Sultanate of Delhi Mandu: Baburnama

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Mufghal Painting

This art of painting developed as a blending of Persian and Indian ideas. There was already a Muslim
tradition of miniature painting under the Turko-Afghan Sultanate of Delhi which the Mughals
overthrew, and like the Mughals, and the very earliest of Central Asian invaders into the
subcontinent, patronized foreign culture. Although the first surviving manuscripts are from Mandu in
the years either side of 1500, there were very likely earlier ones which are either lost, or perhaps
now attributed to southern Persia, as later manuscripts can be hard to distinguish from these by
style alone, and some remain the subject of debate among specialists.[1] By the time of the Mughal
invasion, the tradition had abandoned the high viewpoint typical of the Persian style, and adopted a
more realistic style for animals and plants.[2]

No miniatures survive from the reign of the founder of the dynasty, Babur, nor does he mention
commissioning any in his diaries, the Baburnama. Copies of this were illustrated by his descendents,
Akbar in particular, with many portraits of the many new animals Babur encountered when he
invaded India, which are carefully described.[3] However some surviving un-illustrated manuscripts
may have been commissioned by him, and he comments on the style of some famous past Persian
masters. Some older illustrated manuscripts have his seal on them; the Mughals came from a long
line stretching back to Timur and were fully assimilated into Persianate culture, and expected to
patronize literature and the arts.

Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of
Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were also more realistically shown. Although many classic
works of Persian literature continued to be illustrated, as well as Indian works, the taste of the
Mughal emperors for writing memoirs or diaries, begun by Babur, provided some of the most
lavishly decorated texts, such as the Padshahnama genre of official histories. Subjects are rich in
variety and include portraits, events and scenes from court life, wild life and hunting scenes, and
illustrations of battles. The Persian tradition of richly decorated borders framing the central image
was continued.

The style of the Mughal school developed within the royal atelier. Knowledge was primarily
transmitted through familial and apprenticeship relationships, and the system of joint manuscript
production which brought multiple artists together for single works.

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