Vidyasagar University

Curriculum for B.Sc. Honours in Chemistry [Choice Based Credit System]

Semester-I
Teaching Scheme
Sl.No. Name of the Subject Nature Code in hour per week Credit
L T P
C1T: Organic Chemistry-I Core Course-1 4 0 0
C1 C1P: Organic Core Course1 6
0 0 4
Chemistry-I Lab [Practical]
C2T: Physical Core Course-2
4 0 0
Chemistry-I
C2 6
C2P:Physical Core Course-2
0 0 4
Chemistry-I Lab [Practical]
GE-1 GE 4/5
GE-1
GE-1 GE 2/1
AECC English AECC 2
Total Credits = 20

AECC- Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course: English /Modern Indian Language/Environmental

Science.

Interdisciplinary/Generic Elective (GE) from other Department

[Four papers are to be taken and each paper will be of 6 credits]:

[Papers are to be taken from any of the following discipline (GE-1 from Mathematics)]: Mathematics/

Physics /Computer Sc/Statistics/Geology/Electronics/ zoology/Botany/Microbiology /Physiology

/Biotechnology/Nutrition
 Semester-1

Core Course

Core-1 (Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

Core-1:T1 - : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I

Theory: 60 Lectures

Basics of Organic Chemistry

Bonding and Physical Properties (25 Lectures)

Valence Bond Theory: concept of hybridisation, shapes of molecules, resonance (including

hyperconjugation); calculation of formal charges and double bond equivalent (DBE); orbital pictures of
bonding (sp3, sp2, sp: C-C, C-N & C-O systems and s-cis and s-trans geometry for suitable cases).

Electronic displacements: inductive effect, field effect, mesomeric effect, resonance energy; bond
polarization and bond polarizability; electromeric effect; steric effect, steric inhibition of resonance.

MO theory: qualitative idea about molecular orbitals, bonding and antibonding interactions, idea about
, *, , *, n MOs; basic idea about Frontier MOs (FMO); concept of HOMO, LUMO and SOMO;
interpretation of chemical reactivity in terms of FMO interactions; sketch and energy levels of MOs of
i) acyclic p orbital system (C=C, conjugated diene, triene, allyl and pentadienyl systems) ii) cyclic p
orbital system (neutral systems: [4], [6]-annulenes; charged systems: 3-,4-,5-membered ring systems);
Hckels rules for aromaticity up to [10]-annulene (including mononuclear heterocyclic compounds up
to 6-membered ring); concept of antiaromaticity and homoaromaticity; non-aromatic molecules; Frost
diagram; elementary idea about and ; measurement of delocalization energies in terms of for buta-
1,3-diene, cyclobutadiene, hexa-1,3,5-triene and benzene.

Physical properties: influence of hybridization on bond properties: bond dissociation energy (BDE) and
bond energy; bond distances, bond angles; concept of bond angle strain (Baeyers strain theory);
melting point/boiling point and solubility of common organic compounds in terms of covalent & non-
covalent intermolecular forces; polarity of molecules and dipole moments; relative stabilities of isomeric
hydrocarbons in terms of heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion and heat of formation.

General Treatment of Reaction Mechanism I (10 Lectures)

Mechanistic classification: ionic, radical and pericyclic (definition and example);

reaction type: addition, elimination and substitution reactions (definition and example); nature of bond
cleavage and bond formation: homolytic and heterolytic bond fission, homogenic and heterogenic bond
formation; curly arrow rules in representation of mechanistic steps; reagent type: electrophiles and
nucleophiles (elementary idea); electrophilicity and nucleophilicity in terms of FMO approach.

Reactive intermediates: carbocations (carbenium and carbonium ions), carbanions, carbon radicals,
carbenes: generation and stability, structure using orbital picture and electrophilic/nucleophilic behavior
of reactive intermediates (elementary idea).

Stereochemistry I (25 Lectures)

Bonding geometries of carbon compounds and representation of molecules: tetrahedral nature of carbon
and concept of asymmetry; Fischer, sawhorse, flying-wedge and Newman projection formulae and their
inter translations.

Concept of chirality and symmetry: symmetry elements and point groups (Cv, Cnh, Cnv, Cn, Dh, Dnh, Dnd,
Dn, Sn (Cs, Ci); molecular chirality and centre of chirality; asymmetric and dissymmetric molecules;
enantiomers and diastereomers; concept of epimers; concept of stereogenicity, chirotopicity and
pseudoasymmetry; chiral centres and number of stereoisomerism: systems involving 1/2/3-chiral
centre(s) (AA, AB, ABA and ABC types).

Relative and absolute configuration: D/L and R/S descriptors; erythro/threo and meso nomenclature of
compounds; syn/anti nomenclatures for aldols; E/Z descriptors for C=C, conjugated diene, triene, C=N
and N=N systems; combination of R/S- and E/ Z- isomerisms.

Optical activity of chiral compounds: optical rotation, specific rotation and molar rotation; racemic
compounds, racemisation (through cationic, anionic, radical intermediates and through reversible
formation of stable achiral intermediates); resolution of acids, bases and alcohols via diastereomeric salt
formation; optical purity and enantiomeric excess; invertomerism of chiral trialkylamines.

Reference Books

1. Clayden, J., Greeves, N. & Warren, S. Organic Chemistry, Second edition, Oxford University Press, 2012.

2. Keeler, J., Wothers, P. Chemical Structure and Reactivity An Integrated approach, Oxford University Press.

3. Sykes, P. A guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education, 2003.

4. Smith, J. G. Organic Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.

5. Carey, F. A., Guiliano, R. M. Organic Chemistry, Eighth edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2012.
6. Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley: London, 1994.

7. Nasipuri, D. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley Eastern Limited.

8. Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
9. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education)

10. Fleming, I. Molecular Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions, Reference/Student Edition, Wiley, 2009.

11. James, J., Peach, J. M. Stereochemistry at a Glance, Blackwell Publishing, 2003.

12. Robinson, M. J. T., Stereochemistry, Oxford Chemistry Primer, Oxford University Press, 2005.

Core-1:P1 - CHEMISTRY LAB- I

(60 Lectures)

1. Separation, based upon solubility, by using common laboratory reagents like water (cold, hot), dil.
HCl, dil. NaOH, dil. NaHCO3, etc., of components of a binary solid mixture; purification of any one of the
separated components by crystallization and determination of its melting point. The composition of the
mixture may be of the following types: Benzoic acid/p-Toluidine; p-Nitrobenzoic acid/p-Aminobenzoic
acid; p-Nitrotolune/p-Anisidine; etc.

2. Determination of boiling point of common organic liquid compounds e.g., ethanol, cyclohexane,
chloroform, ethyl methyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetylacetone, anisole, crotonaldehyde, mesityl oxide,
etc. [Boiling point of the chosen organic compounds should preferably be less than 160 C]

3. Identification of a Pure Organic Compound

Solid compounds: oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, resorcinol,
urea, glucose, cane sugar, benzoic acid and salicylic acid

Liquid Compounds: formic acid, acetic acid, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, acetone,
aniline, dimethylaniline, benzaldehyde, chloroform and nitrobenzene

Reference Books

1. Bhattacharyya, R. C, A Manual of Practical Chemistry.

2. Vogel, A. I. Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry, Part 2: Qualitative Organic Analysis, CBS Publishers and
Distributors.

3. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education (2009).

4. Furniss, B.S., Hannaford, A.J., Smith, P.W.G., Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic Chemistry,5th Ed., Pearson (2012).

5. Dutta, S, B. Sc. Honours Practical Chemistry, Bharati Book Stall.

Core-2 (Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Core- 2: T2 - : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-I
(Theory: 60 Lectures)

Kinetic Theory and Gaseous state (20 Lectures)

Kinetic Theory of gases: Concept of pressure and temperature; Collision of gas molecules; Collision
diameter; Collision number and mean free path; Frequency of binary collisions (similar and different
molecules); Wall collision and rate of effusion

Maxwells distribution of speed and energy: Nature of distribution of velocities, Maxwell's distribution of
speeds in one, two and three dimensions; Kinetic energy distribution in one, two and three dimensions,
calculations of average, root mean square and most probable values in each case; Calculation of number
of molecules having energy , Principle of equipartition of energy and its application to calculate the
classical limit of molar heat capacity of gases

Real gas and virial equation: Deviation of gases from ideal behavior; compressibility factor; Boyle
temperature; Andrew's and Amagat's plots; van der Waals equation and its features; its derivation and
application in explaining real gas behaviour, other equations of state (Berthelot, Dietrici); Existence of
critical state, Critical constants in terms of van der Waals constants; Law of corresponding states; virial
equation of state; van der Waals equation expressed in virial form and significance of second virial
coefficient; Intermolecular forces (Debye, Keesom and London interactions; Lennard-Jones potential -
elementary idea)

Chemical Thermodynamics (25 Lectures)

Zeroth and 1st law of Thermodynamics: Intensive and extensive variables; state and path functions;
isolated, closed and open systems; zeroth law of thermodynamics; Concept of heat, work, internal
energy and statement of first law; enthalpy, H; relation between heat capacities, calculations of q, w, U
and H for reversible, irreversible and free expansion of gases (ideal and van der Waals) under isothermal
and adiabatic conditions; Joules experiment and its consequence.

Thermochemistry: Standard states; Heats of reaction; enthalpy of formation of molecules and ions and
enthalpy of combustion and its applications; Laws of thermochemistry; bond energy, bond dissociation
energy and resonance energy from thermochemical data, Kirchhoffs equations and effect of pressure
on enthalpy of reactions; Adiabatic flame temperature; explosion temperature

Second Law: Need for a Second law; statement of the second law of thermodynamics; Concept of heat
reservoirs and heat engines; Carnot cycle; Physical concept of Entropy; Carnot engine and refrigerator;
Kelvin Planck and Clausius statements and equivalence of the two statements with entropic
formulation; Carnot's theorem; Values of dQ/T and Clausius inequality; Entropy change of systems and
surroundings for various processes and transformations; Entropy and unavailable work; Auxiliary state
functions (G and A) and their variation with T, P and V. Criteria for spontaneity and equilibrium.

Thermodynamic relations: Maxwell's relations; Gibbs- Helmholtz equation, Joule-Thomson experiment

and its consequences; inversion temperature; Joule-Thomson coefficient for a van der Waals gas;
General heat capacity relations

c) Chemical kinetics (15 Lectures)

Rate law, order and molecularity: Introduction of rate law, Extent of reaction; rate constants, order;
Forms of rates of First, second and nth order reactions; Pseudo first order reactions (example using acid
catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl acetate); Determination of order of a reaction by half-life and differential
method; Opposing reactions, consecutive reactions and parallel reactions (with explanation of kinetic
and thermodynamic control of products; all steps first order)

Role of T and theories of reaction rate: Temperature dependence of rate constant; Arrhenius equation,
energy of activation; Rate-determining step and steady-state approximation explanation with suitable
examples; Collision theory; Lindemann theory of unimolecular reaction; outline of Transition State
theory (classical treatment)

Homogeneous catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis with reference to acid-base catalysis; Primary kinetic
salt effect; Enzyme catalysis; Michaelis-Menten equation, Lineweaver-Burk plot, turn-over number

Autocatalysis; periodic reactions

Reference Books

1. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkins Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press

2. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry, Narosa
3. McQuarrie, D. A. & Simons, J. D. Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, Viva Press
4. Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry, Pearson
5. Levine, I. N. Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill
6. Maron, S. & Prutton Physical Chemistry
7. Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry, Thomson Press
8. Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry, Elsevier
9. Laidler, K. J. Chemical Kinetics, Pearson
10. Glasstone, S. & Lewis, G.N. Elements of Physical Chemistry
11. Rakshit, P.C., Physical Chemistry Sarat Book House
12. Zemansky, M. W. & Dittman, R.H. Heat and Thermodynamics, Tata-McGraw-Hill
13. Rastogi, R. P. & Misra, R.R. An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics, Vikas
14. Clauze & Rosenberg, Chemical Thermodynamics
Core- 2: P2 - : CHEMISTRY LAB-II

(60 Lectures)

Experiment 1: Determination of pH of unknown solution (buffer), by color matching method

Experiment 2: Determination of heat of neutralization of a strong acid by a strong base

Experiment 3: Study of kinetics of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl acetate

Experiment 4: Study of kinetics of decomposition of H2O2

Experiment 5: Determination of heat of solution of oxalic acid from solubility measurement

Reference Books

1. Viswanathan, B., Raghavan, P.S. Practical Physical Chemistry Viva Books (2009)
2. Mendham, J., A. I. Vogels Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Ed., Pearson
3. Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007)
4. Palit, S.R., De, S. K. Practical Physical Chemistry Science Book Agency
5. University Hand Book of Undergraduate Chemistry Experiments, edited by Mukherjee, G. N.,
University of Calcutta
6. Levitt, B. P. edited Findlays Practical Physical Chemistry Longman Group Ltd.
7. Gurtu, J. N., Kapoor, R., Advanced Experimental Chemistry S. Chand & Co. Ltd.
 Generic Elective Syllabus

GE-1 [Interdisciplinary for other department]

GE-1 T1 : ATOMIC STRUCTURE, CHEMICAL PERIODICITY, ACIDS AND BASES, REDOX REACTIONS,
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY & ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS.
(Credits: 04 )
Theory: 60 Lectures

Section A: Inorganic Chemistry-I (30 Lectures)

Atomic Structure (10 Lectures)

Bohr's theory for hydrogen atom (simple mathematical treatment), atomic spectra of hydrogen and
Bohr's model, Sommerfeld's model, quantum numbers and their significance, Pauli's exclusion
principle, Hund's rule, electronic configuration of many-electron atoms, Aufbau principle and its
limitations.

Chemical Periodicity (05 Lectures)

Classification of elements on the basis of electronic configuration: general characteristics of s-, p-, d-
and f-block elements. Positions of hydrogen and noble gases. Atomic and ionic radii, ionization
potential, electron affinity, and electronegativity; periodic and group-wise variation of above
properties in respect of s- and p- block elements.
Acids and bases (10 Lectures)
BrnstedLowry concept, conjugate acids and bases, relative strengths of acids and bases, effects of
substituent and solvent, differentiating and levelling solvents. Lewis acid-base concept, classification of Lewis
acids and bases, Lux-Flood concept and solvent system concept. Hard and soft acids and bases ( HSAB
concept), applications of HSAB process.
Redox reactions (05 Lectures)
Balancing of equations by oxidation number and ion-electron method oxidimetry and reductimetry.

Section B: Organic Chemistry-I (30 Lectures)

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry (5 Lectures)

Electronic displacements: inductive effect, resonance and hyperconjugation; cleavage of bonds:
homolytic and heterolytic; structure of organic molecules on the basis of VBT; nucleophiles
electrophiles; reactive intermediates: carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.

Stereochemistry (8 Lectures)
Different types of isomerism; geometrical and optical isomerism; concept of chirality and optical
activity (up to two carbon atoms); asymmetric carbon atom; elements of symmetry (plane and
centre); interconversion of Fischer and Newman representations; enantiomerism and
diastereomerism, meso compounds; threo and erythro, D and L, cis and trans nomenclature; CIP
Rules: R/S (upto 2 chiral carbon atoms) and E/Z nomenclature.

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions (5 Lectures)

Nucleophilic substitutions: SN1 and SN2 reactions; eliminations: E1 and E2 reactions (elementary
mechanistic aspects); Saytzeff and Hofmann eliminations; elimination vs substitution.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (12 Lectures)

Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be studied in
context to their structures.

Alkanes: (up to 5 Carbons). Preparation: catalytic hydrogenation, Wurtz reaction, Kolbes synthesis,
from Grignard reagent. Reactions: mechanism for free radical substitution: halogenation.

Alkenes: (up to 5 Carbons). Preparation: elimination reactions: dehydration of alcohols and

dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides; cis alkenes (partial catalytic hydrogenation) and trans alkenes
(Birch reduction). Reactions: cis-addition (alkaline KMnO4) and trans-addition (bromine) with
mechanism, addition of HX [Markownikoffs (with mechanism) and anti-Markownikoffs addition],
hydration, ozonolysis, oxymercuration-demercuration and hydroboration-oxidation reaction.

Alkynes: (up to 5 Carbons). Preparation: acetylene from CaC2 and conversion into higher alkynes; by
dehalogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides.

Reactions: formation of metal acetylides, addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO4, ozonolysis and
oxidation with hot alkaline KMnO4.

Reference Books:
1. Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry ELBS, 1991.
2. Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G. & Gaus, P.L. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Wiley.
3. Douglas, B.E., McDaniel, D.H. & Alexander, J.J. Concepts and Models in Inorganic Chemistry, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Huheey, J.E., Keiter, E.A., Keiter, R.L. & Medhi, O.K. Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and
Reactivity, Pearson Education India, 2006.
5. Sethi, A. Conceptual Organic Chemistry; New Age International Publisher.
6. Parmar, V. S. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, S. Chand & Sons.
7. Madan, R. L. Organic Chemistry, S. Chand & Sons.
8. Wade, L. G., Singh, M. S., Organic Chemistry.
9. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
10. Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson
Education).

11. Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley: London, 1994.
12. Sen Gupta, Subrata. Basic Stereochemistry of Organic molecules.
13. Kalsi, P. S. Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism, Eighth edition, New Age
International, 2014.
14. Bahl, A. & Bahl, B.S. Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand, 2010.
GE-1 P1 LAB: ATOMIC STRUCTURE, CHEMICAL PERIODICITY, ACIDS AND BASES, REDOX REACTIONS,
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY & ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
(Credits: 02)

60 Lectures

Section A: Inorganic Chemistry LAB (30 Lectures)

1. Estimation of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate present in a mixture.

2. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating it with KMnO4.
3. Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohrs salt by titrating with KMnO4.
4. Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K2Cr2O7 using internal indicator.
5. Estimation of Cu (II) ions iodometrically using Na2S2O3.

Section B: Organic Chemistry- LAB (30 Lectures)

Qualitative Analysis of Single Solid Organic Compound(s)

Experiment A: Detection of special elements (N, Cl, and S) in organic compounds.

Experiment B: Solubility and Classification (solvents: H2O, dil. HCl, dil. NaOH)

Experiment C: Detection of functional groups: Aromatic-NO2, Aromatic -NH2, - COOH, carbonyl

(no distinction of CHO and >C=O needed), -OH (phenolic) in solid organic compounds.

Experiments A - C with unknown (at least 6) solid samples containing not more than two of the
above type of functional groups should be done.

Reference Books:

1. University Hand Book of Undergraduate Chemistry Experiments, edited by Mukherjee, G. N.,

University of Calcutta, 2003.
2. Das, S. C., Chakraborty, S. B., Practical Chemistry.
3. Mukherjee, K. S. Text book on Practical Chemistry, New Oriental Book Agency.
4. Ghosal, Mahapatra & Nad, An Advanced course in practical Chemistry, New Central Book Agency.
5. Vogel, A. I. Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry, Part 2: Qualitative Organic Analysis, CBS
Publishers and Distributors.
6. Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. & Smith, P.W.G., Textbook of Practical Organic
Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, 5th edition, 1996.
7. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry Orient-Longman,
1960.