Grantha Script Lessons PDF

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Grantha Script Lessons

Grantha Lipi Ph

:

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Grantha Script Lessons by Vinodh Rajan is licensed under a Creative Commons
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Contents
Buddhanusmriti 3
Grantha - 1 - Vowels 5
Grantha - 2 - Ayogavaha 11
Grantha - 3 - Consonants - Ka 17
Grantha - 4 - Consonants ca - a 21
Grantha - 5 - Consonants ta - pa 25
Grantha - 6 - Consonants ya - ha 29
Grantha - 7 - Summary I 34
Grantha - 8 - Vowel Signs I 42
Grantha - 9 - Vowel Signs II 48
Grantha - 10 - Vowel-less Consonants 52
Grantha - 11 - Summary II 55
Grantha - 12 - Conjuncts I 61
Grantha - 13 - Conjuncts II 64
Grantha - 14 - Conjuncts III 70
Grantha - 15 - Conjunct IV 75
Grantha - 16 - Conjuncts V 80
Grantha - 17 - Grantha Fonts & Softwares 85
Sample Texts in Grantha 93

buddhnusmti

:
o nama sarvabuddhabodhisattvebhya

: :
ityapi buddho bhagavstathgato'rhan

()
samyaksabuddho vidycaraasampanna

:
sugato lokavidanuttara puruadamyasrathi

: :
st devamanuy buddho bhagavniti

o mune mune mahmunaye svh |

Grantha - 1 - Vowels
| : |
|| ||
|| : ||
|| 'a' is the door to all Dharmas, for they are all originally unproduced ||
Vijayadashami is usually a very special day to start, any related to Vidya. It is very auspicious to start
Akshara Abhyasa [ ] at this day.
Traditionally, Children are made to write the letter " ", and start their education.
So, in this auspicious day of Vijayadashami, lets start our lessons on Grantha Lipi. :-)
We'll start our lesson with the Vowels a.k.a Svara-s. [ : : - ]
Sanskrit has 14 Svara-s and 2 Ubhaykara-s [ ]

that go along with the Svara-s.
The 14 Svara-s in order are:

u

ai
au
As you would have noted, some letters are same as that in Tamil and some are similar to that of Tamil.
Lets sum up the similar letters:
Same letters as in Tamil:

Letters similar to that in Tamil:
Therefore, you would need to remember, only the following distinct forms.
The other letters are only used very rarely, learn them at your own pace :-)
Pronunciation of Letters
I want to specifically write about the pronunciation of the following 4 letters. The other letters have the
same pronunciation as in Tamil.
- Must be pronounced similar to the ' in .

Approximately, it has a pronunciation between /ri/ and /ru/
10 | P a g e http://www.virtualvinodh.com
- It is the longer counterpart of the above letter.
- Similar to the pronunciation of , but with a /l/ sound instead of /r/.

It is highly erroneous to pronounce it as /lri/ as some people do.
- The longer variant of the above letter
I end the lesson with this. Next week, we can see about the Ubhaykara-s in detail.
Wouldn't it be fair, to end the lesson without home work :-P. Try identifying the Akshara-s in the below
jumbled text.
Grantha - 2 - Ayogavaha
| | : |
|| | ||
|| : ||
|| ||
|| This is indeed the entrance into the non-duality (Advaya) of the Bodhisattvas. ||
|| In that there is no use for syllables, sounds, and ideas ||
Yet another lesson on Grantha Lipi. I ain't gonna teach Advaya, so bear with my discourse on syllables
& sounds :-)
This will be a short lesson. We'll be seeing 2 new characters called Anusvra & Visarga. They come
under a class of characters called Ayogavha [Previously, I mentioned them as Ubhaykshara-
s. However, the correct grammatical term for them is this].
The Ayogavha class of characters do not exist independently, but rely on the
vowel preceding them (An Analogy would be the Saarbezhuththu of Tamil). The other two characters
that come under Ayogavha are Jihvmlya & Upadhmnya. [We will discuss them along with the
consonants, for orthographic reasons]
As Ayogavha are not independent, usually Anusvra & Visarga are shown in combination with 'a'.
However, they can combine with all the vowel signs.
Also in this lesson we will also learn two additional orthographic devices called Avagraha &
Candrabindu .
Anusvra
a
Anusvra is a character that denotes the pure nasal. It is not the same as the pure
consonant [ m ] as many commonly tend to mispronounce. It has unique sound different from
that of [m ]. There are some intricate differences between the pronunciations of both the letters.
Anusvra should be pronounced as follows: With the mouth closed in the natural position, the nasal
sound must be released. I know its difficult to replicate this, but at least give it a try :-). For ordinary
consonantal [m ], the lips press against each other hard, and the sound is produced. This doesn't
happen during the pronunciation of the Anusvra.
Also, later in this series, we will discuss about the *approximate* pronunciation of the Anusvra when a
consonant follows it. [Do note, the Anusvara is always pronounced as a pure nasal whatever position it
may appear. We are just approximating the sound to get a better grasp of it]
Try writing all the vowels in the previous lesson along with the Anusvara. No big deal, its just a small
circle ! But just make sure, the circle is half the height of the preceding character. If a full height circle is
drawn , it will become another character [which again we will see it later]
Visarga
: a
Visarga is another interesting character in Sanskrit. It echoes the [h] sound in

accordance with the vowel that precedes it. The echoing sound has half-the length of the corresponding
vowel.
nama : : - This must be pronounced as nama(ha) : (ha) has a vowel length of half-
mtra [The preceding vowel 'a' is of one Mtra]
sattv : : - Pronounced as sattvaa(ha) : (ha) having one-mtra [Since

has two Matra]
viu : - Realized as Vishnu(hu) : (hu) having half-mtra
(Below - the characters are entirely in Grantha. Since, by now you must be able to recognize Grantha
Vowels. Else, refer to the previous lesson )
Now, how do you pronounce & ?
Certainly not as ai(hai) & au(hau) :-). Let me brief
There are four Sandhyakara-s among the Sanskrit

vowels. They are formed by the union of two vowels.
Their formation is as follows:
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
Though & are Sandhyaksharas technically, they have a homogenous sound - hence retain
their complete sound.
However, & have a heterogeneously composite sound, hence their last part must be
echoed in the Visarga
bodhisattvai : - bodhisattvai(hi) [ (hi)

carrying half the Mtra as usual ]
As with the Anusvara, try practicing the Visarga with all the vowel signs.
Now, for the orthographic devices:
Avagraha
' ()
or
The Avagraha has two alternate characters in Grantha . You are free to choose any
one of them :-)
This is a silent character that mustn't be pronounced. This just indicates the elision [disappearance]
of or in Sandhi between words. For indicating the elision of double Avagraha is used.
+ =
: + = ()
: + = '
+ =
+ = ()()
It is just an indicator to show that or previously existed, at that position originally, but was lost
due to Sandhi. Avagraha is used to clarify the meaning. The presence or absence of or before
Sandhi, may totally alter the meaning of the word. It is used as a hinting character, to assist in word-
splitting.
Consider the following compound word: somapo'mtapa ':
The Avagraha hints that the word must be split into : : + : -

[ - One who drinks Amrita.]
If the Avagraha is not present, one may be inclined to split it as : : +

: - [ - One who drinks something dead (Mrita)]
But strictly being just an Orthographic convention to disambiguate the meaning of the words, it is
sometimes missed out in printings and manuscripts.
Chandrabindu
am
Chandrabindu indicates that the Vowel is to be pronounced as Nasalized. Similar to

that of in Modern Hindi, or the () in colloquial Tamil.
It can also indicate the Nasalization of a Consonant.
This completes our second lesson on Grantha Lipi.

Starting from Next week, we'll start to learn the Consonants i.e.
Vyanjana-s
Grantha - 3 - Consonants - Ka
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|| || : ||
|| || ||
|| Then rolled my Dharmachakra & the sound of Nirvaana was present in the world ||
In the previous lessons, we have learnt the various vowels, two of the Ayogavha-s & orthographic items
such as Avagraha and Chandrabindu.
Now, we must graduate to the Consonants :-). In Sanskrit, Consonants are called as Vyajana
The Vyanjana-s are divided into classes called Varga . Each Varga ends with a
Nasal i.e. Anunsika
.
Sanskrit [and of course Prakrit] have separate symbols of Voiced, Aspirated and their various
combinations thereof. The main difficulty for an eventual Tamil reader to pronounce Sanskrit [and/or
Prakrit] would be pertaining to the pronunciation of Mahpr a
Consonants. They must be pronounced with Aspiration i.e.
with a puff of air [h]. Such as kha gha etc.
On the other hand those consonants without this aspiration are known as Alpapra
We would be seeing a single Varga of the Vyanjanas and one Ayogavaha, the Jihvmlya (along with it
the associated Ardha-Visarga symbol) in this lesson.
ka-varga
First will be the ka-varga . They come under Kahya , meaning those
produced in the throat [Technically, the consonants are produced at the back of tongue. Probably, Throat
is an approximation for that position]
ka
kha
ga
gha
The pronunciation of the letters is the same as indicated by Roman/Devanagari counterparts. So, I don't
intend to comment more on their pronunciation. But as said earlier, the pronunciation of the Mahaprana
consonants kha & gha must be given extra care :-)
Jihvmlya
Jihvmlya , literally meaning the "Back of
the tongue" is another peculiar sound pertaining to Sanskrit alone. It does not have any separate letter
form. It is indicated by a symbol called Ardha-Visarga
.
[Do note that at a different position, the Ardha Visarga represents another ayogavha namely the
Upadhmnya. Ardha Visarga visually represents both these sounds]
Ardha Visarga
Jihvmlya is formed, when Visarga appears before ka and kha . The Visarga transforms into
a Jihvmlya at this position. It is shown by the symbol Ardha-Visarga before these two letters.
The Ardha-Visarga symbol that appears before ka and kha , is pronounced as Jihvmlya.
In phonetics, it termed as "Voiceless Velar Fricative". The sound sample can be heard
here:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg
Letters similar to that in Tamil
Similar Letters
Grantha /a/ & /ka/ have similar forms. But closely note the minute differences between the two letters.
Also, /i/ and /a / are very much similar. /a / has a short vertical line at the base, which /i/
lacks
The third lesson in this series, ends with this.
In the next lesson, we will see two Vargas namely, ca-varga & a-varga.
Grantha - 4 - Consonants ca - a
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| : |
|| Those who do Auspicious deeds, happiness will happen for them ||
|| Those who do Inauspicious deeds, only suffering will happen ||
Now for the fourth lesson. In the previous lesson, we had covered the varga along with Jihvmlya
(and Ardha-Visarga ). Henceforth, Roman/Tamil/Devanagari equivalent will not be used to for letters
that have been already covered.
We will see two more Vargas now.
ca-varga
The ca-varga is known as tlavya i.e. palatal
ca
cha
ja
jha
a-varga
The a-varga is known as mrdhanya

i.e. retroflex
a
ha
ha
Same Letters as in Tamil

Similar Letters
If Lesson-1 is recalled, I had said there is another letter similar to the Anusvra. The letter should have
been already recognized by now. Anyways, here it is
The Smaller circle denotes the Anusvra and the bigger circle representsha . Try reading the
below word :-) (all the characters have been covered in the lessons)
Lots of pretty circles nah ? :-P
BTW fourth lesson is officially over. In the next part next two Vargas - /pa / & /ta / will be
covered, along with the lone Ayogavha, which is left over from the previous lessons.
Grantha - 5 - Consonants ta - pa
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Whoever sees the Dharma, sees the Buddha
As of now, in the consonant series, we had covered, three Vargas - Varga, Varga
& Varga. We will be seeing another two Vargas with the Ayogavha - Upadhmnya.
ta-varga
The ta-varga is known as dantya i.e. Dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
pa-varga
The pa-varga is known as ohya i.e. Labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
Upadhmnya
In Lesson 3, we had discussed about Jihvmlya (and Ardha Visarga). To recollect: When the Visarga
appears before & it becomes Jihvmlya, which is symbolically shown as an Ardha-
Visarga .
In a similar way, when the Visarga appears before pa & pha , it

transforms into Upadhmnya. In Phonetics, the sound is named as "Voiceless Bilabial Fricative"
Here too, the Upadhmaniya, is symbolically shown by the Ardha-Visarga.
The sound sample can be heard

here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_bilabial_fricative.ogg
Pronunciation
A small note on the pronunciation of the letter pha . Some seem to erroneously
pronounce it like /f/. However, being a Mahpra Equivalent of , it is to be pronounced as pa

[p<h>a ] with a puff of air, like all Mahpra -s.
Indian Languages, lack a specific symbol for the /f/ sound. Those scripts with
the Nukta place the Nukta on pha to create a new letter for /f/. Those without Nukta , just
utilize this Mahpra letter to denote the /f/.
Same Letters as in Tamil
Thats all folks ! (Don't expect Daffy Duck or Bugs Bunny to pop up :-) )
The next lesson would be covering all the left over consonants. (Semi-Vowels, Sibilants & Aspirate)
Grantha - 6 - Consonants ya - ha
| : : |
Time to move away from the Varga-Consonants to the end of the Vyanjana group. There are two classes
of Consonants that we will see in this lesson - Semivowels and the Fricatives.
Semi Vowels
The Semi Vowels are called as antastha : "x . Four Consonants

(Five, if we include the Retroflex l) come under this class.
ya
ra
la
va
A note one the above retroflex l. It is not usually included in the Traditional Varnamaala. The above
letter appears in Vedic Sanskrit and in South Indian Sanskrit. One might note the usage of the retroflex l
in South Indian Languages when expressing several Sanskrit words. Words like (),
() are all spelled with Retroflex l in South Indian languages. The same applies
to Sanskrit in Grantha script, where this letter appears often.
In Vedic Sanskrit, it occurs as an allophone of . The first verse of the Rig-Veda goes,
agnime [a has transformed a, with become ] using the

Retroflex variant.
Even in Pali, The // in Sanskrit becomes //. The Pali equivalent of the word Vairya
is Veuriya , with // becoming // again. As expected, has a
corresponding aspirated [Mahpra] form which is the allophonic counterpart to . It does not
have a separate letter, it is just formed by adding /h/ to the former.
ha
In Pali, the above two are considered separate letters per se.
Fricatives
The last set of consonants in the Vyanjana list are the Fricatives i.e. man
a |
sa
ha
Notes on Pronunciation
& are retroflex consonants. They must be pronounced with the tongue curled up.
Closely note the position of the tongue while pronouncing the more-common retroflex plosive .
The tongue must in a similar position while pronouncing these letters. [Even in Tamil, many are
blissfully unaware of the variant pronunciation of which is quite different from . The
differentiation now-a-days is getting more and more orthographical - Small la ( ) Vs Big la
( ) ]
is palatal, which is pronounced near the palate (the position while articulating ja). Thus the
palatal is quite distinct from the retroflex . Perhaps, one must be forced to take a
Sanskrit version of the Shiboleth* Test ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiboleth ) :: Ideally,
Vs :-P or even better a Tamil one,
Vs :-)
*Jean-Luc Chevillard should take the credit for this :-)
Letters same as Tamil

It is interesting to note that, a so-called "Grantha" letter in Tamil Script has a different from than
that of the "real" Grantha /sa/ :-)
So the 6th part is over with this. We have completed all the Vowels a.k.a Svara-s and the Consonants
a.k.a Vyanjanas-s until now.
The next lesson will be a complete summary of the all the letters covered.
Grantha - 7 - Summary I
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Form is not different from Voidness
Voidness is not different from Form
~ From Prajpramit Hdaya |
In the previous lessons we had covered all the Vowels, Consonants and the Ayogavha-s.
In this lesson, we will be seeing a complete summary of all that we have seen in the previous lessons.
Vowels
There are fourteen Vowels in Sanskrit. They are called Svara-s . Tamil:
uyir uttu
a i u |
e ai o au |
There are 5 Short Vowels which are called Hrasva-s - Tamil: kuil
. They have length of one Mtr - i.e. Mora
a i u |
Classical Sanskrit lacks short e and short o ( ), however these sounds are present in the Vedic
variant as the Allophones of short a .
They are 9 Long Vowels which are called Drgha-s - Tamil: nil . These
are pronounced with two Mtr-s .
e ai o au |
The Diphthongs are called Sandhyakara - Tamil:

iai uttu . All the Diphthongs are long vowels in Sanskrit.
Unlike Tamil, In Sanskrit /e/ and /o/ are also considered diphthongs, along with /ai/ and /au/
e ai o au |
Apart from Hrasva-s and Drgha-s, there is Pluta - . They are

pronounced with 3 or more Mtr-s.
In Tamil, the corresponding short vowel is added to make the preceding vowel over-long. Depending on
the Mtr-s to be extended, the equivalent number of short vowels should be added. As in
maru (with 3 Matras). Since, the long vowel must get one extra Mtr, a single short 'u' is added.
However in Sanskrit, the corresponding Mtr length should be appended. For instance, the Tamil
example, if written using Sanskrit convention, will be written as mar3 3. In Grantha, the
corresponding Tamil numeral is added. But sometimes, the following sign is also seen in some
Manuscripts.
(Note: Tamil & Grantha share the same numerals - 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ::

)
Ayogavha
Ayogavha are letters in Sanskrit which do not exist independently. They depend on a Vowel to exist. In
Tamil, the equivalent term is .
There are four Ayogavha-s :

1. Anusvra
2. Visarga
3. Jihvmlya
4. Upadhmnya
a a a() | (:) | : (:)
The symbol Ardha-Visarga is used to denote both the Jihvmlya & Upadhmnya.
Other Symbols
There are 2 more symbols in Grantha
1. Candrabindu
2. Avagraha
am ' | | ()
(Summary of Lesson 1 & Lesson 2 )
Consonants
The Consonants of Sanskrit, can be summarized with all their Attributes as follows.
Sparsha
Spara : Plosives - The 25 Varga Consonants from Ka to Ma. They are classified into five based on the
place of articulation.
kahya* : Velar - ka kha ga gha a |
(* Though they are usually termed as kahya < kaha : Glottal. They are articulated at the Velar
Position i.e. Jihvmla.)
tlavya : Palatal - ca cha ja jha a |
mrdhanya : Retroflex - a ha a ha a |
dantya : Dental - ta tha da dha na |
ohya : Labial - pa pha ba bha ma |
The Un-Voiced (Aghoa) Varga Consonants are known as Kahina (Hard Consonants).
ka kha ca cha a ha ta tha pa pha |
The Tamil Equivalent term would be valliam (* < means

Strong/Hard in Tamil ) . The Tamil Valliam class consists of | ka ca a ta pa a |
(Tamil lacks Aspirated (Mahpra) Consonants & a is unique to Dravidian languages)
The Voiced (Ghoa) non-nasal Varga Consonants are called Mdu (Soft Consonants)
ga gha ja jha a ha da dha ba bha |
In Tamil, the Voiced consonants are mere positional variant of the Unvoiced consonants. Hence, they are
not distinctly represented in Tamil.
The Nasal Varga Consonants are called Anunsika. They are considered Alpapra (Unaspirated) and
Ghoa .
a a a na ma |
They Equivalent Tamil classification is mlliam . This Mlliam class

consists of (The extra consonant a is unique to Dravidian Languages).
Interestingly, the Tamil name means * < Soft. The Tamils considered the Nasals as
soft sounds while, for the Sanskritists the Voiced sounds were Soft .
Antastha
The next set of Consonants, are the Antastha : Semi-Vowels.
ya ra la va a |
The Equivalent Tamil Class is iaiyiam . This iaiyiam class has

| ya ra la va a a | ( a is again a unique Dravidian
character). Antastha carries the same meaning as well. Antastha means -in between-. Even in
Tamil * implies -in between-. These letters that were between Vowels and Consonants i.e. Semi-
Vowels, hence named so.
The Antastha are all Alpapra & Ghoa.
Ushman
The last set of characters is the man : Fricatives.
a a sa ha | ()
The Ushman consonants are all Mahpra. Among them a a sa are Aghoa, while ha is Ghoa.
Characters same as Tamil

A number of Grantha characters are nearly same as the equivalent Tamil characters. However, do note
the subtle differences from the Tamil Equivalent. (Grantha has a short vertical bar attached, &
Grantha , , have their descenders above, to ease the Formation of Conjuncts.
Characters similar to Tamil

There are some characters which are somewhat similar to the Tamil letters. These are listed below along
with the Tamil characters.
Similar Characters
There are few characters which are closely resembled in shape. However, do note the distinct variant
strokes and shapes that differentiate the characters.
Now that the Consonants and Vowels are completely covered. In the next lesson, we will move on with
the Vowel Signs.
Grantha - 8 - Vowel Signs I
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:
The Buddha's knowledge is endless, just like the Great Sky
While speaking of it aeons may be destroyed, but the Buddha's virtues will never decay.
Grantha being a Brahmi-derived script, is an Abugida. Therefore it uses special vowel signs to denote
the Consonant-Vowel combinations. (Tamil:
uyirmeyyeuttukka ). The various Vowel signs are appended before/after/above the consonants to
denote the Vowel Sound.
The Vowel Signs are nearly the same as in Tamil [except for the Sanskrit-specific Vocalic
Vowels ] so it will be breeze to pick them up :-)
(The Circle that appears in some of the examples denote the consonant position)
We'll see the first 10 Vowel signs in this lesson.

Vowel Signs
Virama
The Virma, [ the Grantha Equivalent of the Tamil Pui (Dot) ] is used to denote
the pure consonant. It is placed to the top of consonant, it is similar to the Telugu Virma sign. ( )
Pure consonant gh : :
The Virma Sign may also be placed next to the Consonant , instead of the placing it in the on
the top .
Apart from these, there are special forms to denote the Vowel less consonants, which will be dealt later
-a
Like all Indic scripts, is inherent in the consonant. it has not have any specific sign associated with
it
-
The - Vowel sign is placed next to the consonant :: c
-i
-i Vowel sign is placed at the top of the Consonant, also extending to left of the consonant :: li
-
- Vowel sign is placed at the top of the Consonant :: d
-u
-u Vowel sign is placed to the left of the Consonant. Unlike Tamil -u, in Modern printed Grantha -u
doesn't ligate with the preceding consonant. However, in the Medieval/Manuscript Grantha, -u is found
ligated with the consonants :: su
-
Similar to - u, - is also placed next to the consonant. Though unligated in the Modern form, it is found
ligated in the Medieval variant :: ju
-
- Vowel sign is placed to the left of the consonant. As like -u/ it was ligated in Medieval/Manuscript
Grantha, but is unligated in the Modern printed Grantha :: bh
-
- Vowel sign is placed to the left of the consonant :: g
-
- Vowel sign is simply placed next to the consonant. It doesn't have special vowel sign ::
k
Very rarely, the Vowel is also placed below the consonant .
-
- Vowel sign is placed next to the consonant :: k
It can also have below-consonant form like -
has special forms with Virama, /i/ and /ii/ Vowel signs respectively. Similar to Tamil, where
special forms such exist for .
The remaining vowels & Ayogavhas will be covered in the following lesson.
BTW Wish you all a prosperous and happy New Year 2011 :-)
ntana savatsarasya ubhay | |
:
Grantha - 9 - Vowel Signs II
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:
:
Having known the essence as the essence, non-essential as non-essential
They attain the essence, feeding on right thoughts
In this lesson, we would be seeing the signs for 4 Vowels and the Ayogavaha-s.
Vowel Signs
-e *
The -e Vowel sign is placed before to the consonant as in Tamil :: be
-ai
-ai Vowel sign is also placed before the Consonant like Tamil. It is formed by placed two -e signs
adjacent to each other: dhai
-o *
-o Vowel sign is a composite sign, placed both before and after the consonant :: jo
-au
-au has two forms. The first form is same as Tamil, the next form is without the -e sign. Both forms are
seen in usage :: khau
The form is also seen as a variant in printings.

Ayogavaha-s
The Ayogavaha-s are placed simplex next to the consonant (like the Vowels) ::
: (:) : (:) pha pha pha()
The 9th lesson is over with this. The lesson will cover the special vowel-less forms that are used in
Grantha.
Notes:
* These forms were introduced the Christian missionary Beschi (a.k.a Viramamunivar) around 1700's
CE. Old Tamil didn't have special signs of short e and short o. A Pulli was placed on the vowels and the
corresponding vowels signs to make them short. The Tamil Grammar treatises (starting from
Tolkappiyam) also explicitly specify that short /e/ and short /o/ should have a Pulli. The Missionary
Beschi had ignored all that and reformed the Script what he basically saw as an 'informity' in the Tamil
script (i.e. The Vowels taking a Pulli).
Thus the current and the corresponding Vowel signs , in the pre-Beschi Tamil
script indicated the long vowels. The short vowels for these were traditionally formed by placing the
Pulli over them as described earlier. He modified the shapes of the vowels & the corresponding signs to
create the longer counterparts (, , ) . So, the Traditional long vowels (those without Pulli) went
on to represent the short Vowels, and the new forms created by Beschi denoted the long vowels.
Pre-Beschi e's and o's are shown below. Those with Pulli are Short and those without pulli are long.
Grantha didn't undergo any such reformation, thus retaining the Kombu () for denoting long e and
long o.
Grantha - 10 - Vowel-less Consonants
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Free from being and non-being, without Self or non-Self
The Dharma-Wheel is said to be the explanation of Nature and of birth
In the last lesson, we had covered all the Vowel signs, in this lesson we would be seeing the special
vowel less forms.
In Lesson 8, I had commented that there are special vowel less forms along with the Virma based ones.
We would be seeing those forms in detail in this lesson. So as such, this would be a very short lesson.
Usually in Grantha, when /t/, /m/ and /n/ appear as pure consonants at the end of words, they take
special forms as show below.
n
These are special forms that are more often seen in Grantha.
The special vowel less forms of these consonants &
& is also be seen rarely.
The other consonants have also forms like this, which can be found in Manuscripts. But they are not
found in any printings. These forms would suffice for an average Grantha user.
However, the forms with the Virama are equally valid as well. Thus,
They above all are just 3 different ways to write the same Vowel less consonant m . The last one
being the usual convention followed, they former two are also equally valid forms.
Some words with these forms
I suppose, people must be able to read the above words by now :-)
This lesson ends with this. The next lesson would be a summary of all the Vowel Signs that have been
covered.
Grantha - 11 - Summary II
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Not associating with fools but associating with the wise
honouring those worthy of honor: this is supremely Auspicious
~ Maha Mangala Sutra (Pali) | ()
Time for another Exotic Summary :-)
In the previous two lessons, we have seen the various Vowel Signs associated with the Vowels. We will
be seeing a summary of all those signs in this lesson.
The Dotted Circle that may appear in the below images. It denotes the position of the Consonant with
the Vowel sign.
Vowels Signs Summary

The Vowel Killer- Virama
The Virama can be placed either directly over the Consonant or adjacent to the consonant. Consonants
like have special vowel-less forms like respectively.
Variants
has a Variant Vowel sign, where the vowel is placed below the consonant as in
. Also, has a variant Vowel sign without the adjacent 'kombu' .
Ayogavaga-s
Consonant-Vowel Matrix
So, in the next lesson, we will start looking at simple words in Grantha.
Grantha - 12 - Conjuncts I
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The dust-free (Dharma) Wheel was set rolling by the Lord of the World
And the three jewels, which are exceedingly rare, arose in the world.
People who may have attempted to learn any Indian script other than Tamil, would have surely faced the
difficulty of learning the conjunct characters to represent consonantal clusters like /pra/, /ksha/ etc.
These conjunct characters are called Sayuktkara-s
in Sanskrit.
All the Brahmi-derived scripts' consonants have an inherent 'a' in them. As discussed in previous
lessons, a Virama (like that of Tamil /Pulli/) is used to remove the inherent vowel and represent the pure
consonants (i.e. - /ka/ & -/k/ )
When there is a necessity to represent a cluster of consonant sounds such as /kt/, /ktv/, /kr/, /ky/ and the
like, since the times of Brahmi & Kharoshthi, the approach is to also cluster the consonants visually.
These clusters are the Samyuktkara-s. All Indian Scripts excepting Tamil inherits the legacy of these
conjunct characters from Brahmi. Tamil had disregarded the Conjunct formation of Brahmi at the initial
stage, when Asokan Brahmi was adapted to write Tamil as Tamil-Brahmi. An explicit pulli was
invented to do away will all the complex ligatures.
In Tamil, The Samyuktaksharas are prevented by placing the Pulli explicitly, to form the pure
consonant. Any complex clusters, could be easily represented by using the Pulli to denote the pure
consonants in the cluster. Consider as opposed to . But other scripts have complex
shapes, forms and rules to produce these Samyuktaksharas.
[As a side note, the other Script which shares the concept of Dot - / Ta. Pulli / is the Thai script. The
Thai Virama is called Pinthu ( < Skt. Bindu (Dot) ). Thai Script (which is infact derived from the
Pallava Grantha) also had reformed itself from all the conjunct formations. While the Tamil Pulli is
placed above the Consonant, the Thai Bindu is placed below the Consonant. ]
Grantha as it goes, shares the same legacy as the other Indian Scripts. It uses the Samyuktaksharas very
extensively to denote complex consonantal clusters.. When combining with Vowel Signs, these
Samyuktaksharas are considered as a single written unit, and placed with the Vowel signs.
We will be just seeing a short introduction to the Concept of Samyuktsharas in this lesson.
In Grantha Script, the Samyuktkara-s are formed in three ways.
Stacking
In this, the Samyuktakshara-s are formed by stacking the consonants on each other. Consider, the
consonant cluster /kta/ - . The corresponding Samyuktakshara in Grantha can be formed as
below
Combining
Here, the shapes of the consonants are fused together to form the Samyuktakshara-s. Consider /jna/
. Even in Tamil, there is which is a combination of +.
Special Signs
Consonants such as /ra/, /ya/ morph themselves into special signs when occurring as a part of
Samyuktakshara. The Special Samyuktakshara forms are as follows.
We will be seeing about each of these types of ligatures in detail, starting from the next lesson.
Grantha - 13 - Conjuncts II
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:
To express nothing, to say nothing, to explain nothing, to announce nothing
To indicate nothing and to designate nothing - this is the entrance into Advaya
In the last lesson, we have seen the basic introduction to Sayuktkara-s a.k.a Conjuncts. Now, we will
get to know more about them in detail.
We'll cover Combining Samyuktaksharas & Stacking Samyuktaksharas in this part.
Combining Samyuktaksharas
As discussed in the previous part, these are formed by fusing the shapes of the consonants.
Usually, the second consonant prominently changes shapes to completely fuse with the first consonant
to generate the Samyuktakshara.
In other cases the first consonant changes shape to fuse with the second consonant.
* can also change shape when forming a Samyuktakshara. Alternatively it also retains its shape as
shown before.
Please spare some amount time to learn the shapes of these Samyuktaksharas.
Stacking Samyuktaksharas
When Combining Samyuktakshara-s are not possible, the consonants are stacked on top of each other to
create the Samyuktakshara-s. The Miniature version of the second consonant is placed beneath the first
consonant.
A few possible stackings that is possible.
So, whenever a consonant appears below another consonant, it must read as a double-consonant.
must be read as tsa. In the same way, is gla, is jva, is

dbha and so on.
The same samyuktakshara can take both Combining and Stacking forms. Thus, & are both
valid Samyuktakshara forms of ca. However, if a consonant cluster has a valid Combining
form, it is usually preferred than the Stacking form.
Vowel Signs
The Samyuktaksharas act as single cluster in the placement of Vowel Signs.
That's all for now. We haven't discussed the Samyuktakshara forms of & .
We can see their conjunct behavior in detail in the next part. Adieus !
Grantha - 14 - Conjuncts III
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:
To those beings who have lost their way I point out the Path supreme
And lead them to the farther shore, therefore I am Vinayaka
We had seen in the detail the Combining & Stacking Sayuktkara-s in the last series. Now, we will see the
Conjunct forms of -y- and -r- as they deserve separate discussion.
-r- Conjunct
Post-Consonantal Form
Unlike other Consonants, when -r- occurs as the final part of the consonantal cluster i.e. in the post consonantal
position, it morphs itself into a special character.
pra
gra
In Some cases, -r- conjunct may fuse with the /ta/ and /sha/ to form the Samyuktakshara.
ra
Our own Tamil Sri / / is derived from this /shra/. However, sometimes the disjoint form is
also seen in print.
tra
For /tra/, the usual disjoint conjunct form is more usual in print.
Pre-Consonantal Form
-r- has also has a special form, when -r- appears in the first consonant of the cluster. It takes a position
next to the Consonant.
rjha
rgha
-y- Conjunct
Similar to -r- , -y- has also a special form when appearing in the post consonantal position of a cluster.
tya
hya
When /ya/ occurs as the first consonant of the cluster, the cluster behavior is normal as usual. ( yy is
an exception, we'll come to that later)
yka
Vowel Signs
Similar to other Samyukaksharas, -r-, -y- also act like a Single unit with all Vowel Signs except /i/ and
/ii/
With /i/ and /ii/, the Vowel Sign is placed on top of the Consonant, rather than the -r-, -y- Conjunct sign.
This covers the basics of Samyuktakshara formation in Grantha.

People must now be able to read the name of the Lipi itself.
grantha lipi | |
We'll see some more complex conjunct formation further in the series. Another 5 more Lessons and this
series should be over :-)
Grantha - 15 - Conjunct IV
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:
A king's enjoyment is of no use to me, nor have I need of grain or wealth
Since in the Buddhas I have faith, may I become a Buddha
We have been seeing only simple Samyuktakshara-s with only two consonants in the cluster. As
expected, Conjuncts in Sanskrit can be more complex with 3 or even more consonants in the Cluster.
We'll see how to represent such complex conjunct formation rules in Grantha script.
Nasalized Ya
In the previous lesson, I had commented, yy is an exception to the usual conjunct -y-
rules. Usually, yya is represented as . However, when Nasalized ya y appears, the

other /ya/ is stacked below.
-ry- Conjunct
During the last part, we had seen how -r- and -y- will take special forms, when they occur as a part of
Samyuktakshara. So, how do we represent the Samyuktakshara- rya ?
To put it in Jargon - The pre-consonantal form of -r- takes priority rather than the post-consonantal form
of -y- :-). (i.e) srya : is written as using the pre-consonantal form of -
r-
For Complex Conjuncts with -rya- as an element like bhrya the special signs are placed next
to each other.
Complex -y- Conjunct

For Triple Cluster Samyuktaksharas with -y- as the final element, the first two consonants must be first
clustered [either by Stacking or Combining] and then ya sign should be added.
(e.g) rkya , ntya , psya

Complex Stacking Conjuncts

So far in the previous lessons, we had seen only stacking conjuncts with two consonants. In Grantha,
another consonant can be added beneath, to form complex Samyuktaksharas. The Consonant Stack will
have the first consonant in full width, and other two following consonants as miniatures one below the
other.
Triple Stacking is applied when the entire three consonant do not have any combining forms with each
other, and the only means of clustering the consonants is Stacking.
Consider spla , klva - They are written as three level stacking.
When -r- & -y- occur as the second element in triple clusters., the miniature forms are used instead of
their special conjunct signs. (e.g) grda & kyva
Complex -r- Conjunct

Post-Consonantal -r-
For Stacking Conjuncts, the Miniature version of the samyuktakshara sign is placed when -r- occurs as
the final consonant in a Triple cluster. (e.g) stra
For Combining Conjuncts, the regular post-consonantal -r- sign is applied as usual. (e.g) ndhra
Pre-Consonantal -r-
When Triple clusters appear with pre-consonantal -r- occur - the final consonants barring -r- is clustered
first and then the pre-consonantal -r- sign is applied. (e.g) rca & rga
Complex Combining Conjuncts

We had seen combing Conjuncts with only two consonants. Three consonants can also combine to give
a single ligature.
They are usually only two such Samyuktaksharas in Grantha - ntva & ktva
Thats all (atleast :-P ) for now.
We'll be seeing some more on Complex Conjunct formation in the next lesson.
Grantha - 16 - Conjuncts V
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Neither a person nor the aggregates, the Buddha, is knowledge free from [evil] outflows
Clearly perceiving [him] to be eternally serene, I go for refuge [in him]
It has been four lessons into Conjuncts and there is still lot more to go [Do Bear !].
We had seen conjuncts upto 3 consonants in a cluster in the last lesson. We will see some more conjunct
formation rules in triple consonantal clusters, and then move on to clusters with four or even more consonants.
Combining-Stacking Conjuncts
So far, the Triple conjuncts we had seen were either completely stacking , completely
combining , or used some special signs of -r- and -y- .
What if any of the two adjacent consonants forms a combining Conjunct, and the other has only a
stacking form ? As said before in Lesson 13, always the Combining forms have more priority than the
stacking form.
The Combining Consonants must be clustered first and then be stacked as required with the remaining
third consonant. I know the description is very hazy, let's see two some examples.
Consider two Samyuktakshara-s ndbha & stva . We'll apply the above rules to
form the Samyuktakshara forms.
As seen above, first the combining conjuncts are formed and then they are stacked. As simple as that :-)
Now, if both the adjacent consonants have combining forms, which is to be Combined and which is to
be Clustered ? Well both !
ndva
Both the above forms are valid. You can choose anything you like !
Quadruple (and more) Conjuncts

Before moving on to Samyuktakshara-s with 4 (or more) consonantal clusters, we'll sum up the
necessary points
The stacking limit* of Grantha is three

Consider the combining conjuncts as a single written "akshara" during conjunct formation
Combining Conjuncts must be formed first before attempting to stacking
The pre-consonantal -r- is always considered last while forming conjuncts [except for -ry-]
Post-Consonantal -r- and -y- take their usual special forms when appearing as the last part of the cluster.
Now that we know the necessary basic lets move on.

Consider the Samyuktakshara kva which has four consonants.
Essentially, the above is triple-stacked conjunct with three written "aksharas".
The Stack can have at most three written "aksharas" and not more than that. When they are four written
"aksharas" & all of them show stacking behaviour, the last three consonants are stacked and the first
consonant is written with a Virama.
gdhva
If the first consonant with Virama has a Special Ligated-Virama form it can be used too as in
When a five level stacking is required (which are extremely rare), the first two consonants are stacked
with a Virama and then last three consonants are stacked. (2+3)
Some more clusters with four or five consonants:
A complex Samyuktakshara with -y- : tpsya
A complex Samyuktakshara with -r- : rddhma

(Since ddha is a combining conjunct, the stack has been reduced to a dual-level)
Notes:
1. Grantha can have a four-level stacking, but its very rare.
For all practical purposes, the limit can be taken as three.
2. Some typesetters limit the stacking to a dual-level, in that case instead of a three level stacking, the
first consonant has a Virama-form and the last two consonant are stacked.
3. Grantha Typesetters have attempted to print the Conjuncts in a number of ways.
For Instance, ntva can take several forms in print.
All of them are valid representation of /ntva/.

Even the special forms of -r-, -y- are too not mandatory. It is quite valid to write them as stacks instead.
What has been presented here till now is the usual conventions that are mostly applied during the
Conjunct formation in Grantha Script. It doesn't the mean the other possibilities are wrong, just that they
are not so usually used. Thats it .
So with this, the entire basics of Grantha script is covered.
(I have skipped the Vedic Grantha with the Svara Markers and other Vedic Characters)
All that we have seen is just bits and pieces of the Aksharas :).
So, In the next few lessons, we will be seeing some basic Sanskrit words & phrases in Grantha.
Grantha - 17 - Grantha Fonts & Softwares
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:

The Lord Buddha is inconceivable, the Tathagata's body is permanent
It pervades a multitude of forms, for the welfare of sentient beings
I was about to start posting basic Sanskrit in Grantha from this lesson. However by then, there were lots
of enquiries about the Grantha related fonts and Softwares to me. So, I thought I'd devote an entire
posting to discuss about them. Grantha is yet to be encoded in Unicode, until then we are struck with
various custom encoded Grantha fonts.
Grantha Fonts
There are around 5 Grantha fonts currently available. Out of those 3 are Truetype, 1 is Open type, and 1
is encoded in PUA. A sample text* has been displayed for each font to show the typeface.
e-Grantamil
This is the best working open-type Grantha font available. Most of the text in the lessons were
composed using this font. e-Grantamil can be download from Elmar's Indolipi Package. It is an
opentype font, where Grantha is hack encoded in the Bengali Unicode block. In the absence of the font,
the text will rendered as Bengali. I have created a Keyboard Input Method in NHM. The keyboard is
phonetic and can be used to compose Grantha in any application.
e-Grantamil supports triple-level stacking, and being a open-type is highly flexible in the displaying
conjuncts.
For detailed information on the keyboard layout see: http://www.virtualvinodh.com/downloads/204-

nhm-grantha-manual.
For Download, Installation and Usage of the keyboard refer to my downloads page
:http://www.virtualvinodh.com/downloads.
Code2000
Code2000 is a popular pan-Unicode font, which supports nearly all of the Unicode script blocks.
Grantha is encoded in the Private Usage Area (PUA) of the font. It doesn't yet have an associated input
method. But the good old method of Insert Symbol still holds good :). It has support for stacking only
upto dual-level.
IIT-M Grantha Font
This is also one of the early Grantha fonts designed to be used with IIT-M Multli-lingual editor. It is a
Truetype font with support upto dual-level stacking conjuncts. They are few Grantha books published
using this font. It has a associated keyboard layout for composing Grantha in the IIT-M's custom
Multilingual editor. But a "special" request [whatsoever] must be made to get the keyboard layout.
(As a Side track, I gotta say getting the layout is nearly impossible. They wont ever give it out for
common people like us :-/ . I had requested for the layout back in 2005, they replied back saying they
give out the files only to those who have "genuine" requirements [whatever that means !] . Why the
heck they created a font and keyboard layout, don't ever ask me ! )
But I could trace the online copy of the font , in one of the IIT-M's mirror sites.
Download the font from there : http://www.vidyavrikshah.org/vvcrdt/software.html
Ganapathy & Kunchitapada
Ganapathy
Kunchitapada
These two are the earliest Grantha fonts created, they are supposed to have been created around 1998.
Being such early fonts, the font quality is not that good. [Hey ! But for such an early font, the quality is
still good ]. It seems there is a Grantha magazine being published using these fonts in Tamil Nadu and
some Grantha books are still published in London using these again. They support triple-level
stackings. They dont have any associated keyboard input method yet. The two fonts follow the same
layout, and are mutually compatible with each other.
Download the fonts from my downloads page : http://www.virtualvinodh.com/downloads

Grantha Softwares
Haygreeva Indic Text Editor
Haygreeva - Indic Text Editor is perhaps the only text editor to directly support Grantha. This text
editor has inbuilt transliteration scheme for Grantha to enable composing text in Grantha. It also
supports on the fly conversion between Grantha, Devanagari and Diacritic Roman. The installation
setup comes with e-Grantha OT font [This font is outdated. Elmar had discontinued updating this font].
Its a nice editor to directly start composing in Grantha without any issues.
However it works only in Windows XP SP2, and does not work with Windows Vista or Windows 7. I
even tried out the Compatibility mode, but that didn't work out. [Even for this screenshot, I had to install
it in my Windows XP Virtual PC ]. If only the author would update the software for the latest Windows
OS-s it would be great !.
Aksharamukha - Script Converter
How could ever forget my own Converter, Aksharamukha :-P
It has support for Grantha Script. You can transliterate any Indic script to Grantha. It supports the e-
Grantamil font.
I hope I have compiled every other font/software related to Grantha. If I missed out anything, just drop
me a note.
We'll start the basic Sanskrit lessons in Grantha from the next post.
Footnote
The Sample text is the invocatory verse of Nagarajuna's Mulamadhyamaka Karika.
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anirodham anutpdam anucchedam avatam |
anekrtham annrtham angamam anirgamam ||
ya prattyasamutpda prapacopaama ivam |
deaymsa sabuddhasta vande vadat varam ||
The non-ceasing and the non-arising, the non-annihilation and the non-permanence,
The non-identity and the non-difference, the non-appearance and the non-disappearance,
The dependent arising, the appeasement of obsessions and the auspicious
I salute him, the fully enlightened Buddha, the best of speakers, who preached them [all]
Sample Texts in Grantha Script

,
;-
" , |

,
, ,

|
,

;- ;-

| ,

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, ;-

" | ,
;- "
, ;- " |
, ;-

| ,
;- , ;-

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" "

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,

| ,

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,

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,
" "

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,

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,

|
,

, ,

|
,
,
,

|
,
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-

;- "
" |
;- "

" |
;- "

" |
;- "

" |
;- "

" |
;- "

" |
;- "

" |
;- "

" |

;- "

" |

|
|
;- |
;- " ,
" |
|
|| ||
-
|| ||
-
: -
|
: ;
;
; |
|
: - -,
, , |

| -----
| ----- | - |
- | - -- |
- -- | ---
| , - |

| -
- -- |
- - -
|
: - -
- -, ,
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:
|
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, :
,

.

- | -
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| --
- | - | --
- - | -- |
- - |
| | |
- | -
| - |
| - |
-- |
| | |
-- - ||
|| | | ||

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1|P ag e http://www.virtualvinodh.

Grantha Script Lessons

Based on a work at www.virtualvinodh.com.

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Grantha - 8 - Vowel Signs I 42

Grantha - 9 - Vowel Signs II 48

Grantha - 10 - Vowel-less Consonants 52

Grantha - 14 - Conjuncts III 70

Grantha - 17 - Grantha Fonts & Softwares 85

Sample Texts in Grantha 93

ityapi buddho bhagavstathgato'rhan

sugato lokavidanuttara puruadamyasrathi

st devamanuy buddho bhagavniti

o mune mune mahmunaye svh |

We'll start our lesson with the Vowels a.k.a Svara-s. [ : : - ]

Sanskrit has 14 Svara-s and 2 Ubhaykara-s [ ]

The 14 Svara-s in order are:

Same letters as in Tamil:

Letters similar to that in Tamil:

- Must be pronounced similar to the ' in .

- It is the longer counterpart of the above letter.

- Similar to the pronunciation of , but with a /l/ sound instead of /r/.

- The longer variant of the above letter

Visarga is another interesting character in Sanskrit. It echoes the [h] sound in

sattv : : - Pronounced as sattvaa(ha) : (ha) having one-mtra [Since

viu : - Realized as Vishnu(hu) : (hu) having half-mtra

Now, how do you pronounce & ?

Certainly not as ai(hai) & au(hau) :-). Let me brief

There are four Sandhyakara-s among the Sanskrit

Their formation is as follows:

bodhisattvai : - bodhisattvai(hi) [ (hi)

Now, for the orthographic devices:

Consider the following compound word: somapo'mtapa ':

The Avagraha hints that the word must be split into : : + : -

If the Avagraha is not present, one may be inclined to split it as : : +

Chandrabindu indicates that the Vowel is to be pronounced as Nasalized. Similar to

It can also indicate the Nasalization of a Consonant.

This completes our second lesson on Grantha Lipi.

Letters similar to that in Tamil

The third lesson in this series, ends with this.

We will see two more Vargas now.

The a-varga is known as mrdhanya

Same Letters as in Tamil

Letters similar to that in Tamil

Lots of pretty circles nah ? :-P

The ta-varga is known as dantya i.e. Dental

The pa-varga is known as ohya i.e. Labial

In a similar way, when the Visarga appears before pa & pha , it

Here too, the Upadhmaniya, is symbolically shown by the Ardha-Visarga.

The sound sample can be heard

pronounce it like /f/. However, being a Mahpra Equivalent of , it is to be pronounced as pa

Same Letters as in Tamil

The Semi Vowels are called as antastha : "x . Four Consonants

agnime [a has transformed a, with become ] using the

*Jean-Luc Chevillard should take the credit for this :-)