sed .
mut i mame m oth er m ed ic ine

Ex . u ka ,
s .
i z ink omo z i k a baba fath er s ca ttle

.
,
ihashi li k a Kumalo , Ku m alo s h orse

.
inj a k a yihl o, you r fathe r s dog

. .
amaz wi k a mame , m oth er s w o rds

.
incwadi ka C ibe le , G ib ela s boo k

.
iz ink omo z a obaba, ou r fathe rs catt le

.
iz int o z a oyi hlo, you r fath er s thin gs

amaz we a oy i s e the ir fathers land s

. .
Th e po ssess ive of nam es of Pla ces is som ewha t

exp ressed The r u le given in s ecti on 1 1
.
letter 8 p rexed .
( S ee ct
se .
A f ew other words whic h may be regar ded as Adverbs

\
of
place follow the same rule .
E a ahant u b a senz ansi coas t or down cou ntry people

.
,
-
.
imit i ya senhla inland or u p cou n try trees

.
,
-
.
iz ilwane z a s end hl e animals of the op en co u ntry

, .
iz i ny oni z a s ehlane w ild er ness b ird s , .
14 S hou ld the nam e of a p lace be called afte r that of the

.
ch ief or a form er r es ident , the p ossessive par ticle i s placed

before the form gi v en in sec t io n 7 .
Ex . umunt u
wa kwa Zulu, a pe r so n of Z u lulan d .
iz ink omo z a k wa Zulu, the catt le of Z u lu land .
Th e sam e for m is u s ed i n sp eaking of anything belonging

to the p lace of th e pers on in qu es tio n .
umf ana wa kwa S omk e le , a boy of S om kele s place

Ea . .
ahant u ba kwa Biye la, people of Biyela s place

.
amahashi a kw a S ik ony ane, h or ses of S ik onyan e s p lac e

.
1 5 The . possessive par ticles are u s ed with th e I n ni t iv e

of t he verb to ex p res s the obje ct or p u rpo se of the go ver ning
o
n un .
Ex . i sikat i sokuf unda, tim e to or f or learning .
umf ana wokus eb enz a end hli ni , a b oy to w ork in t he ho u se .
iz inkabi z okulima, oxen f or p lou gh ing .
VOC ABUL ARY 4 .
U bu hlu ngu , p a i n ; iz inw ele, hai r ; iz inyo, tooth ; ub oya,

wool ; u tshan i, gr as s ; i ngalo, a r m ; ihlombe , s hou ld er ;
isihlati, cheek ; ihlati, bu s h, f or es t ; u tan go, f ence ; i kala, n ose .
The wor d s ub oya and uts h ani belong to class 8 altho u gh

th ey ar e concrete no u ns .
E XE R CI S E 5
i
.
Tr a nslate z inw ele z en tomb az an a

z u bo a
y b wez i m vu . .
ingalo yendod a ihlombe lomf ana

. i milenz e yetaf ula idolo
. .
lehashi i kala lonj a

. am az in o omnt w ana
y . i z in o lenk omo
y . .
iz ihlati z abant w ana ubuhlu ngu b w ek and a

. u tango lw es iba a
y . .
am ahlat i a seA f rica u t s hani b w ez w e

. .
R ew ri te the ex er cise , p u tting t he no u n d eno ting the th ing

p o ss es sed in to the L o cat ive in each inst ance .
l et P er son .
to s ee
.
Ngi bona , I see .

VOC ABUL ARY 5 .
like, d es i r e ; z on d a ,
ha te ; dhla, e at ; p u z a ,
br i ng ; i qiniso, tr u th ; aman ga, li es ; inyam a,
E XE RC I S E 6
.
Tr an slate -
N g1 b o na u mu nt u . si tanda iz in cwad i .
ba tanda u tshwala am ahashi a p uz a amanz i U N ku lu nku lu

. .
U tand a iqin iso si z onda amanga amaf u a leta im v ula

. . .
I Z I nj a z 1 tanda inyama u baha u f u na isihlalo iz ink om o . .
ZI s en s 1 m1 m u m am e u lap a en dhlin i
. iz imb u z i z i bona I nj a . .
ba sehlat ini . iz i nk wa z i s etaf u leni .
PRON OU N S , O BJE CTI VE CA S E .
5 . These ar e f or the N om in at iv e ex cept 2 md

t he s a m e as
and 3 rd Pers S in g wh i c h a r e
. an d mu r esp ec t i vely ; the
.
latte r , how ev er, o mit s the u b efor e all b ut m on osyllabi c v erb s,

an d the vowel p r on ou n s a an d u p re x W , and i p r ex es y .
Table of Pr onouns , Obj ect i ve C ase .
Pe r sonal for m s a
g r eein
g w ith C las s es 1 an d 2 .
2 nd P er son . 3rd P er son .
ng i , me . ku, th ee . mu , him or her

ui , you . ba, them .
O ther form s of t he 3 rd P erson a

g r eei ng w ith C lasse s 3 to 9 .
S i n g u lar .
C las s 3 . wu , it .
4 . si ,
5 1i . n
6 yi , n
7 . I n,
8 . b u,
9 k. n
6 Th e obj ect i ve fo rm s are p lac ed imm edi ately befor e the

.
verb root Th e followi ng tense of th e verb w ill serve to

.
illu s trate the use of th ese p ro nou ns .

together in t he c ttle fold h ere
a -
.
d erisiv ely of a perso n or th ing .

VOC ABU L ARY 7 .
I nhlanz i, a sh ; gez a, was h ; u b u k ulu , gr eatn ess u m bala,
colou r ; ind u k u , a s ti ck ; im ali, m on e ; k ep a, bu t ; amax olo,

y
bar k of tr ee ; su sa, ta ke away ; a m aqab u n ga, leaves .
E XE RC I S E 8
.
Tr an slate z I z andhla z am i i z in yaw o z ake u m seb enz i . .
wako abantw ana babo iz in kom o Z et u indaw o yenu

. . . .
iz ilwane z ab o u kez o lwak e

. u k u dhla k w et u i s ink wa sake . . .
abant w ana benu ikan d a lay o i z inyawo z az o

. u mz im b a . .
was o u mb ala w alo u ku dhla kw ayo

. . .
U mf ana u ya yi fu na im ali y ake ab ant u b a

y a z i tand a .
iz ink om o z abo in t omb az ana i ya Z i gez a iz ingub o z ay o

. .
in k o si i ya li b iz a ih ashi layo u m f a na u
y a
y i t and a .
i ncw adi y ak e n a l ehe, u ya yi ta nd a ab an t u ba t and a .
imali na ?
15 . The form s k wet u k w e nu k w abo ar e used to express , , ,
ou r, you r ,
their hu t or hou se ( N ot kraal C om p are Chap V . . . .
S ect .
Ex . A bantwana ba k wet u, the ch ild ren of ou r hu t , i s , ou r . .
m othe r s hu t

.
Abant wana b a k we nu, the ch i ld ren of you r hu t

. .
A bant wana b a k wabo , the ch ildren of th eir hu t

. .
I z ink omo z a k wet u, k we nu, k wabo , the c attle of ou r ,

you r , th eir hu t .
A masimu a k wet u , kw enu , k wabo , th e gard en s of ou r,

you r, th eir hu t .
I ndhl u ya kw et u, k we nu, k wabo , ou r, y ou r, their hu t .
16 I . p
Of near relat ionship s as
n s eak ing his or my thy , ,
her fath er m othe r b rothe r s is ter etc t he p lu ral p ronou n is

, , , ,
.
,
gen er a lly u s ed a n d w i th b u t
,
f e w ex c ept i o n s t h
,
e S in g u lar ,
possessive p arti cle wh ether the nou n agreeing w ith eithe r be

,
in the S ingular or plu ral .
E x nhaba wet u ou r fath er

. uyihlo we nu yo u r father
,
.
, .
umame wet u ou r m other uny ok o w enu yo u r mother

, .
, .
11 m w et u ou r b roth er abaf o wetu ou r brothers

, .
, .
udade wet u we nu wabo ou r y o u r th eir s is ter

, , , , , .
od ad e w et u w e nu wabo ou r yo u r th eir sis ters

, , , , ,
.
of them of my father ) .
U dad e w abo ka baba my fath er s te r

,
si s .
U mf o wabo k a N d o da, u N doda s b rother

.
U dade w abo k a N do da , u N doda s siste r

.
son , b u t in su ch case w abo is omitted .
U mf o k a M qawe, u Mqaw e s son

Ea . . .
U mf o k a Gume d e , u G u m ed e s son

.
the word umf azi is co n t racted to um and comb in ed

po ssessive Par ticle ka and the p oss es sive form of the prono u n ,
the whole m akin g a nou n of class 2 .
o mk et u , ou r wives o mk enu, y ou r w ives ; omk abo th eir ,
wi ves .
2 0 The wo rd umnt wana i s s im i larly co n t rac ted and co m

.
bined wi th the po ssess iv e fo rm of t he pron o u n with ou t the

possessive particle .
yo u r ch ild umntanab o th eir ch ild ,

.
21 . I t i s st ill f u r th er co n t racted wh en us ed a no u n of
c lass 2 s ing u lar .
muta ka baba, my fath er s chi ld

Ex . u .
umnt a. k a Mki z e, u M kiz e s c h i ld

.
umu ta k a Bulo si , u Bu losi s c h ild

.
L E S S ONS I N Z U L U . 29
N B . . The interrog at ive p ronoun b

u ani who i s t reated as a nou n
22 . U mnini ,
own er u sually m akes a com pou n d with the ,
no u n or pro n ou n follo wi ng and d en ot ing the thi ng own ed
E x umnini ndhlu t h e o w ner of the h o u se

.
, .
umni ni muz i the ow n er of t h e kr aa l , .
umni niz i nk omo the ow n er of the cattle , .
umnini y o the own er of i t ( h ou s e indhlu

, ) , .
umni ni wo t he ow ner of i t ( umuzi ) , .
umni niz o the ow n er of th em ( iz i nk omo)

, .
2 3 To ex p r ess m y thy his or her ou r y ou r th eir ow ne r

.
, , , , , ,
t he E m ph a ti c for m s of the p ron ou ns a re u s ed w i th umnini .
E a umnini mi na we na y e na t ina ni na bo na ; my thy his

.
, , , , , , ,
or her our yo u r th ei r ow n er
, , , .
24 P r ep osi tion a l F or ms
. Th ese, w ith the exception of the .
2 nd and 3rd Per son s S ingu lar, whi ch are we and y e

resp ect i v ely , an d l st an d 2 n d P er s on s Plur al, wh ic h o mi t
the initial i , an d c h an ge u to i ar e t h e same as the P o sses si v e

form s, an d are afxed t o Prepo sitions in the sam e way as the
form er are afxed to p ossessive p ar ticles .
PE RS ONAL FO RMS .
we th ee , .
y e, him or her .
P lu r . ti , us . ui , y ou . b o, th em .
Th e other forms f or the 3rd Per so n ar e the sa me as th e
Ex . n ami with
,
me ; n a we ,
w i th you naye , w ith him or her ;
nj engami , lik e m e nj eng aye, like him or h er nj eng ab o,
lik e th em ; ng ami , ng a we , ng aye , by or th r o ugh m e ,
ou , h im or h er ; ng ang ami , ng ang awe, ng ang ay e, as

y
b ig as I , you , he or she .
2 5 Th e P rep os it ion ku i s u s ed w i th n ou ns a nd p rono u ns

.
wh ich have no L ocat ive form to exp ress the for ce of the
L oca ti ve i n all its diff er ent s hades of meaning ( S ee C hap . .
V I I I S ect . .
2 8 The E mph at i c form s ar e used , as th ei r d esign ation

.
plies, whenever it is d esir ed to sp ecially emph asise eith er

the subj ect or obj ect of the verb Th ey m ay be u sed alone, .
or a fter a verb or t he p reposition k u or

, ,
a demonstrative
adj ectiv e p r on o un .
E a Ngi ya m bona y ena I see hi m

,
. .
U ya ngi bo na mina he sees m e , .
S i y a k u b ona w e na w e see thee , .
ba ya si bona ti na th ey see u s , .
ui f undani nina wh at do you learn ?

woza lap a ki mina c om e h er e to me , .
29 I t is I , th ou , he or sh e, w e, you , th ey, etc , is ex p ressed

. .
by p rex i ng i t o t he ab ov e for m s ex c ept w ena and y ena,

whi ch prex u and mina takes eith er i or u Th ose prex ing .
u are u s ually preced ed by the eu phon i c lette rs lig and th ose
p rex i n
g i byy .
S i ng u lar .
l st Per .
yi mi na, or ng umina, I t is I .
2 nd Per . nguw ena, it i s th ou .
3 rd Per . ng uy ena, it i s he or S he
.
yi b ona, i t is th ey .
Class 3 .
y i w ona ,
it i s i t .
y 1 y ona,
4 .
yis ona, yi z ona,
5 y ilona, y wona,
6
.
ii z ona
.
yi y ona, y ,
7 .
yilona, yiz ona,
9 .
yik ona,
N B . . T
h er e i s s om e j u s tic at i on f or t he t erm
o
Su bs tant ive
Par ticles , !
hic h w ng and y ha ve b een d es i g nated by s om e, as t hey
s eem to take t he p lace of t h e s u bstant ive verb wh en ot exp ress ed

g
.
T h eir u se, however, I t hink , is p u rely eu p h onic Th ey are also used .

wit h noun s and t he relat ive p r onou n , ng always p reced ing a e, or u and ,
y p rec ed i ng 1 I f , h ow
. ev er , t h e n o u n b e on e o f c la ss 5 or 7 s ing ular ,
t hen t h e 1 of t he p r e x is u s ed i n s tead of y Th ese par ticles .
u su ally xed
p re to t h e nou n or p r onou n in d icat ing t he ag ent of the
ver b in t he v vp ass i e o i c e .
Ex . Kn yini lok o ? Wh a t i s th at ? The an sw er m ight be

ei ther Of the following Ku ngumunt u i t is a p erson -
,
.
k n ngahant n i t is p eop le , k n ngnmut i i t is a tree .

, .
k n y imi t i i t is t rees
, kn yi silwane i t is an animal .
, .
k n yi z ilwane it is an im als ,
k n li t sh e i t is a st one .
, .
kn ngamat sh e i t i s sto nes k n y imbuz i it i s a goat

, kn , , .
yi z imb uz i i t i s go at s
,
k n lnnwab u it is a ch am eleo n
.
, .
k n yiz i nwab u i t is ch ameleons , kn ngut shwala i t i s .

,
bee r ku ng uk uk anya it i s light

. N g ub ani igawa ,
.
lak o ? Wh at is y ou r nam e ? ( L it I t is w ho name Of .
ou i nguM boz a i t i s u M boz a

)
'
y , .
30 The form s giv en in th e p rev iou s se c tio n are fr eq u en tly

.
abb rev iated b y c u tt ing off t he last sy llab le Th ese abb rev iated .
forms are u sed wi th the p rop er p ronou n p rec ed ing, to ex p ress

I am he, thou ar t he, they ar e they, it is i t, etc Th ey ar e .
u sed also t o d enot e the agent of the ve rb in the p assi ve vo i ce .
Ex . N gi nguy e, I am he . ba yibo , 11 nguy e, thou art he .
they are th ey 11 yi lo ib as hi lomf o wetu, it is my

.
b rothe r s h orse k n yik o uk ukany a k welang a, it is

.
th e light of the s un i yi yo incwadi ka Nk ulunkulu,

.
it i s the b oo k of G od be yi bo ahant u ba ka Kris t o ,

.
they ar e the p eop le of Ch ris t .
3 1 Akuso,
. ex it is n ot, the p ar tic ip ial fo rm of
p resses which
is k u ng eso, it not b eing ; both of wh ic h a re fo llowed e ither
by a noun or the E mph at ic forms of the p rono uns .
E x Ahuso umunt u, it is n ot a person

. .
Ak uso mina , w ena , ye na, t ina , a bona

nin , , etc . I t is
not I , tho u , he or she, w e, you , th ey etc ,
.
32 Ak uS O, an d kung es o ar e fr equ en tly

. us ed with the
abbrevia te d E mph ati c for ms, b u t whe n S O u sed omi t the
nal 0 .
34
7 . 1a ul u Joi n,
9 . lok o ,
lahay a, ley a, lawaya, lez iya .
roo ts of C lass 5 follow the sam e r ule .
L owaya munt u thi s h ere

,
L E S S ON S IN ZUL U .
35
thi s th at yond er an i mal L olu lusuku 10 10 lusuku
, ,
.
, ,
loluy a lus uk u th is t hat y ond er day L eli lit sh e lelo

, , , .
,
lit she leli ya li t sh e th is th at yonder s ton e or rock

, , , , .
E XE RC I S E 1 1 .

Tr an sla te z S i ya yi tand a le n owad i ba ya Zi funa lez i .
Zi nt o na ? 10 m fan a u v ela k wa Z u lu laba bant wana ba ya .
tand a u ku f u nda ams h ash i a ka bani lawa l Z i ya hamba

.
namhla le z i z i nkomo u i ya w u b o na low aya m u ti en tat shaneni

.
leya na ? lolu lu ti imv u la ya lelo langa ahant u ba lelo z w e

. . .

38
Th is sam e
.

that same these sam e ,

those , ,

sam e et c is exp re ssed by u sing the E m ph ati c forms before

.
,
th e D emon strat ives .
E x Yena lo mun tu th is same pe rson

.
, .
Ye na lo wo munt u that sam e p er son , .
Bo na laba bant u thes e sam e peop le , .
Bona labo bant u th ose sa m e p eop le , .
Wona lowo muti ; sona le si sibaya ; zona lezo z ilwane ;

Kona loku kukanya etc , .
3 9 The D em on s trat ive Adj ect ive prono uns m ay be u sed i n

.
-
the same way as the E m phatic for m s as shown in S e c tion 2 8 ,

to express
th is is or it is this etc in wh ic h ca se they
,

.
,
all ass um e i as pr ex and are p re c eed ed b th e pho n i c

y e u y .
E x Yilo mf ana it is thi s or th is is the boy

.
, yilowo mf ana .
,
it is th at or th at is the boy y ilowaya mf ana it is .
th is boy h ere or that boy yonder A nd so zyilaha

,
bantu yilabo bant u yilabaya bant u et c etc

, , , .
, .
RE L ATI VE PRON O U N THE .
4 0 Th e re is only one R elat iv e Pr onou n in Z ulu f or all

.
pe rsons gend ers nu m b er s and cases namely a wh ich p rec edes

, , , ,
and co mb i n es w ith t he pron ou n wh i c h i s th e s u b j ect of the
verb in t he active voic e wh ich p r onoun wh en p rec ed ed by , ,
t he elativ e a assu mes the in itial vowel of its co rrespo nd ing

r
no u n as p rex and w ith wh i c h v owel t he r elati ve a c oales c es

, .
( cf c.h ap V s ec t . T h e r elative wi ll the r efo re app ear as

. .
frequ ently in the form of e and o as a The p ronou ns ng i S i , ,
ni ass u m e 1 as p r ex po ssi bly b o r ro wed from the ir E mphat ic

, ,
41 . The
ve rb in the r elative clau se ge nerally a i x es y o to
the p re se nt i mperfect and pe rf ect te n ses and so met im es the
, ,
42 p resen t ten se deni te ind icative omits the

. The
auxiliary ya wh en u sed w i th a relativ e .
XAMPL E S E .
U muntu o b onay o a p erso n who s ees , .
I b ashi eli gij imayo a h or se th at ru n s or th at is r u nning

, .
L ey o mb uzi e sensimini th at goat wh ic h is i n the gard en

, .
Ahant u aba s ebenz ay o p eople who w ork or who are working

, .
U munt u o ngi bonay o a p erson w ho sees m e , .
I ncwadi e ngi yi f u nay o the b oo k wh ich I w an t , .
L ezo z it sha aba z i let ay o th os e ve s sels ( dishes) wh ich they are

,
bringing .
4 3 S ho uld the verb in the relat ive clau se be i n the

.
Pas sive vo i c e, t he r e lat ive a will comb ine w ith the prono u n
which is the S ubj ec t of th at verb ( The p assive voic e is formed .
by in sert ing W before t he nal vowel of the v erb root ) .
Ex . U muntu o b onway o, a pe rso n who is seen .
I ncwadi e t andway o, a boo k wh ich is lik ed .
U mf ana . o f undisway o, a boy who is bei ng t aught .
44 When the n ominat ive to the v erb in t he relative

.
clau se is a pers onal nou n or p ron o u n th ird p erson S ingu lar ,
and the relat i ve i s in th e obj ec tiv e cas e t h en the relativ e a ,
alo ne s tand s as th e no m in at ive to the v erb .
U muntu u Gibela a m b onay o, the p erso n whom Gibela sees

Ex . .
U munt u a m bonay o, a p er so n wh om he s ees

.
I z we ub aba a li t eng ay o, the lan d wh ich father is buy ing .
I nt o a yi t anday o, t he th ing wh ich he likes .
I ndhl u a hl ez i kuy o , the ho u se in wh ich he is s itting .
N B W h en the er in t he
. . v b r ela ti ve clau se is f ollo wed by a p re
os i t i on t h e y o i s rarely a fx ed
p , .
45 I f t he R elative be in t he Po s se s siv e F orm , as

. a
pe r s o n who se catt le ar e many , then the Relative a co mbines

L E S S ON S IN ZUL U . 37
wi th the pronoun agr eeing with the An te c ede nt and the nou n ,
den oti ng the thing or things posses sed follows wi th the loss of
it s ini tial vowel the idi o m b eing the perso n who he catt le
, ,

they many or the pe rson w ho he cattle of him they m a

, ny
,

umuntu o z ink omo zingi or umunt u o z ink omo za k e z i ning i , .
Ea . I ndo da e ba nt wana ba d e or indo da e bant wana bay o ,
a man w h ) se ch ild r e n are tall

bad e , .
umuzi o z indhlu z i ni ngi or umuzi o z indhlu z awo z i ,
ningi a k raa l or v illage who se hou se s ar e m an y

, .
umf ana o k an da li kulu or umf ana o k anda lak e li kulu , ,
a bo
y who s e head is lar e
g .
iz we eli Zi ntaba Zi nkulu or iz we eli Zi ntaba zalo z i ,
nkulu a c ou n try whose m o u n tai ns are g rea t

,
.
4 6 I f the R elativ e oc cu r s in the fo rm of o or 9 before a

.
verb beginni n g w ith a vowel, t he s em ivow els W and y

r es pect iv ely w ill be p r e xed to the verb follow ing t he r e lat i ve .
I f , how ever, t he r elativ e occ u rs i n the form of a before a v erb

be ginni ng w ith a, th en the r elative is omitted (and in wri t ing
s hould alw ay s be i nd ic at ed b an apo st r oph e , an d t he ini t ial
y )
letter of the ve rb is length ened i n c onsequen c e .
Ex . ng uwena o W enze lok u na I S it you w ho h ave done this ?

N gubani o wazi ng aloku W ho knows abou t thi s ?
I nto e yehlay o ez ulWiI I i a thing de s c end i ng fro m h eaven , .
L a w o mad od a ak ay o lap a th ose m en who are b u ild in g ,
here .
N B Th e Relati ve h en used i t h the I

. . w
erf ec t , Plu p erf ec t and
I neff ec ti e te n ses , I nd icat i ve , com in es Wi t t he p r onou n of th e
v
w
b mp
au x iliar
y h et h e w
r ex p r essed , or im p li ed as i n the l st
p er son o f t he
a bo v e t enses ( c f Chap VI I sec t . . . . .
E x . 9 b e ng i bouaya , whi ch I was see i ng .
o b

u b onayo, which you were seeing .
( S i ng )
a b

e b onayo, wh ich he was seeing .
47 . The P o sses sive pro nou ns, min e , thi ne, his or h ers etc ,
.
,
formed by pre x ing the relative to the p oss essive

pa rticle ( All adjectives . us ed as ep ithet s are p r eced ed b
y t h e
relati ve ) .
ction
se 39 .
Ex . Yilowo otanday o, who soever w ills, lik es, d esires .
Yilowo ok olway o, who soever beli ev eth .
Keta yileyo nt o o yi t andayo, choose whichever thing

you lik e .
5 2 V ery as an adj ect ive, i s exp ressed by red u pli cat ing
.

the em ph ati c form of t he pronoun wi th the r elativ e p r ex ed ,

or b
yp rex i n
g the relati ve to the fo r m s
g i v en in se c t i on 3 0 .
Ex . I nd o d a ey onayona, or indo da eyi yo, a very ma n, a man

ind eed .
I qinis o elonalona, or all yilo, very t ru th .
U k uk anya ok onak ona, or ok u yik o , v ery light .

5 3 . By my self,
thyself i ts elf etc implyin g in ,

.
,
dependent action is exp r essed by a combination of the pre

,
position ng a and the indenite posses sive particle kwa with

th e relative insert ed betwee n and n ally t he p osses sive , ,

p r onou n th us nga o kwa mi ng ok wami by whi ch of me ! - -
, , ,
by myself of my own acc or d

,
.
E x N g okwami ng okwak o ng ok wake by my thy him or

.
, , , , ,
h ers elf .
Ng okwawo ng ok waso ng ok walo ng ok way o et c

, , , , .
U mnt wana u ya hamb a ng ok wak e the child w alks by ,
him self .
Abatana b enza ng okwab o be ng a t shelwanga muntu the

,
boy s act ed of their own acc or d not h av ing be en to ld

by any one .
L ezi Zinqola z i hamba ng okwaz o th ese w agons go by ,
th em selves .
VOC ABUL ARY 9 .
L o ba wr i te ; son dela dr a w n ear ; u hlob o ki nd sp eci es ;

, , , ,
dhlula p ass by ; tu nga sew ; k anya shi n e ; z a come ; ya

, , , , ,
g o to ; lan d e la f ollow b ila boil

, , .
E XE RCI S E 1 2 .

Tr anslate z I ndhlela ab a h amba ngayo uh lobo lw enj a esi .
ln tandayo le nt omb az an a i ya f u n da ngokw ayo uk u t u nga

. .
imiti a yi tshalayo lo mfana u ng uye aba m f u nayo

. .
ngu bani lowo m un tu o dhlulayo i z inkab i amad od a a limo .
n az o il e ndhlela iz i nkomo ez i a nga o emanz i ni

g y
.
y y .
42
u ng a boni tho u not see ing

,
. ui ng a boni ye
,
u houwa, t ho u b eing seen .
e ho u wa, he or she being se en . be bonwa, th ey be i ng

etc .
8 66 11 . 868 11 .
s een .
E !E RC I S E 13 .
limi namb la a k a . f u ndi lo mfana a ka tand i

,
.
landela umn iniyo . a ni m b o ni u m f o w e n u na ?

L E S S ON S I N ZU L U . 43
umf u ndisi laba baf ana ba ya f u ndiswa u mf o w ab o S i bona

. .
am adod a e lima n a semf u leni laW a m an t om baz ana a ka

g .
sebenz i a ya d hala nj e S i tan d a u ku a ehlati ni k u

yi ni l ok o
y . .
ok u dhli wa i z i n a l i z i nku k u z i a hlu pa emasimini e k

j y a .
bani le nj a 0 S i landelayo leyo n tab a o yi bonayo lapaya i .
kwa Z ulu u ya ng i b iz a mi na n a l Q a a ngi ku b iz i u m si ndo

'
.
wani lowo engi wu z wayo l 9 ng az i a ui z i tandi lez i Z in to

. .
na ? qa, S i a z i tand a lez o ez i s etaf u leni

y .
1 6 I mperfect Te nse ( rec en t) , W as se eing

. This te nse is .
form ed by combining the pe rfect of b a with the part iciple of

the verb, e g , ngi be ng i bo na , lit I h av e b een I see ing
. .
u be u .
bona , thou h as t b een thou s ee ing But t he prono u n of the .
au xiliar y , ex c ept w hen a vow el on ly i s d r opped and the e of

, ,
b e is als o d ropped if the p r o no u n follow ing be a vowel o nly .
P lu r a l .
be ngi bo na , I w as seeing . be S i bona, we were seeing .
u b u b ona , tho u w as t se ein be ui bona, ye w ere s ee ing

g . .
u b e bo na, he or sh e w as see be b e bona, th ey we re s eeing

mg .
etc .
17 . N egati ve I nser t nga before the verb

. in the ai rmati ve
and ch ange the nal vowel of t he ve rb to i
P lu r al .
be ngi nga boni, I was not be S i ng a boni, we were

s eein
g .
11 b

u ng a boni, th ou wast not be ui ng a boni , ye were
seei n g s ee in
.
g .
u b

e ng a b oni, he or S he was be be ng a boni they were ,
not s eei ng . see i n

g .
etc .
18 . Pass iv e Voi ce . Ai rmati ve .
S i ng u lar .
be ngi ho uwa , I w as seen . be S i ho uwa, we we re see n .
u b u ho u wa , tho u w a st s een

. be ui b onwa, ye w ere seen .
u b e bonwa, he or S he w as be be houwa, they were seen

s ee n .
86 6 11 .
was not s ee n .
be be nga tandi u ku ngena endhlini .
emf uleni nga les o si kat i be S i z i buk a .
S i tan d a u ku ka t ina, k epa u b e nga ta ndi yena

. aban t wana
Zi zi hlu pa iz imbu z i . a Sibo ni lu to, ni na ui bonani l be Si
bo na iz i nyoni z i hlez i em tini low a a

y .
20mperfect Tense ( re mote ) W as s ee ing Th is tense is

. I ,
.
formed by combi ning the p ast of ba with the part ic iple of the
etc but the au xiliary is not exp re ss ed except in the thi rd

.
,
perso n S ing u lar and after the pronou n a f or nou ns in ama .
However in both the las t in stan ces also some d rop th e

, ,
bona
'
y e .
wa u bona, thou wast seeing . na ui bona, ye were see ing .
ku bona .
Plur al ya i, . z a Zi bona .
21 . Negativ e W as
,
not s ee ing ; formed sam e as p reced ing
te ns e .
boni, w a bo ni , wa b

S i ngu lar . nga ngi nga u n ga e
nga bo ni .
P lur al sa S i nga bo ni , na u i nga bo ni, ba be nga b o ni

. .
S i ng u lar w a u nga, sa si ng a, la li nga, ya i nga, lwa

.
lu nga, b w a b u nga, k wa k u nga b o ni .
Plu r al ya i nga, z a Z i nga, a b e ng a, z a Z i nga, z a z i

.
nga b oni .
22 .Pas t Tens e, Af rm ativ e, S aw This te ns e is u sed of any .
tim e pas t, and is formed from the p r esen t te nse ind e n it e,

by ( 1 ) ch anging u whe rever it o cc u rs in t he p ronou n to W
and add in g a ;
( )
2 c h ang i n
g i wh er e s t an d i n
g alo n e,
to y
an d addin g a ; ev y oth r in s t an ce to a
( )
3 c h an i n
g g i i n er e
a re m ains u n c h an ed
( )
4 g .
N ga bona, I sa w . 83. b ona, w e saw .
wa bona, tho u sa wes t . na bo na, ye sa w .
wa bo na, he or she saw . b a bona, th ey saw .
S ing u lar w a, sa, la, ya, lw a, b wa, kwa bo na

. .
P lu r al ya, z a, a, z a, z a bo na
. .
2 3 N egati ve, S a w n ot
. F o r m ed by S imply prex ing a
.
to t he p r onou n of t he af rm ative ex cept 3 rd pe rson sing u lar

wh ich takes ka before it, and a c orresp ond in g with n ou ns .
of the 5 th c lass p lu r al i s fo llowed b k a

y .
S ingu lar . a n ga, a wa, k a w a, a w a, a sa , a la, a ya a

,
lwa, a b wa, a k w a b on a .
P lur al . a ka, a z a, a z a bona .
24 .Pas si ve Vo ic e, A f rmat ive, W as seen .
S i ngu lar N ga, w a, w a, etc , bonwa

. . .
P lur al S a, na, ba , etc , bonwa

. . .
25 . Negative .
S i ng u lar . a n a, a
g wa, a ka, etc .
, bonwa .
P lur al a. sa, a na, a ba, etc .

, hou wa .
2 6 Perfect
. Tense , Have seen The P erfect Te nse,
.
whi ch in its primary u se is a P rese n t C o m p lete, may be

formed from the Prese nt I ndenite by ch anging the nal

vowel of the verb to ile This end ing howev er is frequ ently .
, ,
cont racted to e in wh ich case this vow el i s leng then ed The

, .
O bj ective form of the v erb end ing in ela always mak es its ,
Present C om plete in th is way .
Ngi b onile, I have seen . Si b onile, w e ha ve see n .
u b oni le, th ou h as t see n . ui b onile, you h ave seen .
u b onile, h e or sh e has seen . b a b onile, they have see n

. .
etc .
2 7 The Perfect Ten se whether the v erb be tran sitive

.
, or
int ransit ive is us ed als o to ex p ress a S tate character

,
.
, or
U munt u o lungi ley o, a g ood or righ teou s m an .
I ndhlu i bi dhlikile, the h ou se is tu mb led down, in a t umbled

down co n dition .
Ahantu aba hlup ekileyo, peop le who are in a troubled con
dition .
U muti o wap ukileyo a b r oken t ree in a brok e n co nd it ion

, ,
I uk omo i le the cow is d ead ,

.
I ndhlovu i Wile t he eleph an t i s fallen

,
.
2 8 Ve rbs end ing i n ala asa ata ama ana wh ic h are

.
, , , , ,
mo stly in transitiv es for m their Perfects i s in transitives of

, , . .
,
state by c h anging t he vow el in th ese e nd i ng s to e th u s ele

, , ,
es e ete eme ene

, ,
The P re sen t Comp lete wo uld in eac h case
,
.
end in ile .
L ala, lie dow n, go to sleep lele , b e asleep . .
Kulup ala, get f at . kulup ele, be f at, s to ut .
G owala, get , b ecom e fu ll g cwele, be fu ll . .
Pak ama, lift , get lifted p a k e me ,

b
. e h i gh ,
lift e d u p .
Fumana, nd, di scov er f umene, hav e f ou n d

. .
Hlang ana, m eet togeth er hlang ene, b e met to gether

. .
Pata, tou ch , h old , carry p ete , h a ve in hand, c arry on

. .
L imela get h u r t
,
. limele , be h u rt .
2 9 The Per fec t of a f ew ve rbs is for m ed i rreg ularly , as

.
hlala, hlalile, P resen t C omp lete ; hlez i, I nt ransit iv e su ta, get .
sa s
ti ed ,
sa ti a ted ; s u t i,
I nt r an s i t i v e m a,
s ta n d ,
m i le, P re s en t .
Co mplete ; mi, I ntransitive sho, say, menti on mak es s hilo . . .

L E S S ON S I N ZU L U . 47
Ex . I z ink omo z i le le et shani ni, t he cattle are lying down in

the g rass .
Be ng i mi emnyang o, I was standi ng at the door .
U mf ula u g cwele, t he ri ver is fu ll .
U mf o wet u ulimele, ou r b rother i s h u rt .
A maf u a pak eme namhla, the clo u d s are h igh ta d ay .
30 Perfect Tense, N egati ve, Have not seen

. The N egat i ve .
of t he P res en t Co m p lete i s for m ed by p lac i ng a b efor e the .
p ron oun of the afrmative and af xing nga to the verb Ka .
is s u bs tit u ted f or the p r onou n 11 3 rd p erson S ingu lar, an d

als o a of 5 th Class p lural .
S i ng u lar a ngi bo nanga, a u bonanga, 3 ka bo nanga

. . .
P lu r al a si bo nan ga, a u i bonanga, a ba bonanga

. .
etc .
3 1 The abo ve form s refer r ath er to the m om entary actio n

.
th an to a s tate or ch aracte r wh ich wou ld be ex p ress ed by a ngi ,
b onile a u b onile 3 ka b onile etc

, ,
.
,
.
32 Pas sive Voi ce , Have bee n s ee n

. Th is is form ed from .
the active by ch angi ng the 1 in the nal syllable to W, e g , . .
boniwe Thi s also is fr eq uently con t racted by dropp i ng the

.
i, ho nwo .
S i n gu lar N gi bon i we, u b on iw e, u boni we, et c

. .
P lur al S i boniw e, ni b on iw e, ba b on iw e, etc

. .
33 . N ega tiv e Have ,

n ot been seen .
S i ng u lar . a ngi b ou w anga, a u b on wanga, a ka b on wanga,

etc .
P lu r al . a Si bo u wanga, a ui bonw anga, a b a bo u wanga,

et c .
Th e for ms a ngi a u a ka b oniwe , , , etc .

, wo uld be us ed to
exp r ess a sett led st ate or c h arac te r .
VOC ABU L ARY 12 .
U ku ne ; pe k a coo
,
k
to ; i z in k u n i
r ai n r ew oo d i z,inyam a ,
an i mal wh i c h m a b e eaten is called i n ama

Z ane bu cks , ( y
an y y
b uya u mku mb i ship ; t u ma
z ane
) r etu r n ; ,
send ; ni ka , , ,
g i ve ; n i k ez a h a n d ( an yth in g to ,
a n oth er
) ; z in gel a hu n t ; ,
f u ti als o ag ai n
, ,
.
U mf undisi b e

u
S i ngu la r .
w ill see .
w ilt see . will see .
u ya ku b ona, he or she s h all ba ya k u bo na, they shall or

or w ill see .
frequ ently use d

1 . The k of ku is d ropp ed thro u ghou t . eg
. .
, ngi ya u,
u ya u , u ya n, Si ya u, ni ya u, ba ya u bcna
2 . A fu rth er cont raction i s m ade by com bmm g the a of
11 y o, u y o, Si yo, ni yo, ba y o bona, etc .
d ropp ing t he vowel of the

wh en Standi ng alone, which
t iv ely, and d ropp in g the y of y o .
end s in o e
g , ng o, w.o, wo, s.o,
n
.o,
I t is som eti mes u s ed als o as ve

I m p erati .
50 L E S S ON S IN ZU L U .
ya k u bo na, etc .
ame
s as the n ega tive Of t he fu t u r e .
i k u b ona, etc
y .
bo na, etc .
45 . P ass ive voice Wo uld hav e be en s een (b u t)

,
.
46 . N egative Wo uld,
not hav e be en seen .
k u yi hou wa ,
etc .
bon wa, etc .
47 . R emote .
i k u bo na, etc
y .
50 . The I eff ec ti ve tens es

n m ay be con tracted like the
f u tu re ac cord ing to t he rs t t wo con t ractions ind icated in

These te nses e xp res s als o
was goi ng to w as not .
go i ng to . A nd if z a be sub st it u ted f or ya the id ea

would be : was a bo u t to . w as on the point of .
VOC ABUL ARY 18 .
U b u tongo, sleep ; papam a, a wake ; b u lala, ki ll ; te mba, or

etemba, tr u s t ; k olwa, beli eve, be s a ti sed iz olo, yes ter day ;
ngom us o, to m or r ow ; u m u sa, gr ace, mer cy ; n ini ? when ?
in daba, ma tter , a air , stor y, etc .
RE BOI S E 1 6 .
Give exam p les I n both the af r mati ve and n e t ive of t he

futu r e plu p erfec t and ineff ectiv e tenses
, , us in g a
tge following
verbs z na kuluma hamba li ma hlala
, , , , .
5 1 S u c h t en ses as t he F ut u r e I m pe r fect, I shall be seeing,

.
and the F u t u r e P er fe c t, I sh all ha v e seen, are fo r med b t h

y e
ai d of ba co mb in ed w i th the Part i c ip le of the p rin c ip al verb .
Ex . Ngi ya ku ba ngi b onay o I sh all be seei ng , .
A ngi yi ku ba ngi bonayo I shall not be seeing , .
N gi ya ku b a ng i b onile I sh all h av e seen , .
A ngi yi ku ba ngi bonile I shall not h ave seen , .

5 2 .

N ot yet, Before By in ser ting the part icle ka .
befo re the ver b in the N egat iv e, t he id ea of not yet

is
introd u ced Before a pa r tic ip le i t expresses the idea of
.

before .
Em . A ng i ka boni ,
I do n ot yet see .
Be S i ng a ka dhli , w e w ere not yet ea ting , or had no t
yet ea en t .
Be be m boni
they had not yet seen him
'
ng a k a , .
We ka li ng a k a S honi ilang a he arrived before su n set

. .
, .
Ngi tanda uk uyiz wa ley o ndaba ng i ng a ka hambi I ,
wish to h ear that m atte r before I go .
A Si ka kwazi uk uf unda, we do nOt yet kn ow (how) to

E a) . P re s I . nd . ngi sa b ona, I am s till seeing . u, u, S i , ui , ba
N eg .
th ou ,
he or S he,
Par tic iple . N gi , u , e , S i , ui ,

S he, w e, ou , th ey s ti
y
S he, we , you, th ey no
etc .
54 . om etim es u sed w ith the Perfect tense to ex p ress

83
. IS s
a yet u nalt er ed s ta te or c on d i t io n
E a Ba 83 hambile th ey are s t ill aw ay

. .
,
.
ac t of doing it .
Ba se. lele th ey ar e s till as leep

,
.
still in health .
s till a you ng m an .
bona ,
n ow I s ee, et c .
u b ona, u 8

e bona, now I , th ou he
,
or
bona ,
se be bona , now we, you , th ey see .
Tense, N o w I ha ve s een .
N ow I S h all or w ill see .

S

u bonile, u b

es
e bonile, be se S i b onile be . se ui bonile,
be so be bonile, etc .
e S

e bonile, 33. so S i bonilo , na se ui bonile, ba se be b onile,
I neff ect ive ( recen t and r e mote ) , w ould h ave s een ( but ) , Be se
ngi y a k u b ona, u b u s u y a ku bona, u b es e ya ku b ona,

be se si ya ku bona, be so ni y a ku bona, be se be ya k u b ona,

etc .
N ga se ngi ya k u bona , wa ya k u b ona, wa b

u s u e s e
ya ku bona
8a se S i ya ku bona ,
then we would h ave seen .
11 a se ui y a ku b o na then you w ou ld have s een

.
,
.
ba se be ya ku bona th en th ey wou ld have seen ,

.
Negative ( recen t) .
be se ngi nga yi ku bona then I wo uld not ha ve ,
nga yi ku b ona, the n tho u wouldst

bu

u S u not
have se n e .
yi ku b ona, then he or S he would

u b e S e ng a not
have s ee n .
be 89 S i ng a yi kn b ona, then we wou ld not hav e

s een .
be se ui ng a yi ku bona , then ou
y wo u ld not have
s ee n .
be so b e nga yi kn b ona, th en they would not have

s een .
N egative ( remote ) .
nga se ngi ng a yi k u b ona, th en I wo uld n ot have

s een .
we ng a yi ku bon a the n tho u w ou ld st

. 11 s u ,
not
h ave seen .
wa b e yi k u bona then he or S he would

. s e ng a ,
n ot h ave see n .
83 . so S i ng a yi k u b n o a then we would
,
not have
11 a se ni ng a yi ku bona , th en you wou ld n ot h ave
ba so be ng a yi ku bona, then they wou ld n ot have
59 . Th ere are c ertain verbs

come zw a hear as z a, , ,
f eel,etc ma s tan d muk a depart mba dig which al ways

.
, , , , , , ,
prex e to the root in all their forms when ever they h appen ,
to be preceded by a wh ich i n su c h case i s elid ed

,
.
Ex N gi y eaa I am co mi ng ng eza I c am e Bu t ngi

.
, .
,
.
zile I h ave c om e ngi y a ku z a I sh all c om e

,
.
,
.
Si y emba we are d igging S emba umg odi we dug 8

.
,
.
,
But, Be si mba, we wer e digging S i mbile , . we h ave d ug .
Ba y ez wa, they h ear

B ez w ile, th ey .

have heard .
Ng ez w a umunt u e kuluma endhlini, I h ea rd a pers on

S peaki n g in t he ho u se .
Bu t, N gi z wile, I h ave hea rd . A ng i zw a ,

I do not hear .
60 . The meani ng of
verb may be int ensied or d im i ni shed
a
by red uplicat ing the root if c om p osed of t wo sy llables only ;

if of mo re then the r st t wo only are r ed up li cated
, The .
idea being that the actio n is p erfo r med a li ttle or q u ickly or ,
very mu ch .
E x zama st ri ve ; z amaz ama s tri ve ve ry h ard or tf ully

.
, , .
Hamba, walk , m ov e ; b ambab amba, walk, m ove a bo u t .
Kulnma, sp eak kulukuluma, talk m u ch chatter , .
Guqula, t u rn guqug uqula, t u rn vigorously or tf ully .
VOC ABUL ARY 14 .
M n i sh, as an ythi n
g i
onee d wi th ; pe lis
a ,
n is h,
occup
come to an en d ; hlw a ela or hl wan ela, s ow

y y ; hl ak ul a , w eed ;
mhla u mbe, p er hap s ; j ab u la ,
be g lad ,
r j
e o i ce .
E!E RCI S E 17 .
Amadod a y a a sebenz a endhlini namb la . iz olo a b

e
seben z a en si mini ngom u S O a kwaka indhlu lap aya b

a
.
y . a
56
before na as verb to h a ve .
62 . P res e nt Tens e .
Q
Si k ona, w
u k o na, thou ar t p resent . u i k o na, you are
a ngi k o, I am n ot p r es ent .
present .
64 . I m pe r fect, ( ecrent
) .
11 b

e k ona, he or S he was be be k ona th ey w ere p rese n t
, .
be si nga yi ku b a
be be ng a yi kn ba
etc .
74 . R emote Wo uld have been present

,
.
wa u ya ku ba k ona,
etc.
75 . N agat iv e, Wou ld n ot have been pres ent .
and the no un following elides i ts init ial vowel

.
N gi nencwadi, I h ave a boo k N gi nencwadi na have .
I a b ook ? A ngi na ncwadi , I h av e not a b oo k

. A .
ng i na now adi na ? h av e I not a b ook ? Be ng i

nencwadi , I had a b oo k Be ngi nencwadi na ? had .
I a boo k ? Be ngi ng e na nowa di , I had not a book .
N ga ng i nencwadi, I h ad a b ook , (at th at tim e) N g a .
ng i ng e na ncwad i , I had not a bo ok A ngi bang a na .
ncwadi , I h ave not had a book N gi ya k n ba .
nencwadi , I sh all h av e a boo k A ngi yi kn ba na .
ncwadi , I shall n ot h ave a b ook Be ng i y a kn ba .
nencwadi, I w o u ld h av e h ad a book Be ng i nga yi .
kn ba na nowa di , I would not hav e had a b o ok .
Pakam isa, li up ehla, come down , descen d kona (kho na) ,

then ; yikona, i t i s then ; is i ntn, the hu man r ace ; u k u t i, tha t
E !E RCI S E 18 .
1 . Kepa a ka banj w a m u n tu, n gob a isikati sak e sa si n ga
ka ki .
N xa be u i ng az i be u i ya kn M az i uBab a futi

,

.

N ina ni vela kn lo mh laba M ina a ngi veli kn lo ,
mh laba

.
N goba inx a ni nga tembi uk ut i ngi ngu ye .

Wa b es e ti u Jesu i nx a se u i yi pakamisile indoda na

,

esi nt u ik ona u i a kw az i u ku ti ngi ng u e
y y , y y .

A ng enz i lu to ngok wam i

.

M ina ngi yisink wa soku pila oz ayo kimina a ka yi ku ,
lamba

.

I sin kw a si ka N kulunk nlu si n
gu e o
y wehla ez u lwini .

N gi ti kimina, u i ngi bonile, kep a a u i t emb i .

U Baba n y a ui ni ka isinkwa es onasona .
U knf nndisa kw ami, a k nsiko ok w a m1 .

Lo e abaf u na u k u mb ulala na ?

as u
y
C HA PTE R V I I I .
PRE POS I TI O N S .
1 . Na with kn in at to among accord ing to

, , , , ,
t he conte x t .
ng a, w ith ( by m eans of) abo ut toward arou nd

, , , .
by kn ka . S ee Ch ap 5 S ec t 1 2 . . .
Pezu, ove ;
ab (so m eth i ng elsl
) ngap ez n kwa
Pansi , below ,
be n eath dow n ,
ng ap ansi , u n dern eath .
Pambi, before, in front of ; ng ap amb i ,

at the front , on
t he f r o n t .
E caleni or eceleni , at the side of ng as ecaleni, by the side .
bac k of .
Ex . Pezu kwendhln, ab kw et af nla,

ove th e hou se . ngap ans i
u nde rn eath th e table Pambi
kw endhln, before t he .
hou se ng ap ambi kwendhln, at the fron t of th e h ou se

. .
emva kw endhl u, beh ind the ho u se ng asemva kw e .
ndhln, at the bac k of the ho u se p ak at i kwendhln, .
insid e the ho u se ng ap andhle kw endhl n, on t he out

.
sid e of the ho u se .
A nd so z Pezu k w amik w ak o , k wak e , k w at u , k w enu, kwabo,

,
ab ov e m e, thee, him or her , u s, ou , th em

y .
Pamb i k w ami, before m e p ansi k w ak e , b e neath him . .
3 . Pez ul u, up , up ab ove ; ng p a ezulu ,

s ome where ab ove ,
in
an u pwa rd d irection .
S eloku sin ce gene rally follow ed

, ,
by the pas t tense of the
L as s o ns I N ZUL U . 61
Pansi exp r esses

4 . o on the grou nd on the
als , oor, eg . .
,
Kn bek e p ansi, pu t it down on the grou nd , .
Kip ani iz imp ahla enqoleni ui z i bek e p ansi . Take the
5 . The following p repos it ions are alway s followed by na .
E d nz e, nea r ; ed nz e nami n ear me ed nz e nomf ula n ear , .

,
E nhla, u
p, as up t eam
s r , up ;c o u n try the u pp er u pp er ,
as
si de of t he road etc e g .
,
. .
, enhla nomf nla u
p ri v er c ubl a , .
nez we, up cou ntry inland ,

. cubla nomg waqo the u pper sid e ,
a ansi , down ,
asd o wn st ream down cou nt ry the coast , ,
si de , the low er s id e e
g e n
,z ansi nomf.ula do wn ri
. v er , .
enz ansi nez w e, at the coas t land .
6 To. ex p res s the id ea of c ent re Pak ati is u sed followed

by na as : p ak ati nendhlu in the mi d st of t he hou se p ak at i , .
nomgwaqo in th e m idd le of the road

, p ak ati nesiy ing i .
,
i n th e ce ntr e of the c ir c le etc ,

.
7 . Other e
u s s of Na .
a . A s t he con u ct ionj and connecting s ub e j cts .
I ndo da nomf ana, a man and a boy

. iz ink omo mezi .
mvn, cattle and sh eep ezul wini na semhlab eni , .
in h eaven and on earth L o mf ana na le . .
ntomb az ana, thi s boy and this gi rl .

8 b I n the sense of
. . too and

a lso .

I n wh ich case
it u sually follow s the noun referred to .
U mf ana nay e wa hamba, the boy wen t too, or the

boy also w ent I nj a nay o y a f a, the dog also .
d ied Ab antwana nabo ba banga umsindo, the

.
c hild ren also mad e a noise .

9 . c . I n the sens e of even .
esaba nokuk uluma we feared even to sp eak Be

.
, .
ng e na sik at i nesokndhla th ey not ha vi ng time ,
eve n to eat N ez ilwanyanyana nazo z i noms e

.
b enzi wazo even the insects also have th e ir wo rk

, .
L E S S ON S I N ZUL U .
N a may be p rex ed to
10 . . o or co r res ond in
p g the n un
pro nou n w i th th e nou n follow ing I n apposit io n
E x N ez mk omo zak e or n ez ak e iz i nk omo an d his cattle

'
.
, , .
Nazo zonk s iz int o or nez int o z onk e and all th ings , , .
N ga and nj eng a follow the sam e r u le .
1 1 U ses of Kn k n is us ed w i th n ouns and pronou ns

. .
which h ave no locativ e form to ex p res s the for ce of the ,
loc ati ve m all its d iff eren t shades of m eaning as to

am ong

from
in
,

at etc , according to the idea
, ,
.
,
9 1 press ed by the p r eced ing v erb .
E x Kn kile umunt u o vela kn b aba there has a rri v ed a

.
,
man who c om es f rom father .
N gi ya kuy e I am go ing to him

.
,
.
S i y eza kuw e or k n w ena we are comi ng to you

, .
Ba p umile kny e namhlanj e th ey h ave come or gone ou t ,
from hi m tod ay .
U ya seb enz a kn mlungu he is wo rk in g at a whi te man s ,

.
I z ingubo zami z i kn lelo bokisi my c lothes are in th at ,
b ox .
12 . The p lu ral form s ki ti kini kubo are used to ex press , , ,
ou r, you r the ir home people tribe co u nt ry etc

, , , , , .
Ex . Kiti our home kraal p lace Kini you r etc Kubo

, , ,
.
, , .
,
their etc Kup i kini ? wh ere is you r h ome ? Kup i

,
k n b e ? where is h is or th eir ho me ? Ahant u ba ki ti ,
ou r p eop le of t he sam e fami ly t r ibe etc

, A bant wana , , .
ba k it i ch ild ren of ou r hom e kraal fam ily etc

, , , , .
I z i nk omo z a ki ti ca ttle be longing to ou r hom e , .
( Com p are Chap ter V I . S ect ions 1 5 and
13 . forms are u sed also in the p ossessive case

Th e above .
Ex . U mf ana wa ki t i a boy of ou r p eop le h om e etc

. , , , .
E z a kini lezi z ink omo na ? Do th ey b elong to you r

home thes e cattle ?
Ngubani le nt ombaz ana ey a kubo ka Dambv x
a
'
.
Who is this girl ? S he is of Damb u z a s people

.
Kn kile umf ana wa kub o ka N duli Th ere has .

arr ived a boy of UN duli s p eople or home .
( Co m par e Cha p VI . . sec t .

14 . U ses
N ga of .
a Prex ed to a p rep ositi on, a nou n in the locative

.
case, or adverb of p lac e, wh en n o p rec ise si tu atio n is ind i cated

E ar U velang ap i 7
. fr om what d i rec tion do you come ?
but , U velap i ? where do yo u c om e fr om ?
N g alap a, ab o u t h er e ng alap o, ab o u t th er e, in th at
.
d irection .
U ya ng ap i l in wh at d irect io n are you go ing ?

U y e ngalap o, he h as g one in th at d irec t ion th ere .
I z we 1a ng a soTong at i li nomoba omningi , the c ou n t ry

ab o u t Tong at i has m u ch s u gar can e .

b To exp ress week by week, et c ,

15 . . day by day, .
the idi om is the same as i n E ngli s h , bu t a p lu ral no u n i s

us ed, w i th nga p r exed to the repea ted n o u n
Amasont o ng amas ont o, week by week .
I z iny anga ng ez iny ang a, mont h by mon t h .
I minyaka ng eminyak a, year by yea r .
1 6 A n d so
. als o I z ikat i ng ez ik at i , tim es by tim es
diff eren t tim es I z iz we ng ez i z we, t ri be by tribe = diff erent
.
tribes I z inhlob o ng ez inhlobo, kind by kin d ==d iff eren t kind s

. .
E x Ngi bonile knsasa iz ilwane ez i ni ngi i z i nhl ob o ng ez i nhlobo,

.
I h ave see n thi s m or n in O0 m any an im als of d iff e rent kin d s .
U muzi wa seTekwini} u g cwele ahantu aba yiz iz we

.
ng ez iz we The tow n of D u r b an is f u ll of people of

.
diff erent nationali ties .

17 0 . On e by one,
.

t wo by t w o, etc

.
,
xp res sed by
is e
a sim ilar i d i om , b u t the p r o nou n p reced ing the rst nu meral

adjecti ve prex es i ts c orres po nd in g r elat ive .
E x Abany e ng abany e, on e by one, f or

. no u ns of Class e s 1 and 2 .
ababili ngab ab ili , two by two,

emi ny e ng eminy e,
ez i ny e ng ez i ny e,
amanye ng amany e,
ez iny e ng ez iny e,
6 and 7
L E S S ON S IN ZUL U .
o u r, yo ur th eir acc ou n t
,
.
Ko dwa only, , e xcepting th at .
to do l

I z ink omo ez ining ana, a good ish few cattle .
U kndhla oku yincosanyana, a very little food .
The d imin u tive of bi is bana or banyana ; and of de is
7 . The sam e id ea may be ex pressed by th e word nj e only , ,
placed after the adjective .
Ex . I ndhl u yak s i ncane nj e, hi s hou se i s rather small .
L e ngubo i ndala nj e, th is blanket i s so m ewhat old .
U bus o bak e bu b omvn nj e, his fac e is reddi sh .
8 . To in te ns ify
the m eaning of som e adj ectives certain
part i cles are u sed which indic ate th at the th ing referred to
possesses to a remar kable degree the quality in qu est ion .
Ex . Kn muyama kace l i t is black exc eed ingly .
Kn mhlop e qwa ! it is snow wh ite -

.
Kn bomv u hxebn ! i t i s very red .
I ndhlu i g cw ele swi ahant u ! the hou se is quite f ull of
people .
I z we l omile nk e the c o u n try is

exceedi ngly dry

.
9 The lack of t ru e adjectiv es is su pplied as follows

.
( ) y
1 B part i c i p les
( )
2 Ver b s i n t he i n ni ti ve m ood w i th
.
possessive p ar ti cle exp re ssing the p u rpose of the n oun ( 3) .
Nonu s wi th the loss of their initial vowel ( 4 ) Nou ns w ith .
the preposition na ex pres sing possession

. .
Ex .
( )
1 U m unt u olnng il ey o, a good or r ighteo u s man .
I mi t i e yap uk iley o, br oken t rees .
Amanzi acwebiley o, clear wate r .
sikat i soknqala, the rs t t ime

( )
2 I .
I sik ati s okug cina, the last ti me .
I nsizwa y oknseb enz a ens imini , a

. you ng man to work
in the garden .
3
( ) Kn mak aza i t is cold k n manzi loku this is wet
, .
, .
Kn 1ndak a i t is m u ddy
, indawo emak az a a co ld
.
,
place .
L O me se n b uk ali thi s k nife is sh ar p

, .
I k anda I ami li buhl nngn my head is pa inf ul

, .
this person su rp as ses me in or by
13 . The S u pe rlative xp ressed by stren gtheni ng Degr ee is e
either of t he ab o ve form s by mean s of the ad verb k akulu ,
g reat ly ex ceedi n ly als o b

g, y th e u se of onk e all
, , .
I z ink omo i ning i kakulu kun ez abo, ou r catt le

Ea . z a kit i z
are very m any m o re th an th ei r s .
I ndhlovu i nkulu kunaz o z onk e iz ilwane, the elephant

is the larg es t of animals .
14 .
Q uan titati ve Adjecti ves .
Onk e, all, the whole As this adjecti ve b egin s wi th a . .
vowel the vowel of the preced ing p r onoun is dropped , ex cep t

the vowel p r o no u ns n and i whi ch become w and y r es pec
ti v ely, and a is dropped .
Ex . S onk e ( si onk e) we all, all of u s

-
nonk e, (ui onk e) you .
-
all bo nk e, (b a onk e) th ey all

. A n d so, wonk e, y onk e ,
-
.
s onk e , z onk e, lonk e , onk e, y o nk e , z onk e, lonk e, z onk e,
15 ex p ress the id ea of any in thesense of some f or

. To ,
wh ich no word exists i n Z ulu the noun de not ing the thing ,
in q u es tion loses its in it ial vowel
Em U bona luto na l do you see anything ? Qa a ngi boni

.
lut o no I do not see anyth ing

,
.
Kn k ona muntu endhlini na l is there anyone in the

hou se ?
Kn k ona sinkwa na l is th ere any br ead ?
Kn k ona mp np u 11a ? is th ere any m eal ?

U nga k ohli si munt u do n ot d ece ive any man
.
, .

1 6 Ti le
. expre sses ce rtain
,
as a c ertai n p erson ,
certain
E m U munt u otile , a certain pe rso n

. into etile , a . cer tain
thing I z wi elit ile, a cer tai n word indawo
. . etile a,
certain place I z ink omo ez itile, certain cat tle

. .
Od wa, w
alone ; f ollo s t h e sam e ru le ; b u t f ollowi n th e ls t , 2 nd and 3rd
m al l i b ec omes ed wa, e g , ng enwa, I only , wed wa, on only , yed wa, he
d
. .
or S h e a y
70 L E S S ON S IN ZUL U .
s ome mo r e .
ning i , are u s ed to expre ss

en u g o h
.
plen ty . b aningi , they are many th ey are
o
en u g h .
su f cient f or us only .
19 .Divers as di vers kind s sorts is also ex pressed

, , , by
red u pli cati ng the root Of the plu ral no un iz inhlobo .
p eople of divers kind s .
I z ink omo ez i z inhl ob onhlobo, d ivers kinds Of cat tle

.
I mi ti ez inhlobonhlobo, trees of dl vers kinds .
20 . I ng cosana or ingcoz ana, a few , a little
Ex . Ahantu aba yi ng cosana, a few p eople .
I mp np n e in
y g cos ana,
a li tt le m eal .
A mandhla . a ying cosana, a li ttle t

s r en g th
.

21 . No as no one, etc .
,
kc , the n egative form of kona

Ex A kn k o munt u no person not any p er son

.
, ,
.
A kn k o munt u o ng a k onza amak osi amabili no , m an

can serve t wo mas te rs .
Or the pronou n agreeing w ith th e th ing in qu es tion may

be su bstitu ted for the ind en ite k n .
22 Demonstrati ve Adjectives
. .
Ngak a thi s big Ng ak o that big

, , the siz e being generally
indi cated in some w ay .
Ex . U mf ana wami n ngak a , my boy is th is b ig, or so big .
I sandhla sak e S i vnvukele si ng ak a , hi s h and is s wollen

i t is so big .
Ngi ya qala namhlanj e nknbona indhlu eng ak o, I be gi n

to d ay to see a house so large I see f or the rst .
time a hou se so large .
Ngak aya, so large as that yo nd er .
23 . Nj e ,
su ch (as thi s) Nj alo, su ch (as that) .
Ex . U muntu onj e , a pers o n su ch as t his .
I z wi elinj alo, a word su ch as th at .
I z inkabi ez inj e, o x e n such as thes e .
A ngi mi into ends , I do not w ant a thing su ch as this .
U knknlnma ok unj alo a kn f anele, su ch sp eech is not

tting .
Be ng i ya kn t anda indawo enialo nami I als o wo uld .
like su ch a place .
24 . Ngak anana, How g rea t , la rge , immense E x p ressive of
25 I . te rrogative Adjectives
n .
Ni ? Wha t ? follows the rule f or monosyllabic adjectives ,
and may be afx ed : ( 1 ) to a p r onou n ( 2 ) t he prepositions ,
na, ng a nj enga ng ang a ( 3) a verb a possessi ve parti cle

, , , , ,
an d a no u n of class 6 S in ular
g .
I mit i mini ley o wh at t rees are those ?

U k nf a kuni a nak o na 7 wh at sick ness has he got ?
like what ? ngangani how big ? as big as what ?

U tini wha t do you say ? ba f unani 7 what do they
.
want
N i celani na ? wh at are you asking f or ?
L e ngub o i bizani na what does t his blanket
demand w hat is the pri ce of it ?
U muntu wani ? a perso n of w hat what is hi s
bu siness ? as
U munt u wesi nkwa the bread man
, umuntu .
w anyama the meat man

, .
Umuti wani m edicine Of wh at f or w hat ? th e

h ead sto mach or wh at ?
,
I ny oni yani a bi rd of wh at ? a w ate r b ird or a
bush bi rd or what ?
,
I nt o ni wh at th ing ? indabani what matter ?

i nk omoni 7 wha t c ow ? induk nni what s ti ck ? etc .
2 6 N i may be u sed as a n oun in th e same way as the E m

.
phatic, P repositional and Demonstrative forms of the Pronouns,

and whe n th u s used assu mes i as prex .
E tc . Kn yini loku what is th is ? Yini na wh at is it wh at

is the m atter ? N i yini 11 a ? wha t are ye ? U yini wena .
na ? what are you ?

2 7 Yini is freq u ently u sed in th e sense of
. or w hat, or
not, in whi ch case i t u sually co mpletes the sente nce .
Ex . U f una uk ng odnk a y ini ? do

you want to go home or
O t anda nk uknluma nami yini ? are you wishing to
Ba ya k u m li maz a yini ? they i to hurt him ?

are go ng
Ba v ela a
ng p i 7 where do th ey come from ?
and where . et c .
( )
4 U sebenz ap i 7 where do you work ?
31 Njeni
.
,
lik e w hat ?
what sort ?
Ex U uj ani namhlanj e ? wh at ar e ou
lik e to day ? = how
.
y
are ou tod ay ?
y
pe rs on is t hat to whom you were s peaking ?

I z wc lakini li uj ani na 7 wh at s ort of co un try is you rs ?
32 . N gakanani ? how big ?
I ndhlovu i yisilwan e esi ng ak anani 7 how large an
animal 1 8 the eleph an t ?
kraals of th e Z ulu people ?
33 . NM ? how many ? follows sa me rule as Kuln

, ni ngi ,
dala, et c .
Ex . N i bang ak i 7 how many are

y ou ?
Zi ng aki iz imbuz i em seley o ? how many goats are left ?

'
U nez inj a ez i nz ak i 7 h ow many dogs have you ?

Both
N gak anani

and

ng aki , m ay be us ed n egati vely
as follows
Kn eles imp upu eng ak anani ? a i ngak anani How
mu ch m eal is left ? I t is no quant i ty , = insig ni cant, a
Ba ng aki meley o eng oz ini e y enz ek e namhlanj e 7 O

abali
3 ba b ang aki H o w m any have b een h u rt in the
.
acc id en t whi ch h appe n ed tod ay ? 0 no nu mber ,

34 . Ubani
? w ho ? m ay be u sed to ex pr ess SO and so
when th e speak er does not wis h to m ention or cannot call to

mind ,
the nam e of th e person in qu esti on .
Ex . N gi z we uk nt i ku ngumf o ka bani owenz e loku . I ha ve

h eard that i t is the son of So and so who has done
Ba bize bonk e abaf ana, uZi t o, no Mboshway o ,

noN dhlaz i,
o a
n h ni , a
noh ni , call all the boys, nZi t o, et c .
,
and S o
and so .
uBobani may be us ed if the person in q u es ti on be a male ;
35 N tasik e, nt okanj e, are equ i valen ts of the E nglish

.
ex press ions : W ha t s hi s name,

What do you call him ,
it, etc , when th e speak er is t ryin g to remem ber the name

. .
h Ngi m bonile
Masuk u . By whom was this done ? I t was done by

. . Masuk l1 .
U vela ng p i a lo muntu ?
Mvoti . Wh ere does thispe rs on c om e f rom ? He comes
from O what s the name

from c Mvoti .
h t o yani le ? Ku yint o ye nt okanj e, ye si bhamu . . . . .
What is this thi ng of ? I t is a th ing of wh at do

ou call it , of a gnn, = belon i n t a u n
y g g o g .
76 L E S S ON S IN ZU L U .
iz i catu lo z ak e Zi n an c e . tenga
p ak at i k womuz i . I nez ibuk o nez i valo ez iningi

.
to ten, to in d i cate er the palms of the hand

whi ch nu mb are
clapped together The hand s wou ld be cl

.
tim es as ten is contain ed in the nu mber the
ngers as equ al to the num ber

are .
u p to a h un d r ed after wh i c h i t is
,
a hu ndred
ten s and so m any and so on up to , beyo nd whi ch
h ave li ttle grasp of number s .
1 . N ye .
4 Ne. .
5 I sihlanu or nhlann
. .
6 I si tu pa
. .
7 I sik ombisa or inkota

. .
n esihlanu .
nes itu p a .
7,
or ishu mi li nes is hi
Amas h nmi am abili .
A mashnmi am atat u n an
y e or anan
ye.
Am as hnmi a
yis ihlan u .
A mas hnmi a i si shi agalolu n e

y y y anes ishi
y a a
g
I k u lu namas hnmi am an e nan e , or ikulu li

namash nmi amane anane .
A maku ln amabili namashnmi ayisihlanu .
I nkulu ngw ane .
I nk ulu ng w an e namaku ln ayi s ishiyagalolunye
38
. The number s from 1 to follow the ru les f or
4
ves and for the adjectives dala knln , ,
S ectio n s 3 and 4 5 to 9 are nouns of

.
a pred icate ; bu t when u sed d istri butively ,
it follows the ru le f or the

Ex . Nga t enga iz i nk omo z a ba zi mbili , or z a zi mbili , or z a

mbili , I bou ght t wo cattle .
8a t ola amaqanda a b a mab ili , w e fo u nd t w o eggs .
Ba let a iz ihlalo z a be z it at u , they b rou ght th re e s eats

. . . .
Kwa ka iz insiz wa z a ba z int at n, or z a z int at n, or z a ba

nt at n or 2 8 nt at n, there arri v ed three yo u ng men
. .
4 3 I n the p r es ent
. and perfect tenses the su b s an t tive verb
is not e mployed .
Ex . Kn k ona abaf ana ababili lap a there are two boys he re

.
, .
Si t engile iz imbuz i ez imbili w e h ave b o u ght two goats , .
Ba ng aki ab ant wana bak o 7 bab ili k up ela How many .
are you r children 7 th ey ar e t wo only or th at is all .
44Wh en refer en ce is made to fu t u re time or if the

.
im perati ve m ood be em ployed th en the su bj u n ctive m ood of ,

be is us ed before the numeral the idi om b eing let it be ,

one let th em be two etc
, ,
.
E m N gi ya cabanga uk ut i ngi ya kn hlala iz inyanga z i be

.
zimbili , or z i be mbili , I th ink th at I sh all stay two
S i ya ku k n nik a i z ingubo Zi be z int at n, or z i be nt at u ,

we will give you th ree blankets .
Biza umf ana a be muny e , call one boy .
Hamba u t eng e iz inkwa z i be z i bili , or z i b e mbili , go and

b u y two loaves .
Pek a amaqanda a be mane , bo il fo u r eggs .
45 . However, in t ting that the nu mber will be so many

s a
,
the si mp le fu tu re tense of the ind icative is u sed .
Ex . S i ya kn ba hatatu, we sh all be three .
I z imvn z i ya kn ba li kulu, the sheep w ill be a h u ndred .
Am s hashi a ya kn ba mashumi a yisihlanu, the hors es

will be fty .
46 I ns tead of e ng so liny e , with one eye ng esandhla

;
.
siny e , m th one hand ; ng onyawo lnnye, with one foot t he

,
80 L E S S ON S IN Z UL U .
47 .

How long ?
How m any ?
days ,
many ? How Old ar e ou

y ?
lo ng have y ou been learn ing Z ulu ?
pronou n of the no u n in
in the f ollowm g ex amples
thr ee ,
all four rivers .
th ree ,
all fou r men .
after which onk e is us ed .
u p ondo, hor n u mm oya , wi n d sp i r i t f u m u la, br ea the

; p e
82
CHA PTE R ! .
Bona; see ho uwa, b e s een bonak ala, get een also

s , be
Bonak ele, be in a s tate of be ing v isible .
Tanda love t andwa, be lov ed

,
t andeka, get lov ed , be
Bong a, p raise b ongwa, be p rais ed b ong ek a, get p raised ,

be p raisew or
Pnnda, lear n f undwa, learn ed f und ek a, g et learn ed ,
be learnable .
Tuma, send t nnywa, sent tnmeka, get se nt, be send

ab le .
S iza help si z wa h elped siz ek a or S iz ak ala get helped

, , , ,
be h elp able .
Ona d o wr ong spoil sin oni wa be w r onged spo iled

, , , , , .
Onak ala get s poiled d amaged

, onak ele be spo iled , ,
wi ck ed .
3 . With a few except ions Transi tive Verbs e nd ing i n nla

form th eir Ne u ter Passive by subs tit u ting k for 1 in th e las t
sy llable .
Ex . Apul a , b reak ap uk a, g et b r o k en , be b reakin

g .
A p nkile, be i n a br ok en co nd it i o n .
Pendnla, t u rn, answ er penduk a, get t u rn ed , be tu rning ,
rep ent .
V nt nlula, sh ak e Off as leaves, f ru i t, etc .
V nt uluk a, get shak en off as leav es etc fall Off . .
Tnkulnla, u nloo se, t uk uluk a , get u nloo sed , become

un done .
Bungula take in beg u ile m ake ren egade

, , , .
Bnng nk a beco me renegad e p rod igal

, , .
The following are ex ceptions to the abo ve ru le .
Villa open vnlek a get opened be openable vulek ile be

, , , , ,
ope n .
Kulula set free d eliver kulnleka get set free delivered

, , , , .
Knlulekile be set free deli vered , , .
Tulula pou r ou t empty tulnleka get pou red out

, , , ,
empt ied .
Tulnlekile be pou red ou t in an e mptied condition

, , .
( )
2 Knkumala well actu ally or wi th pri de knknmez a
,
s , ,
cau se to s well m ake pro ud , .
Pndnma- la b eco m e w arm f udnmez a mak e warm

, , .
U knvela to co me fo rth ; uk nvez a p u t fort h reveal

, , , .
U k nk nmbnla to rem ember ; nk nk nmbuz a to remind

, ,
U kuli mala to get h u rt ; uk

.
, ulimaz a to h u rt , .
( )
3 Vuk a rise ;, rouse
vusa, a .
S uk a start
, , get aw ay su sa tak e aw ay re m o ve , , .
Gednk a, go home g odusa s end or take home ,

.
8 The Cau sa ti ve F orm is used also to ex press to help a

.
pers on t o do someth ing w ith wh ich he m ay be occ u pied , or

to wh ich he may, alon e, be u nequ al ; m eaning, literally, to
mak e him do it by h elp in g him .
Ex . Si k a S i ui limi s e kusasa, we will co me and help you

z o
p lo u g h to m orrow -
.
Ngi bambise mngane, kn ya ng ahlnla loku, catc h hold

frien d, thi s beats me .
U nomusa nN k osana wa ng akisa izolo, u N kos ana is

kin d, he helped me to b u ild y est erd ay .
9 I t is used als o to ex p r es s the equ alling or imi tation of

.
the action of a per so n, or of ani mals or birds etc , acco rd ing .
to t he following idiom
Ex . Le mf ana u knlnmi sa okn k a yi se (lit) this boy he speaks ,
or ca u ses to s p eak wh ich i t th e speaking of hi s father

( ) ,
this boy sp eaks like his father .
Ba y a lwisa okw ez inia they cau se to ght wh ich it ,
( g ht in g ) of do gs = they ht lik e the htin

g ( g , g) of do g s .
L owe mlung u u knlnmi sa okwomunt n th at whi te man ,
speak s li ke the s peak in a nati ve

( g) of .
U knhambisa okwedada to walk like a d uck , .
U kwenz i sa okwesiula to act like a foo l , .
N B Uk uli ng lca exp resses to imi t ate e g nk nli ng lsa m yeni to

' '
. .
, , . .
, .
1 0 The Causative ai x is
. dou bled to ex press e gy
en r or
thoroughness I n doi ng a thing .
O ma, b ec ome dry . mi si sa,

e
Bona, see .

Note the fo ow g rregu r t
ll i n i la i i es az i ,
to kn ow, inform, anno u n ce ; t wala, b ear, carry ,
ambat i sa or ambe sa clothe cover with

, , a blank et .
11 . Obj ect ive Form This is called becau se

. so i n it s
u se i t ex pres ses that the act io n i s don e
s ee f or, etc .
E tc . U seb enz elani 7 wh at do you work f or ? or why do

y ou work ?
this boy is k eep ing his b r oth er

s place f or him .
ewing a d re ss for her m oth er

s .
S i ya m ak ela umf o w et u we are b u ilding f or ou r b rother

. , .
or chief .
y ou wai t
Ba ngi f unelani 7 wh at do they w ant m e for ?
Ba lwelani lab e b ant n 7 wh at a re tho se peop le ghting
f or
1 2 Co mbin ed w ith the R e ex i ve form, it ex p r ess es not

.
_

only f or oneself, bu t also of oneself as having the righ t,
li berty or pow er to act in dep end en tly as ngi y a z i busela, -
I go vern my self, I am at lib erty to act as I lik e i ndepend

ently Kn ya z ih ambela loku, this goes by or of i tself
. .
Ex . N gi ya z i seb enz ela, I wo rk f or myself .
I lang a la z enz ela na 7 did the su n mak e i tself ?

g plant ,
or b i nd as the h andle
g o to fri end s f or food in t ime of dearth .
su pport prop u p
,
.
f or whi ch a place is u se d as a room f or ea ting in, b athing
from . A p roverb i m p lying that beau t ifu l th ings do
15 .When the Obj ective F orm is followed by a no u n in the
L ocative or th e prepo sition k n or an adv erb of place i t

, ,
in d icates the di r ecti on of the action t o ward s an o bj ect or

place in or at which the ac tion was or w ill
,
S e buy ela kuwe knsasa, w e w ill r et u r n to you te morrow .
Ba gij imelap i laba bant u 7 whe re are thes e people

ru nning to ?
person who is
g t r ees 7
r u nni n to the
U mf ana wa z i bambela iz andhl a ek and a th e boy folded ,
his hand s on his head

Ng a w ela p ansi ez inyaw eni zak e I fell down at his fe et , .
I uk omo y a wela emg odini ya f ela kona the cow fell into ,
a hole an d d ied the r e .

g ot los t t o on e an othe r i n th e fores t .
L ahlek elwa, su ff er the less of anyt hing .
L ahlek elela, bec ome lo st to, e g uma n . .
iz i nk omo mf ana k n ley e ndaw o z i ya kn
place th ey will become lost t o you .
'
1
oneself b ecau se of h avi ng n o one els e to d o i t .
VOCABU L ARY 19 .
j oi n, br i ng tog ether hlangani sela, br i ng tog ether f or or a t, e .

g .
,
s heep , a nd i
p g ;
s hlan ganiseka, be j oi n a ble, g et j oi ned
talki ng ; qonda, u n der s tan d , g o s tr a ight ; pho ! w ell ! well

then ! u su ally p r ecedes a qu es tion ; ai k e, 0 , a nd so, well .
E !E RC I S E 22 .
tan deka .

Pho k e u k wenz elen i na ? A ik e m ngane be ng i
p en d ulela . N goba Okwaz ekayo ku ka N k u lunk u lu k u s o bala

91
THE M OODS .
S ubj u n ct iv e Mood being so
from the p rese nt I nd icative ( I nd eni te)

l vowel of the verb to e and su bs ti t u t in g
3 rd p er son sing. V erbs end in g in i and
nal v owel. The Negat ive is fo rm ed i n
and the I m pe r fec t
the verb
the nal vowel to i e s e alr eady
Si,
P as s iv e Voi c e Negative ( uk uba)
,
ngi ng a b onwa, u, a
, S i,
ui , t a ng a b onwa .
5 . Th e S ubj u nctive is ed as follows

us
To exp r ess requ est ent reaty or persuasi on

, .
s I mp erati v e p receded by a ak e or ma
( )
2 A , .
after nk nba f nna and an fo rm Of the V e

, y ,
z e as ukuz e ngi z e u z e etc

, , ,
.
Wh en t wo or m ore verbs wo uld h

( )
3 in E nglis , , be
bu t the co nj u nction is not ex p ressed .
S ee C hap I x S ect
( . . .
( )
5 I ch
n asking su q u es t io n s as S h all I -
rema ? sh I ente ?
in all r A m
I to etc .
ngi sale ? ngi ng ene ? etc .
6 . Th e I nni tive Moo d i s u sed in the presen t tense o nly ,
N egative is formed the sa me as that of the S u b j u n c ti v e .
Ex . U kubona, to see . nkung aboni , not to see .

E ar Uk waz i , to know
. uk wapula, to b reak nk wehla, to
. .
descend nk wopa, to bleed uk wet emba, to tru st,

. .
hope .
8 When preceded by either of the ve rbs

. 2 8. or ya th e ini tial
vowel of th e innitive prex is d ropped .
E tc Ngi ya knt enga, I am go ing to b u y

'
. n ye knlanda .
amanzi , sh e has gone to fetch wate r S i z e knbabena .
ab ant wana, we have co me to s ee th e ch ildren .
The ve rbs 2 a and ya are f requ ently cont racted wi th the

I nnitive like the sim ple fu t ur e, c g n z olima, he has c om e . .
to plough ; ba y oz i ng ela, they h ave g o n e to h u nt ; aman

t emb az ana a y et ez a, the girls h ave g on e t o gath er rewood
. .
9 The S ubj un ctive Mood is

. frequ en tly su b s tit uted for the
I n nitive as being less abru pt .
Ea I ead of saying : ngi t anda ukuk nluma nawe I desire

nst .
to s peak w ith you a nat ive will preferab ly say

.
,
, ngi
t anda nkuba ngi k nlnme naw e I d es ire that I m ay ,
sp eak w ith you A nd s o : S i ZS nknba si li z w e iz wi

.
11 ka Nkulunkuln we have come that we m ay hear the

.
,
word of God .
N g a m t she la uk uba a hambe mas iny ane I told him

tha t he should g o immed iate ly .
N gi c ola nk uba n ngi f und ele le nowadi eng i yi t oliley o

namhla I ask th at you will rea d f or me th is letter
,
whi c h I ha v e rec eived to day .
10 Th e I mx
. ierat ive Moo d The v erb in the sim p le form
.
represents the I mp erative Mood 2 md per sing I n the plu ral . .
the pronoun is affix ed to the verb .
Ex . bona, see thou . benani , see

ye . t anda, love then,
t endani , lo v e ye, etc .
1 1 Th e p ronou n in th e plu ral may be red u pli cated f or

.
em phas is or en co m t E im m T
'
u r ag e en g z an , f 1 dani ni .he . .
same i d ea 18 ind i ca t ed by add ing be to ei th er th e sing u lar or
f unda be l learn do, learn I say, get on wi th you r

Ex . A ng i ng a beni , let me not see .
A u ng a boni , a ka ng a boni , a si ng a beni , a ni ng a b oni .
A be ng a beni , etc .
1 6 I n mak ing
. requ e st or ent reaty the v erb is pu t in the
s ubj u nctive, an d the p ronoun in the acc u sative cas e only
s tand s b efore th e verb .
Ex . N gi p e ok unye, ome Wa p e amahashi gi ve

g ive m e s .
,
the hors es ( food ) feed th e horses M t shele e z e lap a

.
, ,
tell him to come h ere Ngi nik ez e leye nowadi han d .

,
me that boo k S i p e namhla uk u dhla kwet n okw ane

.
ley e gi ve u s to d ay ou r s u f cien t food

, N gi p uz i se .
amanzi give me a d rink of water

,
.
1 7 The oth er form s of the I m p erat i ve

. a re s u pp lied by the
S ubj u n ct ive preced ed by a or ma .
Ex . A S i hambe or ma si hambe let u s go

, ,
.
Ma ba ng ene endhlini laba bant u aba kiley o let th em ,
c ome in to the ho u se th ese people who h ave arrived .
A ka p ume manj e ams hashi let the ho rses go out n ow , .
Ma ba M dumi se uJehova benk e ahant u bak e let th em

praise Jehovah all His p eople .
A z i bny e iz i nkabi let the ox en ret u rn , .
18 . The E m p hat ic futu re is frequently us ed as I mperative .

Ex . Woza lapa come h er e = yiz a lap a
.
, ,
.
W e ngi nika int o engi yi eclay e , you m u st give m e t he

thing that I ask f or .
N o vuk a ekns eni ui hambe you , m u st get u

p early in
the morning an d go .
19 . The p lur al of this form preceded by a is us ed in m ak ing
Em . A no ngi t sh ela inxa

be kile be good enough se , to tell
me wh en they hav e a rr ived .
A no m siz a be good enou gh to help hi m

, .
20 . The sa me idea is ex p ress ed by inserting be after the

96 L E S S ON S I N ZU L U .
my horse .
su b un j ctiv e ex pres ses the same idea

, .
Ex . Ak e n ngi S i ze, p lease help m e .
Ak e ui S i vuni se k usasa, be p leased to help us harve st
22When two or more verbs follow eac h other in the

.
I mperative Mood t he se cond and following ver bs are p u t in to

,
the S ubj u n ctive This ru le applies t o any mood or tense

.
where the action of the second and following verbs is in any

way dependent on that of the rst .
fetch water
and .
Knmula lap a n z i quhe iz ink abi Zi ye emf uleni z i puz e

, ,
outs p an here and d rive the ox en to the ri ver to drink .
2 3
Th e Pot ent ial Moo d e x p res ses po ss ibili ty, or tha t th e
.
agen t has the ab ili ty or libe r ty to ac t The te nses are form ed .
by insert ing ng a before the v erb of the present and im perfect .
tens es Of the I ndi ca tive I n the present te nse th e pronoun

.
11 3rd per . S ing . is chang ed to a .
PRE S E N T TE N S E .
N gi nga bona, I may, can, S i ng a bona, we may, can,
could, etc , see . . co ul d, etc , see . .
U nga bona, thou mayst ,

. N i ng a b ona , you may, can,
canst, cou ldst, et c , see . . cou ld, etc , see . .
A ng a bona, he or she may, Ba ng a bon a they ,

may, can,
can, co uld , etc , see . . cou ld etc see

, .
, .
etc .
24 . The N egati ve is formed by ch anging the nal vowel of

both the part icle and the verb to e .
ch anged to i .
N g a n bona, thou etc

,
.
Ng a e bona, he or she
, etc. N ga be bona,
37 . I m perfect ( rece nt) sh o u ld o ught

, , to hav e bee n s eeing .
nga ngi be ngi ng a si b e si

ng a ni b e ni bona

nga u b g u .
aga c h

e ng a be b e b e
et c . etc .
38 . Negati ve should o ught

, , not to have been seeing .
nga ng i be ng i ng a si b e si
ng a u b
n ng a b eni . ng a ui be ui ng a beni .
ng a e b

e ng a be be be
etc . etc .
39 . I m pe rfect ( re m ote) , s hould ou ght to have

, bee n s eeing .
S i ng u lar .
ng a sa S i
ng a na ui bona .
wa b e

nga ng a ba b e
etc . et c .
40 . Negati ve should o u ght

, ,
not to hav e been se eing .
ng a sa S i
ng a na ui ng a beni .
wa b

nga e ng a be b e .
et c . etc .
41 . Plu perfect Te nse ( r ec en t

) s ho u ld o u ht
g , to hav e seen
S in gu l
ng a ngi be ng i be si ng a si
ng a u b n bonile ng a ui be ui bonile

. .
ng a e b e ng a be be be

etc . etc .
4 2 N egativ e sh o uld o u ght not t o h av e seen (th en)

.
, , .
S i n g u lar .
ng a ngi be ngi ng a si be si

ng a u b n nga bonang a . ng a ui be ui bonang a .
ng a e b

e ng a be be be
etc .
L E S S O NS IN ZUL U .
nsa ns a nsi ng a sa si
nga wa u b enile . ng a na ui enile.
nga wa b

e
ng a sa S i
ng a wa n ng a bonang a .
wa b ng a b a

ng a e be
etc . etc .
45 Passi ve Voi ce
. I n sert w b efo re the n al vowel of the
.
R oot of the v erb i n each of the abo ve tenses except the

pe rfect and plu p erfect , in both of which w is su bs titu ted f or
l in th e las t syllable, e g , boni we n e gative, bouwang a
. . .
46 The ex press io ns seng at i, or seng at i, sengati t i, knng ati ,

.
see mi ngly, it looks as i f , app aren t ly ; k wang a, 0 th at ! wo uld

that !are us ed , f ollowed by the pote nt ial and Optati ve moods
as follow s
Ea . ti
S ong s- a k ona manzi lap o app arently th ere
a , is water
there . Bu t, se ng at i a ng a k o na or a ng a ba , k ona, or
there were wate r here

S eng at i ng a kn k ona amanzi lap a it loo ks as if there ,
ou gh t to be wate r h ere .
S eng at i nga kn k ona i sit olo kn le nda w o s ee mi ngly ,
th ere ou ght to be a s tor e in th is place = le ndawo i ,
f anele isit ele th is p lace is s u i table f or a store

, .
K wang a kn ng a k ona or kn nga ba k ona omnny e

wabaki t i lap a wo u ld that one of my own people
,
could be here .
and I m p erf ec t Tenses of the I n d icative of the verb f anele ex

10 2 L E S S ON S I N ZUL U .
5 1 . Negative ough t
,
not to see .
etc .
53 . Negati ve ou ght
,
not to have seen (lately) .
L E S S ON S I N ZU L U . 1 03
55 . Negative o ught
,
no t to have see n .
Nga ngi ng a f anele nknba ngi sa si ng a f anele nk nba S i b one
Wa u nga f anele nknba u bone . na ui nga f anele nk nba ui bon e .
Wa b e nga f anele nknba a

ba be nga f anele nknba ba
bone .
etc . etc .
CONJU GATI ON OP PA N E L E WI TH THE I N FI N I TI VE .
5 6 Pr es e nt Tense o ug ht to see
.
,
.
S i ngu lar .
ui f anele nkubona .
57 . N egative ,
ou
g ht not to see .
Au f anele uk ub ona . f anele uk ub ona .
A ka
58 .
!
I mperfect ( recent
) , us ed also as p erfe c t ou gh t
,
S i ngu lar .
be S i
U b f anele ukub ona b e ui ukub ona

u f anele
J
. .
be be

U b e
etc . et c .
5 9 . Negative (lately) ought ,

not to h ave seen .
S i ngu lar . P lu r a l .
Be ng i be Si
U b n ng a f anele uk ub ona be

. ui ng a f anele nk ub ona
U b e be

be
etc . et c .
60 . I m perfect ( re m ote ) , bu ght to have seen .
P lu r al .
sa si
f anele nk ubena . na ui f anele nk ub ona .
ba be
etc .
1 04
ui be k ona
.
in the me
sa
L E S S ON S IN ZU L U . 1 07
S i ya ku ba si v una e
nga l so S ikati , we shall be harvesting
S i ng a ba si vuna nga le so sik ati , we may be h arves ting

at th at time .
Be S i ng a ba S i v una nga leso sik at i , we migh t h ave

bee n h arv es ti ng at that tim e .
Be si ng a ba S i sa vuna nga le so sikat i , we m ight h ave

been still harv estin g at th at time .
Be si ya kn ba si sa bulalana nma iz wi leNk osi li nga

k anga, we wou ld s till have b een killing one another
had not the wo rd Of the L or d com e .
A ngi ka bi na kubona, I am yet u nable to S ee

. .
S a S i nga k abi na k wak a, w e w er e yet unable to build .
Be k n ng a ka bi S ik et i seknba ngi kulun o, it was not

yet the time that I should speak .
U ma kn nj alo be se ngi ya kn ba ngi sa sebenz a lapa, if

i t is so then I shall still be working h er e .
N gi ng a ba ngi sebenz a, I may be working ( th en)

. .
N g i nge be ngi sa sebenz a, I co uld not be s till worki ng .
Be ngi nga ba ngi 8 aka, I might have been still b u ild in g

. .
Be ng i ng e be ngi 8 aka, I co uld not h ave b ee n st ill

b u ilding .
A ng i se na knsebenz a, I am no longer able to work .
Be se ng i ng a seb enz a, th en I cou ld , might wo rk

. .
Be 80 ng i nga ba k ona , the n I c ou ld or might be present .
Be Be ngi ng e be k ona, t hen I co u ld not be p r esent .
VO ABUL A
C RY 20 .
Kolwa ,
beco m e sa ti ;
s ed i t u b a , an op eni n g, an opp or tuni t
y;
kohliseka, get deceived ; v ilap a, be laz y ; senga, to milk
;
c i mez a, close the eyes ; u k u x ok oz ela, make a
gr ea t conf sed
u
noi se as by many p
eo le ta lki n g toge ther ,
a h u b bu b ho la,
ro holela or relela, lead or dr aw to ;
I sihlangu , shi eld ; tshena, S how u mk aulo, en d, bor der .
E XE R CI S E 23 .
U m a k wenz i wa lok o ku nga ba kona u k u x ekoz ela ok u k ulu .
U i n u ta nd a u kuba a ngene esikoleni .

1 08 L E S S ON S IN Z UL U .
Ba ku leyo ndawo aba tanda u kupend u ka

ni ngi aban tu .
W a b e nga tand i u ku ba ngi ye kona

.
Ba cimez a am ehlo uk u ba ba nga bo ni .
S e be f u n dile uk u lim a ngez inkabi ba be nga k waz i ku qala .
Ba fu nd a be sa sebenz a k wabelung u .
Ku nga ba kuhle u ma be be kwaz i bonke uku lima ngez inkab i

.
Ma ba biz w e abaf ana S i ye ensimi ni si hlakule .
Z an ini ma S i ye kuliz wa iz wi li ka N k ulu nkulu .
S a S i fanole uk wen z a lok o, kepa sa k ohliseka .
S ongati ba nga hlak anipa ku nga ka dhluli isi kati .
S i f an cle u kuba si funde S i s e netuba .
K ubi u ku vilapa, ku ya holela ebu bini obuni ngi .
S i nge sho noma ku nj alo, ngoba be S i nge ko akaya i z olo .
Cola ki mi, ngi ku pe iz iz w e z i be if a lako, nem ikaulo yonke

omhlab a i b e e ako
y y .
S e be baningi abashoyo ng om pef umlo wami uku ti, a ngi

se na kus iz wa u N k ulun ku lu .

Kepa wena, Jehova, U yisihlangu sami .

Vu ka, J ehova, U ngi S indise N k u lu nkulu wami .
E u ko na abaningi aba S hoyo uk u ti , ngubani 0 ya ku S i

tsheni sa oku b le na l

U ngi tok oz i s ile enhliz iyweni yami .
N goku ba, w en a, N k ulu nku lu , a U S iye o tokoz ayO

ngob ubi : ok ubi a k u yi ku hlala ku we .
CHA PTE R ! I I .
ADVE RBS .
1 . Many ad verbs may be formed from Adjectives Nouns ,
i . ToAdjective s as z Kakulu g reat ly ;, ka ningi of te n , ,
frequ ently ; k ahle ni ce ly well gently carefully ;

, , , ,
k abi b adly wi ck ed ly ; kamnandi sweetly pleas

, , , ,
antl ; k alula easily lig ht ly ; k an can a slow ly

y , , , ,
nanini . When will th at come to an end ? 0 it will not come

to an end f or ages or f or eve r .
6 The
. following Adverbs describe various times of t he
U vivi , lwokusa, th e very rst ap pearan ce of d aw n

uvi vi .
Kumpondoz ank omo, very early morning, when the h orns

of the cattle begin to be di s cernable .
Ng okukala kwez inkuku , at c ock crow -

.
Ng ok wehla kwez inkuk u, at the descent of t he fowls .
E kuseni k akulu, very early in the m ornin g .
E kuseni , early m orn ing L it at the d aw ning . . .
Kusasa, m orni ng ; from the Verb 8a to dawn, become

clear L it E U 8 3 sa, it is still dawning
. . . .
su n rise .
I mini, noo n ; also t ime of emini , in the day d aylight .
ti me .
N t ambama, after noo n .
I lang a li bant ub ah le L it the su n is p retty peop le, ne ar

. .
setti ng at th e t im e whe n p eop le look p retty .
U ku shona kw elang a, s u nset, the going dow n of the

sun .
E kush oneni kwelang a, at su n d o wn . .
Ng okushona kwelang a, by su nd own .
Kusihlwa, evening, twilight F ro m t h e ve r b hlwa, .
bec om e dark .
Ku se yiku sihlwa, it is now evening tim e .
S o ku hlwile, i t is now d ark Als o, S o ku swelele or so .
ku rwelele .
U kuqundeka kwamehl o, t he t im e when the eyes are d u ll,

i e , when obj ec t s are not eas ily
. . d usk .
7 . The follo wing d es c ribe diff erent times of the night

U busuk u night E busuk u in or d u ring the night
,
.
, .
U busuku obukulu v ery late night , .
Pak at i kwamabili mid night L it betwee n the

, . . two
Kwesikabadakaz i a ati k wobusuku obuk ulu

p k , the
me when the peop le are in t he d eepes t Sleep .
112 L E S S ONS IN ZUL U .
8 . Ad verbs of p lace
K u d e f ar , .
Ngancu o on thi s side the near S ide

, , .
Pesheya o ver the other si de

, Ngapesh ey a , .
, on the ot her
si de .
L ap a, here ; lapo there ; lapaya yonder ; k onalap a j ust , , ,
h ere .
Konalap o j u st there , .
L e f ar away f ar 0 3 ; e g kit i kn lo kwa Zulu our home

, ,
. .
, ,
is far aw ay in Z ululand .
N gakwesokunene on the right han d si de , .
Ngakwesok ohlo on t he left h an d side , .
Ngasese, ng esi t a, s ec retly p rivately , .
Kung e Kung eso Kung esi

'
9 .
, , ,
i f i t be not ,
= ex cept ( S ee
C h ap V I S eats 3 0 ng ub ani 0 ng enza lok u kunge

. . . e .
g .
,
yena, who co uld do th is e xcept he .
10 Kup ela only tha t is all etc

.
, , , .
; e .
g .
, ngi f un a loku kupela .
I want this only .
Kupelak e a kuk o okanya, that is all, th ere is n othing

m o re .
work w ill be to w as h clothes only .
Yenza lok u kup ela d o th is only ,

.
11 . U kupela, t h e end , all of, the whole, the comp letio n e g , . .
ukup ela kw endaba, th e end of the m atter ; uk up ela

k w az o na ? is that all of th e m ? ( iz into) .
isimi nya, i sib ili ; eith er one of th ese wor d s m ay be used to

1 14
we will rise an d s tart at once .

L E S S ON S I N ZU L U . 1 15
I nt ombaz ana y esuk a y a y ona incwadi y ay o ng amabomu,

the girl (j u st w ent) and spo ilt her book in tent ionally .
23 . N g ez e, ng esihl e, freely , g ra u it tou sly .
Ex . N i p iwa ng ez e, yi pani ng ez e, or N i p iwe ng esihle, yi p ani

ng esihl e, fr eely ye h av e r ec eived , f r eely gi ve .
S i ya sebenz a ng ez e, we are w ork ing f or noth ing ( freely) .
Ot anday o ka wa t at e amanzi okup ila ng ez e or ng esihl e,

whosoever will let him take of t he w ater of life fr eely .
Owomiley o ngi ya ku m nik a emt onj eni wok up ila ng ez e

or ng esihl e, h e that i s t h ir sty I w ill gi ve hi m of the
fou ntai n of life freely .
Care mus t b e t ak en not to confuse ng ez e with the o

n un
iz e (iliz e) , nothing, vanity .
Ngi schenz iz e, I w ork in v ain , t o no p u r pose

Ex . .
L oku ni p iwe umus a k a Nk ulunk ulu , ui ng a w enz lz e,

see in g you h ave b ee n gi ven t he g rac e of G od, do not
mak e i t vain Wa kulum iz e, he spoke vanity,

.

o e
n nsens .
2 4 S ebl e sengahle seng ase song ahle exp r ess surprise or

.
, , , ,
re gr et at wh at m ay have h app en ed an d m a
y b e v ari o u sly ,
translated by actually really to th ink that etc Followed , , , .
by th e S ubj u n ctive .
E x S ehl e ui kulume amaz wi anj alo a ng a f ancle a kulunywe

.
,
abak olway o to think that you should speak su ch

,
words wh ich are not t that th ey sh ould be spoken

by C hri st ian s .
S engahle b a gule nga I ona lolo lusuku e be si t i si y a

ku hamba ng alo t o think th at th ey shou ld get ,
si ck on the v ery da on whi ch w e tho u g ht to go aw ay

y .
2 5 Ai l expr esses d issen t and i s also u sed to res train a

.
,
pe r so n in sp eech or actio n .
E x Ai l or aik e u ng a kulumi kanialo no do n t s peak like

.
, ,
that .
Ai k e musani uk up ikisana mad od a no you must not , ,
contradict one another men , .
2 6 A ndub a andukuba anduma expresses

.
,
an d th en
, ,
after th at F ollowed by the S ubj u n ctive

. .
E x Yenza loku anduba u hambe do this and the n go

.
, .
w ater and th en m ake a re .
2 7 Aug it i (lit say I n ot) = d id n t I say ? etc

.
.
, .
E m A ng it i ng i S hilo nj alo have I not sa id so ?

.
Augi t i ngi kn t shelile ukuba w enz e loku di dn t I tell
y ou to do thi s ? L i t sa
y I n ot th at I h a v e to ld y ou .
tha t you shou ld do th is ?

2 8 Amang a : A n ex p ressi on of d iss e nt similar in use to
.
ai gi ve n abov e an d is u s ed i n ex pressin g cou rteo u s di ss en t as

,
to any un tr u thf ul evi dence that may be gi v en in a cas e be ing

tried before a chi ef .
E x Amang a Nk o si akn nj alo

. n o m y lord i t is not so
, .
, , .
Amang a Nk o si a si kwenz anga not so my lord we have

, , ,
2 9 Beln
. I t is dif c u lt to nd an ex act E ngli sh
.
equivalent f or this word The natives speak of it as iz wi .
lok nn ceng a, i e , a word of en treaty , and is u sed in t he sense

. .

of please, my g ood fellow , etc .
Ex . Yenza kahle beln ! w ai t a minu te p lease or my good

fellow !
Tula beln si z wa, be q uiet my g ood fellow and let us
N gi nik ez e loy o nt o b eln, pass m e th at th ing p lease .
I si t a lo w o beln, n m hlak ani pe, he is an enemy that

'
( p er s on , be on yo u r
) gu ard .
5 30 . E ndhle, o u ts i d e ,
an ywhere ou tside t he p recincts of
the home .
31 . Pnti , ag ain more , . Pnt if uti, of ten freq ue ntly

, .
32 I ng anti , k ant i , whe r eas, e g , wa hamba y ena uqobo

. . .
lw ak e , ing ant i be ng i m t shelile ukuba a t ume omuny e, he

wen t h im self , whereas I had to ld hi m to sen d an other .
33 . Nz a, uma, uba, mhla lap o w hen, e g u ng a hamba

, ,
. .
,
nxa n S

n qedile l ku, o you m a
yg o w he n you h ave ni sh ed
34 . Kany ekany e ,
all together .
1 18 L E S S ON S I N Z UL U .
I N TE RJE CTI ON S .
Ai ld i ssu as i on , excitement
als o to lower .
At shi ! at shi bo 0 no ! st u ! nonsense ! '
An wonde r, s u rp ri se The exp r ession may .
r epeated sev eral t i me s to express g reat won de r

s u rpri senu au au au - - -
Cup e a threa t look out ,
Ha ! mame ! mam o ! babo as to nish men t alarm, appro ,
hension .
Hai l Hai b o ! Musa bo l = Ai l

Halala l hail ! welc ome !
Han l di spleas u re , annoyan ce .
May e ! may e babo ! grief, sor row .
N p
x e e ! nx e e
p p a ! e
p p a sym p a thy, c o m fo r t, us ed also
in t he sen se of b eg yo u r p ar do n ! as when one

f
person has perh ap s trod on the toes of an other, or any

s i m ilar acc i de n t

.
Ncinci ! ncinci bo l p leasu re, d elight , hu rrah !

S uk a get aw ay wi th you
.
Wo l won ls u rpri se, wonder

.
! exp re ssive of anger, ann oyance Called nknnxapa . .
Yiya aw ay w ith ou de r isi on

y
-
.
VOC AB UL ARY 21 .
C wila, p lu ng e, si nk ou t of sight i n water , di ve S ita, scr een,

hidef r om vi ew Pinda, r ep eat, do ag ai n ; F indela, r etu r n to ;
U mngane, f r i en d .
XE RC I S E 24
E .
S e k n ngok w es ibili ngi z e lapa n am hlanj e .
N goku cwila k w ake ngok w esik omb isa w a sind a esif w eni
sak e .
M tshele um f ana uku ti S i fun a amahashi omabili

.
N angu lowo mu n tu aba m f u nayo

.
Kn ki le am antombaz ana , nanka a hlez i ngapansi

k womu ti .
N az i z inkomo z i u gena ensim ini .
N ampa bantu be z a Bap i ? U ZO ba bona konamanj e ba

.
si twa imi ti le o
y .
S a hamba kabuhlnngu nga lelo langa .
A m az wi ake a bu kali kakulu .
I ndh lu leyo i z a kw akiw a ngokusha .
A m akolwa a fancie u k ub a a p atan e ngotando .
Ba ti ba ya ku ka ngomhlom unye .
L e m p np u a i ngakanani , i z a u pela masinyane .
I z intaba Z i se m i nj engoba z a Zi nj alo end u lo .
Ba be k wenz a loko m andu lo, n a nam hla ba sa kw en z a .
L o mun tu u vu ka z onk e iz in su ku ngoku kala kwez ink u ku

a ye em sebenz ini .
Bo na b ak e ngapesheya kwomf ula, tina s ake nganeno

.
Kn kona iz indhlela ez i mbili enye i h amba ngakwesokunene,

enye i h am ba ngak wesok ohlo .
S i f ancle u k uba si qubekele pam bili nj alo eqinisweni eli

k u Kris to J es u .
Kw a sa qed e sa p indela ehlatini .
N x epe mngane, be k u yin goz i .
CH A PTE R ! I I I .
AU ! I L I ARY VE RBS .
l Ahle ngahle ; either may be u sed b ut the fo rm e r is

.
, ,
the mo re c omm on to ex p r ess a convi c tion as to the p ossession

,
of abili ty to perform a spec ic action The ve rb following .
will be in the subj u n ct ive .
E m Able ngi vi cibe ley o ny amazane nak uba i k ude k angaka,

.
I be li eve I co uld s pear th at d eer altho u gh it is so
Ahle ngi vi wi se le uk s hi ng i vi hamba ng ez imp ondo,

I am p ersu ad ed th at I co u ld th r ow dow n that ox
cat ch ing it by the horn s .
Ahle ngi kw ele lap a, I belie ve I could climb up here .
2 Ak e pleas e, followed b y t he
. su b u n j ct ive
,
is us ed in
making a poli te r equ es t as follows
E x Ak e
. ngi please let m e p ass
dhlul e, .
Ak e S i bone nat i p leas e let u s see also

, .
Ak e u m biz e umf ana m t shele a wa lande amahashi

lease call th e bo and tell him to fetch the ho rses

p y .
1 20 L E S S ON S IN ZUL U .
Ba k a li a uknsh ona ilang a , they

'
s nd

satis es, m erely,
i S u f cet h,
. do

and indi cates h abi t,
practi ce, wo nt .
thi s sen se the indenite pronoun kn stand s as

to t he verb .
sni ces that fellow to talk only he does ,

not do an
y
gi rls d o n oth ing bu t lau gh .
saw that (th en ) I went a wa y .
Ex . A a
ngi bon nga. ngi ya lap o, I h ave never gone there .
v
ne er s een an ythi n g so
g reat .
bee n v is ited w ith su ch tro uble .

L E S S ONS I N ZUL U . 1 23
Pok e, a ngi sh ong o vini uk ut i ni y a 11 k c ui I nnale

well didn t I say that you would come t o grief
,

N i y a 11 k c ui bone imit i emibili 1 mi y odwa you w ill ,
come to see two trees standi ng alone .

13 . Ncc exp ress es presently , by an d bye
- -
.
Ex . N gi y a kn nce ng i buy e , I will retu rn prese ntly .
Hlala lap a u ya kn nce a nk e, stay

. her e he will come
,
1 5 S ala , S tay, remai n , be

. left ou t , over , be left
beh ind , i s u sed id iomati cally in the sense of

it re main s tha

hav e to, be ob lig ed to, etc .
S al n s n m muk i sa umunt u wak o Nk o si , nj eng ez wi

Ex

.
r e main s th at

lak o th ou n ow cau se thy servant

(
. I t )
to d epart L o rd acco rdin g to thy wor d .
L oku kn nj alo, sal n s u ng i y ek e ngi hambe , seeing

that it is th u s, then j u st let me alone th at I may go .
N g a sala se ng i z i S hi va iz ink omo I th en j u st left the .
cattle (there seed n oth ing else for i t

) .
Ba sala se b e g odnk a, th ey the n went h ome .
S e ngi y a 11 sala se ng i f a, a ngi se na t emba, now I

sh all j us t h av e to d i e, I n o longer h av e any hope .
Be ngi ya u sala s e ngi f a inxa u b u ng a kang a, I

'
would then h ave d ied had you not arrived .
S e S i ya 11 sala se S i b uy a knsasa, now we shall be

obli ged to retu rn to m orrow -
.
Kn sele uk uba ng i qcac lok u, there remains that I

sho uld n ish th is .
Kn sele ukuba u li vume iz wi lak e kup ela, it only

remains th at you accept his word .
A S i sale se S i ya eMnambit i , mh1 aumbe si ya kn m
f nmana lap o , let u s n ow (as a last resort ) go to

L adysmi th , perh aps we shall n d him there .
A si sale se si z ama nga le ndhlela, let u s try ( as a

last eff ort by this way) .
1 6 S uk a ,
. esnk a, suk e , get a way start , up , s tart off , etc .
Wa t n b ez we lok o wa suk a

when he heard that he got into
the food of the people this year .
nig ht an d have ni shed it off clean .

out t o be, to m ak e on eself ou t to be .
out t o be ?
ou t t o be a man .
mak ing m e ou t to be a n ood le ar e

y ou ?

be gi ven to

gen erally , frequ ently ,
often , . F ollowed
people of th at place are g en erall y Si ck in the su mm er .
those boys .
I I I . With a peculiar s pec ies of Ad verb
g e s t u r e of the s peak er .

as

to say think, do mean etc , , , .
Ex . Wa ti a S i hambe he said let u s go ,

.
sowhat w ill the chief say or think ?

Kn t i wani lok o 7 w hat i s that sai d to be ?
always to the action exp r essed by the principle
Kw a hlez i lap o kwa qamuka iny oka p ambi k w ak e,

ti e sa
it h appe ned as he was si ttin g there , a snake appeared
i n front of hi m .
S o t i S i nk a ekay a S i ba f umane be hlakaz ekile ahantu,

we shall, arriving at hom e, nd the people s cattered .
3I I I
. . With peculiar adverbs des criptive of the act ion in
qu estion .
Ex N go nk a ng i ti ngxo p ansi ng amehlo, I h

s all drop my
'
eyes down so .
b right wi th light in the hou se .
Ba lele ahant u ba ti z n the people ,

are j us t o
s un d
asleep .
4 . I V . Wh en a dir ection, nu m ber or acti on is indi cated by

a ges t u re as
that dir ection ( in dicated by pointing) .

L E S S O NS I N ZUL U . 12 7
I z ink omo zak e z i ng amashumi amat i His cattle . are so

man y sco r e (shown on the ngers ) .
Wa mu ti S waca pansi , he j us t dash ed him down .
5 V The
. . Pote n tial ten ses of ti, are us ed to ex press

apparen tly it look s as if , etc

.
,
Knngati ng i bona indhlu, appa ren tly I s ee a h ou se .
L ezi z int o z i ng a t i S i hlak ani p ile, th ese th ings s ee m to

be clev er .
Kwa ng a ti S i z a kn bulawa yiy o, it looked as if we were

g o i n g t o be k illed b y i t ( ink unz i ) . .
L abo bant u b a nga t i be z a lap a kitina, tho se p eople are.
apparen tly c omin g to u s .
6 . O ther ex am ples z U k uti th at

, ,
uk u ti nokut i , an d so on .
Ngi ng e z e ng a sho uku i nokut i , I t cannot sa

y this or
U munt u wa sek ut ini , a per son of su ch and su ch a place .
Ok u ngnkut i, whi ch is to say
L lS T OF WORDS US ED I N THE S E L ES S ONS .
Nou ns are a rranged accord ing to the rs t letter of the root .
A .
b amb ez ela, hold on vig orously , de
tain
it is not
.
ak uso,
h erd , S hep herd
.
bamb o (u =u1 u ) rib , .
alusa, .
bane (isi ) lam p

( um) a s hep herd
.
,
alusi , .
bani ( 11 ) who ?
ananla ( i s ) h and
,
, .
bantshi (i ili ) coat j acket ,

z
, .
banz i wid e broad , , .
baya ( i si ) catt le f old

, .
bek a p u t p u t d own p u t on
, , , ,
bele ( nb n) tend erness

, .
bh ek a behold , .
b i , b ad , e il, ug ly. v
b ab a, ( n) my or ou r f at her . b i d h li k a, f all to p ie c
b ila, ( uk n ) to oil. b
bila , ( um) m aiz e .
bi si , ( n ul u ) milk z .
bi z a call ,
1 30 L E S S ON S I N ZUL U .
mk ami (n) my , wif e .
mnandi (nb n) ,
s weet ness .
mnene kind , .
ng omus o, on t h e m orr ow .
mz fene ( nb n ) k in d ness
,
. ng omuso ( i ) t o mor row ,
-
.
muyama black ,
.
ng ub o ( i ) blank et , drew
, .
muyama ( nbn) blackness ,

.
mo (i si ) f orm , shap e
,
.
moya (um) Wind S p iri t

, , . nh li z i yo, (i ) h ear t .
mp of u p oor b uff colour

, ,
. ni . w hat ?
mp ong o (i ) he g oat ,
. ni k a, g i ve .
mp umalang a (i ) east s u nri se , ,

. nik ez a, p ass a thi ng t o anot h er .
mp np u, (i ) m eal, ou r .
ni ng i , m any, m u h
'
c .
mt oti p leasant
, ,
mvn (i ) a sh eep
,
.
mvula, (1 ) rain . nj a. (i ) d oe
uj ani , lik e what ?
N . nj e, s o , j us t .
t he ve b c

na, (nk una) r to rain . nj eng ok u b a, li k e as , a cor di ng ly .
namhla, or namhlanj e, t o d ay-

. nk ab i , (i ) ox
ncan e, sm all, li t t le . nk e, ex p r ess m g ve ry d ry .
nci nyane, ve ry s m all . nk os i ,(i ) chief ki n g , .
ncosana, li t t le (i ) a . nk osi k az i (i ) r s t wif e qu een

, , .
w
no adi , ( i ) ook , let te r , S ig n b . nk onyana ( i ) calf , .
nd aba. ( i ) ma tter , aff ai r , s t ory nk ulung wane ( 1 ) t h ou san d

'
. .
,
nd and at o, ( 1 ) ring ( ng er ) . nk um ( i z i ) r ewood

, .
nk nk n ( i ) f owl , .
ndhl ela. ( 1 ) w ay, p at h . nk uk u k az i ( i ) hen , .
d
n hl ovu, ( )
i el ep h a nt . nk wa ( i si ) b read a loa f
, , .
ndhlu, (1 ) h ouse . nk unz i (i ) bu ll , .
ndi z a, y . nok o, yet , h owever , s t il l .
d d
n o a, (1 ) m an, hu sband . nok ub a, whet her .
nd od ana ( i ) son , .
nd od ak az i ( i ) d au g h ter ,
. nqama, (i ) ram .
nduk u ( i ) walk i ng st ic k ,
, S i ng le nsi k a ( i ) p illar
, .
s ti ck . nsik az i ( 1 ) f em ale of anim als

, .
nd una, (i ) an of cer ; male of nsi mbi (1 ) m etal of any ki nd

, ,
es p e cially iron .
no, f ou r . nsi mn, ( i ) g ard en .
nsu nd u, brown .
nswemp e, ( i ) a sp ec ies of par tr id g e .
nt o, ( i ) t hi ng .
nt u, ( umu ) p erson a nat ive , .
ntu ( i si ) h u man race

, .
nt unj a, ( 1 ) h ole t hrou g h, as eye of

need le .
ntwana, ( um) ch ild .
nwe. ( umu ) ng er .
L E S S ON S I N ZUL U . 1 31
a
q , no =
= qab o, no, emp hatic.
q abnng a, ( i z ili ) a leaf
(i ) meat 3 3 h
.
N :
q an u d
( i z ,i li ) eg g .
a p l ac e Of
nyak m
. ( 1 ) nor t h
q at a (
z
i i l?
q eda, n1 s
nyang a, ( i ) moon, month .
nyoni . ( i ) bird
q ok o (i si ) hat or cap
( u ) t hy or you r m other

nyok o.
qond a, go st raig ht , u nd ers tand
.
( m a) W 3 5
.
1:
qoto, h ones t , u p r ig h t
4
.
q u ae, (
i = ili ) a o k , m ale of ird s c c b .
qwa, e xp g v e y w
r ess i nh i te r .
qwa, ( i = iJi ) ow;

sn
olwe-
si t at u, or ol obut at u, R
rnb o, ( ili )
i z a son
g .
oma, becom e dry .

S .
ona , d o wrong s p o il , , si n .
(umu ) g rac e f avour , mercy , .
g et s p o ilt , d amag ed b
sa ela, an s we r t he call of a
onk e, all, the whole . s u p erior .
sang o, i =
( lli ) a g at e way .
P
seb enz a, w
or k , ( er ) v b .
.
s eb enz i, ( um ) ork w .
p akan a, lif t , as the clo u d s ,

ri se in
sel ok u, S i n e c .
pak amlsa, lif t u p , e alt x sek ela, 8 11 p or t r op u p .
b
.
, I
p ak ati , ins id e . seng a, ( v er ) .
p ambi , ef or e, in f r ont
b . i t seem s
s eng ati , as if .
ah a, new , f res h .
wit hout .
sh i sa, bu rn , be hot .
sh iyag alombi li , (isi ) eig h t ,
pat s, tou ch, hold , carry . S hi yag alolunye, (i si ) nine .
sh u mi (i ,
z ili ) ten .
si k a, c u t .
p ef uml o, ( um) breath , the sou l . d

S i n ela, weig h u p on .
si nd o ( um ) n ois e
, .
p enya, op en , as a book . si t a s cr een h id e f r om vi ew

, , .
p ez u, abo e v . S i z a, h elp .
p ez ulu, up a o e bv .
so, ( nbn) t he f ace .
pi ,w here ? hi h w c ?
sola, com p lain , nd f au lt wit h ,
pdnd ela. ret u rn to . so mbuluk o (um ) M onday , .
s ou nela, dr a w near .
sonto, S u nday .
d
t an a, lo ve , li ke, d es ir e .
t im e of d eart h .
S OU I CO

.
hen p rec ed ed
t ub a, (i z il i ) an op eni ng , Op
t uk u lula, u n t ie, u nloose .
t uma, s end .
t ung a, s ew .
t npa, ( i si ) S ix .
L E S S ON S I N ZUL U . 1 35
12 . The lette r r s hall rep r es en t the sound ex i s ting in su ch

word s as

rola ,
r a ra r u ba
, .
1 3 The letter s hx sh all rep resent

. the har sh sou nd kno wn

as the g u tt u r al c li c k .

H1 an d

S

a fte r n as in the words

,

inhliz iyo

sh all su bs ti t u ted

an d

insimbi , not be by tl

and ts
There hall b e no dou bling of the n in w ords of t he

S
class to wh ich t he N ouns inj a incwadi inyoni belong , , , .
Th ey sho uld not be wri tten th u s : innj a innc w adi , ,
Sh h all represent the sou nd S imilar to that of

s sh

in the E nglish word s S h all sho uld etc , ,
.
E g . shi g a shi t /ca , etc .

and tsh S h all represen t the sh arp er so un d Si milar to
that of ch in the E nglish word s ch urch,

chance ,

etc .
E g . . Tshala i ts he ; n ts hi ng a, etc .
( ) a Th e rst lette r *
of the word be ginning e t ce
a s n en .
l misi le

E g . . I z u lu o I lang a li balele .
( )
b Th e rs t consonan t of every Pr op er Noun .
E g . . Umteto ha N ku lu nku ln ; u ham bile u M alambn le .
N B W hen , of cour se, a Pr op er N o un b e c both i ts

. ns a s en ten e,
m itial vowel and rs t consonan t S h all Cap itals .
E g . . U Tsha/ca n oD i ng ane .
1 8 Fo reign
. e x cept tho se which have beco me Z u luiZed
names, ,
sh all r etain th ei r ori gi nal sp elling
( )
a I n the c as e of pe rs o ns w i th th e ord inary p rex u .
( )
b I n the ca s e of p lac es w i t h a pprop r ia te pre x es .
E g !L ondon
. . i Washi n gton .
OP I NI ONS .
The simples t Zulu Grammar I have s een .
H C L U G G Chief N at ive Commissi oner Natal

. .
, , .
The R ev F S u ter is t he f orem ost au t h ority on t he Zulu

. .
He is t he au th or of wh at in my Op inion is t he best gramm ar , ,
on t he Z ulu lang uage S enat or t h e Honou rable D G S HE P S TON

. . . .
Mr S u t er
is , of cours e, ell kn o n as an au th orit y on t he Zu lu w w
langu age, and hi sb o ok L es sons i n Z u lu which has b een in st ead y d emand
f or many years , h as h elp ed m any t o a kno led ge Of t he langu age

w .
Rev B JOHA N S ON , Princip al U ni on Bi le I nst itute

. . b .
We can assu re all t h at Mr S u ter s. book is j u st

the med i um
c
ne es sary t o t h orou g h g rou nd -
g ai n a work knowled ge of t he lang uag e
c
wh i h w ill enable t he st ud ent t o hold his own in g eneral c on ersat i on v
Z
wi t h t he u lu N at i e v .
The b ook is well p rod u ced , and i ts g eneral arrang em ent i s in

keep ing wi t h i ts s u p rem e o b j ec t s im p li c i ty of t u i ti on and
ins t r u ct ion N atal M er cury

. .

The work seems to g ive a r u le f or e veryth ing , and t o b e sim p le
in met hod I t d oes n ot over load t he m i nd wi t h u nn ec essa ry and
.
,
tech ni cal d et ail, b u t aims to i m p art a wor ki n g k nowled g e of th e

lang u ag e .We imag ine t hat it will be f ou nd mos t u sef ul to t hose
who wis h to lear n Z u lu

.

,Y o u r G ram m ar I c o ns id er o ne of t h e b es t t h i n
g y
s et p u bli s h ed i n
the Z u lu lang uag e I h ave look ed over you r M S S
. wi th great .
lea s u r e, and r e ret t hat i t was not i n exist e n c e wh en I m s e lf wa s

p g y
s tu d ying Z u lu I am s u r e i t will p rove of g reat valu e to all f u t ure
.
st u d en ts of t he Z u lu lang uag e Rev J C D O R WAR D , B D

. . . . . .
I m u stcongrat u lat e you on having p rod u ced a very u sef ul work .
I t i s writ ten i n a c lear and c oncis e m ann er and wi t h every r ard to ,
acc uracy and wi ll I am s u re be an i n valu able h elp to st u en ts

, , ,
t h e lang uag e I have no hes ita t ion i n saying t h at I c onsid er ou r

.
book well ad ap t ed to t h e p u rpos e f or wh ic h it is writ ten and I ve ,
no d ou b t i t W l ll meet wi t h t he s u cc ess i t m er i ts

.
Mr J U snI cE JA C KS ON Nati ve Hig h Court

.
'
,
.
I nd in i t h at i s lac king in ot h er or ks of t h e s am e kind , v iz , a

w w .
ad ual g r o t h of ed u c at i o nal
w alu e f r om a lp ha t o om eg a, h ereas v w
g r
i n ot h er w o rk s t h ere i s a s u d d en leap s om e h er e a ou t t h e m iddle w b

f rom t h e L at in of N ep os and O id t o t he L at i n of L i y and J u venal

v v .
Mr S O S A M U E L S ON late U nd er S ecretar y f or
. . .
,
N ative A ffai rs , N atal .
S t u d en t s of Z u lu h ave r eas on t o be g r a t ef u l f or the xt rem ely

e
conc ise and lu c id on h ave w i t hi n th ei r ch I

L ess ons p u t r ea .
reg ard it as a valu able c ontri u ti on to t he literat u re on th e Z u lu

lang uag e already exi st ing

.
Mr JAME S S TU AR T Native A ff ai rs Dep t

.
, . , Pret oria .
t nr it a i n h an d A nn N S 'm nI E Tmn E d in h oh

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L E SS O N S IN ZU L U

I t has been m y p r ivil ege and p leasu re f or a nu mb er of

When it rst becam e p ar t of m y d u ty to tea ch the Z u lu

howev er, w ith t he id ea of prod u cing a book The L e s sons

u sed h ave be c ome kn ow n to a wi d e c ir cle of f rien d s ou ts id e of

the and th ei r u r g en t r equ es t for p u bli cati on is th e

pri ncipal r eason f or their appearance in p rint The L esson s.

have be en car efu lly revised , and the or thography ad opted is

I t has bee n m y en d eav ou r to g ive a r ule f or everyth ing ,

s tu d en t o nly su c h m att er as a c t u ally n eed ed That so m e

d egree of su cc es s has been gained i s attes ted by the results

Wh ile c op iou s examp les are given I have p u rp osely om itted

at the earlies t p os sible s tage th e s tu d en t sh all b e in d u ced to

th ink in the langu age he is seeking to ac qu ire .

I tru st th at the L essons m ay h elp many others to a know

TH E N OU N z I ts co mp osition N u mber Ki nds , , ,

diff eren t C las ses wi th ex am ples and rules .

PR O N O U N S N om inat iv e Case P resen t tense I n ,

d enite of U kub ona to see ( 4 ) 5 O bj ec tive Case , ,

P re sen t ten se D eni te of U k ubona to see ,

s ses siv e F o r m s r ep os it i onal F o r m s

I N D I C ATI V E M oon of U k ub ona To see ,

Part icles ka 8a and S e w i th ce r tain te nse s

S u bstantiv e V erb U k uba To be , .

PE E Posm ONs AN D C O NJ U N CTI ON S .

R eex iv e R ecip r ocal

nit i v e I mp erat ive

O ptative U se of Panele w i th S ubj u n ctive

U k uba to b e in the S u bj u n cti v e I nni ti ve I m

r ativ e P ote n tial an d O ptati v e

1 Th e tw enty six lett er s of the E nglish alph abet are u s ed

to rep res en t th e so u nd s of t he Z ulu langu age The lette r s .

rep r es en t t he sa m e s o u n d s as i n E nglis h w i th t h e follow in g

exc e pt i o n s The Vowels th e lett ers 0 q x wh ich st and f or , , , ,

so u n d s called click s g whi ch is alway s h ar d as in go gate

a is p rono u nced like a in calm .

The vowels with the ex ception of th at in the acc ented

sy llable alway s en d s i n a vow el an d th e acc en t f alls on the

penultimate A ccord ing to this ru le a word of two syllables

would take the acc ent on the r st one of three syllables on ,

t he sec o nd on e of f ou r syllab les on th e th i rd an d so on

3 . With the ex cept io ns

Of wh i ch t he follow ing ar e ex am p les

W m ay be c omb ined w ith any of t he con sonan ts as : bW , cw ,

M may p reced e labials as : mb, mf , mp , mv .

of the tongu e agains t the

very d ifcu lt to exp ress and

Read the followi ng y ab es z ba

hx a, hx wa, tshu, ts hwa, shi , sho, she, t she .

VOC ABUL ARY 1 .

2 . S in gu lar p r e p lu ral aba. S h ou ld

umunt u , person (male ,

uyihlo, thy or y ou r fath er . oyi hl o, you r father s .

5 . S ingular p rex isi , Plu ral iz i .

isinkwa, b read , a loaf . iz i nk wa, loaves .

isihlalo, a seat . iz i hlalo, sea ts .

is iz we, t rib e, n ati on . iz iz we, trib es , nations .

isi buk o, a m i rro r . iz i buk o, m ir r ors .