Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of PV PDF

Research Paper Engineering Volume : 5 | Issue : 6 | June 2015 | ISSN - 2249-555X
Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of PV

System using MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords
MITTAL V. JOSHI
M.Tech Electrical Engineering, HGCE, VAHELAL
ABSTRACT This paper presents a step by step procedure for the simulation of photovoltaic modules with MATLAB/
Simulink. One diode equivalent circuit is employed in order to investigate I-V(current voltage) and P-
V(Power voltage) Characteristics of a typical solar module. The proposed model is designed with the use of Simulink
block libraries.
Introduction tion. A current of the PV cell (lcell) is defined by the area of

Solar cells also called photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight the cell in combination with the amount of irradiation (G)
directly into electricity. PV cell gets its name from the pro- and temperature (T). A PV module converts light into elec-
cess of converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage), tricity and the amount of power generated, for a specific
which is called the PV effect. cell, depends on both G and T.
Sunlight can be converted to electricity due to the Photo- A PV cell is conventionally represented by a current source
voltaic effect discovered in 1839 by Edmund Becquerel, (IL), one or two parallel diodes (D), a shunt resistance (Rsh),
a French scientist. Historically, it has been about 50 years and a series resistance (Rs). Usually the value of Rsh is very
since the first operational silicon solar cell was demonstrat- large and that of Rs is very small, hence they may be ne-
ed. However, the last 20years have seen large improve- glected to simplify the analysis. Fig. 4.1 shows equivalent
ments in the technology, with the best confirmed cell ef- circuit of photovoltaic cell [1].
ficiency being over 24%.
Today, thousands of people power their homes and busi-

nesses with individual solar PV systems. Utility companies
are also using PV technology for large power stations. The
panels are mounted at a fixed angle facing south, or they
can be mounted on a tracking device that follows the sun,
allowing them to capture the most sunlight.
Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into

electricity. A photovoltaic cell, commonly called a solar
cell or PV, is the technology used to convert solar energy
directly into electrical power. A photovoltaic cell is a non- Fig.2 The one-diode circuit equivalent of a PV cell
mechanical device usually made from silicon alloys. Sun-
light is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. PV cells are grouped in larger units called PV modules
These photons contain various amounts of energy corre- which are further inter connected in a parallel-series con-
sponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spec- figuration to form PV arrays. Now, a PV module consists of
trum. When photons strike a photovoltaic cell, they may a number of PV cells connected in series to allow for a us-
be reflected, pass right through, or be absorbed. Only the ably high voltage level.
absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity.
When enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the mate- For modelling of photovoltaic array, we must be calcu-
rial (a semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the lating photo current, reverse saturation current, satura-
materials atoms. Special treatment of the material surface tion diode current etc. so first we complete mathematical
during manufacturing makes the front surface of the cell modelling of PV array. In next sections we are going to do
more receptive to free electrons, so the electrons natural- mathematical modelling of the PV system and to imple-
ly migrate to the surface. When the electrons leave their ment that using MATLAB/Simulink software.
position, holes are formed (step 3). When many electrons,
each carrying a negative charge, travel toward the front Mathematical Modeling and Simulink Model of PV Array
surface of the cell, the resulting imbalance of charge be- Photo Current
tween the cells front and back surfaces creates a voltage Fig.3 shows the Simulink model of the photo current.
potential like the negative and positive terminals of a bat- The module photo current Iph of the photovoltaic mod-
tery. When the two surfaces are connected through an ex- ule depends linearly on the solar irradiation and is also
ternal load, electricity flows (step 4). influenced by the temperature according to the following
equation:
A PV cell is semiconductor with n-type silicon at the top
and p-type silicon on the bottom of the cell to form a pn Iph = Irr [Isc + {KI (Top - Tref)}] (1)
junction that could generate 0.5 to 0.6 V (Vcell) at the junc-
538 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH

Research Paper Volume : 5 | Issue : 6 | June 2015 | ISSN - 2249-555X
Where,
Iph = Photo Current

Irr = Solar insolation (kW/m2)
Isc = Short circuit current
KI = Short circuit current temperature co efficient
Top = Operating temperature oC
Tref = Reference temperature oC
From equation (4.1) we can also see that the photo current
also depends upon the solar insolation Irr and short circuit
current Ish. As photo current Iph depends upon the solar ir- Fig.6 Simulink model of diode current Id.
radiance it will vary with the variation of solar irradiation.
From equation (4), we can see that with variation in num-
Reverse Saturation Current ber of series and parallel connected PV modules, diode
Fig. 4 shows Simulink model of reverse saturation current current Id will vary. It is also linearly proportional to the re-
Irs. From this model we can obtain the value of reverse verse saturation current Irs.
saturation current. Physically, reverse saturation current is a
measure of the leakage of carriers across the p-n junc- 2.5 Load Current
tion in reverse bias. This leakage is a result of carrier re- Fig. 7 shows Simulink model of load current I. from this
combination in the neutral regions on either side of the Simulink model we can obtain output current of the de-
junction. signed PV system.
Mathematically it can be represented by the equation: Mathematically, it can be represented by the following
equation:
(2)
(5)
I = Iph Np Id Ish
Where,
Irs= Reverse saturation current Where,

Voc = Open circuit voltage
q = Electron charge (1.6 10-19) I = Load current
k = Boltzmanns constant (1.38 10-23 J/K)
C = No.of cells in module (36) From the equation (5), we can see that I depends upon
N = Ideal factor (1.36) the values of photo current Iph, diode current Id, and shunt
current Ish. So, value of load current will vary with variations
2.3 Shunt Current in photo current, diode current and shunt current. Load
current also depends upon Np. So, with increase in number
Fig. 5 shows Simulink model of shunt current Ish. Using this of parallel connected strings of modules, load current will
Simulink model we are able to obtain shunt current. also increase.
The shunt current is mathematically represented by the 2.6 Saturation Current

equation: Fig. 8 shows Simulink model of saturation current Is. So,
using this Simulink model we are able to obtain saturation

current of the designed PV array.

(3)
Mathematically saturation current can be represented by
Where, the equation:
Ish = Shunt Current (6)

V = Voltage
I = Load Current Where,
Rs = Series resistance
Rp = Parallel resistance Is = Saturation current
2.4 Diode Current Eg = Band gap energy of the semiconductor (1.12 eV)
Fig.6 shows Simulink model of the diode current Id. Math-
ematically diode current can be represented by the follow- Thermal Voltage
ing equation: Fig.9 shows Simulink model of the thermal voltage Vt. Us-
ing this Simulink model we can obtain output of thermal
(4) voltage. Mathematically thermal voltage Vtcan be repre-
sented by following equation:
Where,
(7)
Id = Diode current
Np = No. of parallel modules
Ns = No. of series Modules From the equation (7), we can see that thermal voltage Vt
Vt = Thermal voltage is directly proportional to the operational temperature Top.
As thermal voltage is directly proportional to the opera-
INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 539

tional temperature, value of thermal voltage varies with the RESULTS

change in operational temperature. From the simulation of the designed PV system, we have
obtained various results. Figure 4.11 shows the wave form
PV Module and Array of the output power.
As we know that to obtain required voltage and current we
have to connect number of solar cells in series and par- Figure 4.12 shows the waveform of the output voltage.
allel combination which forms a module of PV system. By Figure 4.13 shows the waveform of the load current. Fig-
arranging these modules in series and parallel combination ure 4.14 shows obtained IV characteristics. Figure 4.15
we can obtain required power. shows obtained PV characteristic.
Fig. 10 shows no. of PV cells per module in PV array and

no. of series and parallel modules in designed PV system.
PV array is created by putting 36 model based mod-

ules together in series and parallel. Array consists of 12
modules in series string and 3 strings in parallel, totaling
11.694kWDC power.
Simulink Model of PV System

Now, we want to obtain graphs of power, voltage and
current of the designed PV array. IV characteristic and PV
characteristic are also required. All these results can be ob- Fig.13 Output Voltage of designed PV System
tained by the Simulink model shown in to fig. 11.
Fig.11 Simulink model of designed PV System
The workspace is added to measure current, voltage and

power in this model. As shown in fig.11, XY Graph block is
used to obtain PV and IV characteristics and scope blocks Fig.15 IV Characteristic
are used to obtain wave forms of the current, voltage and
power. Final Simulink model of the designed PV system is
as shown into fig. 11.
The final model takes the irradiation, temperature, series

resistance, parallel resistance, ideality factor and module
voltage and gives the output current. The output current
is sensed by the current sensor. Output voltage is obtained
across variable resistor, which can be sensed by the volt-
age sensor.
All the specifications used for the various parameters used

in the design of the PV system are listed in table 1[1].
Table 1 Specifications for one module

Fig.16 PV Characteristic
Parameter Value
Results obtained from the simulation of the designed PV

Nominal Maximum Power(Pmax) 300W
System are listed in Table 2.
Optimum Operating Voltage(Vmp) 36.1V
Table 2 Obtained Results of designed PV System
Optimum Operating Current(Imp) 8.30A
Parameter Value
Open Circuit Voltage(Voc) 44.6V
Power 11694 W
Short Circuit Current(Isc) 8.87A
Ideality factor 1.36 System Voltage 534.0635 V
Module Efficiency 15.63% Load Current 26.5967 A
540 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH

CONCLUSION
Mathematical modeling of PV system has been done.
Based on the literature review and theories, PV system is
designed. Designed PV system is developed in MATLAB/
Simulink software. Simulink-based Model of a photovoltaic
(PV) system using the single-diode model of a PV solar cell
was developed. The proposed model takes the datasheet
values (Isc, Voc,Im and Vm) along with the cell temperature,
sunlight/irradiance and ideality factor as input and outputs
the I-V and P-V characteristics. This model is implemented
with Simulink blocks.
REFERENCE 1. Irtaza M. Syed, AmirnaserYazdani, Simple Mathematical Model of Photo voltaic Module for Simulation in Matlab/Simulink, 27th IEEE
Canadian conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, pp 1-6, May-2014 | 2. Sathish Kumar Kollimalla, Mahesh Kumar Mishra, Lakshmi
Narasamma N, Analysis and Control of DC-DC Converters Using Average Power Balance Control (APBC) in Solar Power Applications, IEEE Students Conference on
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science, pp 1-6, March-2014 | 3. Monirul Islam, SaadMekhilef, Fadi M. Albatsh. An Improved Transformerless Grid Connected
Photovoltaic Inverter with Common Mode Leakage Current Elimination, 7th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, pp 1-6,
April-2014 | 4. Solar Photovoltaics Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications, PHI Learning Private Limited, 2nd ed. 2013 - Chetan Singh Solanki | 5. http://
www.nrel.gov/learning/re_photovoltaics.html | 6. http://powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/introduction.htm |
INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 541

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Research Paper Engineering Volume : 5 | Issue : 6 | June 2015 | ISSN - 2249-555X

Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of PV

Introduction tion. A current of the PV cell (lcell) is defined by the area of

Today, thousands of people power their homes and busi-

Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into

538 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH

Iph = Photo Current

Irs= Reverse saturation current Where,

The shunt current is mathematically represented by the 2.6 Saturation Current

Ish = Shunt Current (6)

INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 539

tional temperature, value of thermal voltage varies with the RESULTS

Fig. 10 shows no. of PV cells per module in PV array and

PV array is created by putting 36 model based mod-

Simulink Model of PV System

Fig.11 Simulink model of designed PV System

The workspace is added to measure current, voltage and

The final model takes the irradiation, temperature, series

All the specifications used for the various parameters used

Table 1 Specifications for one module

Results obtained from the simulation of the designed PV

Module Efficiency 15.63% Load Current 26.5967 A

540 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH

INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 541

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