SSC General Studies - History by AffairsCloud PDF
SSC General Studies - History by AffairsCloud PDF
SSC General Studies - History by AffairsCloud PDF
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IN
Montogomery workers.
suggesting Pashupati
Mahadev.
ground)
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human burial
,pottery
Civilization.
Mahajanapada
MAGDHA. (1200 BC TO 321 BC)
Ajatshatru Bimbisaras son who killed his father and seizedthe throne.
Shishu Naga He was the viceroy of Banaras who founded Shishunaga Dynasty
The most famous event was, the capital was shiftedto Vaishali.
dynasties.
Chandragupta i.Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of Mauryan dynasty. Also known
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to Jainism in the end years of his life and went to south near
Bindusara Bindusara did not make any territorial conquest and towards the time of
lanka).
v.His empire covered the whole territory from Hindukush to Bengal and
vi.Ashoka died in 232 B.C. and with him departed theglory of Mauryan
Empire.
Sungh
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Jainism:
Jainism was founded by Rishabhanath, the first Tirthankara.
There were 24 Tirthankara (Prophets or Gurus) and all of them were Kshatriyas.
Rishabhanaths reference is also there in the Rigveda. But there is no historical basis
for the first 22 Tirthankaras. Only the last two are historical personalities.
The 23rd TirthankaraParshwanath (symbol: snake) was the son of King Ashvasena
of Benaras. His main teachings were: Non-injury, Non-lying, Nonstealing, Non-possession.
The 24th and the last Tirthankara was Vardhman Mahavira (symbol: lion). He added
celibacy to his main teachings.
Muslim Empire
First Muslim invader was Muhammad bin-Kasim .When he attacked India Dahir was the King at
that time.(712 AD).
Mahmud of Ghazni (997-1030):
He was also known as But-Shikan(destroyer of the image) seventeen plundering expeditions
between 1000 and 1027 into northIndia.
He defeated Jaipalain First battle of Warhind(1002 AD) and Anandpala in Second battle of
Warhind(1008 AD).
Muhammad Ghori (Shahabuddin Muhammad):
In AD 1173 Shahabuddin Muhammad (AD 11731206) also called Muhammad of Ghor ascended
the throne of Ghazni.
He died in 1206 AD. Qutu I Din-Aibak took the crown from him and founded Delhi Sultanate.
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Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in First Battle of Panipat and established Mughal Empire .
MUGHAL KINGS ACHIEVEMENTS
1. BABUR Descendent of Temur .He took the title of Ghazi after
defeating RanaSanga in Battle of Khanwa. Burried at Aram
Bagh,Kabul
2. HUMAYUN He divided his empire for his brothers. Sher Shah Suri forced
exile of 15 years(1540-55) on him . His wife name was
HamidaBanu Begum. Akbar was born at Amarkot. Humayun
Tomb is called as prototype of Tajmahal was bult by Haj
Begum.
3. AKBAR Akbar was one of the greatest monarchs of India. He
succeeded the throne after his father Humayuns death.
In the second Battle of Panipat in1556, he defeated Hemu.
Ralph Fitch was the first Englishman to visit Akbar Court. He
built Ibadatkhana to discuss teaching of various religion. He
founded a religion Din i illahi. He abolished Jaziya.He also
built Agra Fort and shifted his capital to FatehpurSikri.
4. JAHANGIR When Akbar died, prince Salim succeeded with the title
Jahangir (Conqueror of World) in 1605.
In 1611, Jahangir married Mehrunnisa who was known as
NurJahan
He wrote his autobiography Tuzuk I jahangiri.
Captain Hawkin and Sir Thomas Roe visited his court.
5. SHAHJAHAN He built TajMahal, Moti Masjid at Agra, Jama Masjid, Red Fort,
Shalimar Bagh at Lahore.
The last years of Shah Jahans reign were clouded by a bitter
war of succession among his four sons DaraShikoh (crown
prince), Shuja (governor of Bengal), Aurangazeb (governor of
Deccan) andMuradBaksh (governor of Malwaand Gujarat).
Towards the end of 1657, Shah
Jahan fell ill at Delhi for some time but later recovered. But
the princes started fighting forthe Mughal throne.Aurangazeb
emerged victorious in this struggle. He entered the Agra
6. AURANGZEB Aurangazeb was one of the ablest of the Mughal kings. He
assumed the title Alamgir
He was called asDarwesh or ZindaPir.
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Ghori
Tarain
(or Bilgram)
Panipat Hemu
and Samugarh
Nawab of Bengal
1761 A.D. Third Battle of Panipat Ahmed Shah Abdali defeats Marathas
Shah Alam
1767-69 A.D. First Anglo Mysore Hyder Ali defeats English forces
War
1780-84 A.D. Second Anglo Mysore Hyder Ali dies. Treaty of Mangalore is
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War signed
1799 A.D. Fourth Anglo Mysore Tipu Sultan is defeated and killed
War
Revolt of 1857 has a significant importance in Indian History. This revolt is called as first war of
Independence by some historians. This revolt was not because of immediate reactions by
Indians, but due to oppression carried out by Britishers for more than a century.
Following is the time line of historical events which led a way toward Indias first war of
independence:
Event 1(1773): First Governor General
Lord Warren Hastings became the first Governor General of Bengal. Hewas called as first
Governor General of India (dont confuse it with Governor General of India because Governor
General of India was firstly declared in 1833.Till 1833 governor general of Bengal was considered
as head of India).
Event 2(1793):Permanent Settlement
1.Permanent settlement was introduced into some parts of India,which was also known as
Zamindari System.Lord Cornwallis was the Governor General at that time.This system was very
suppressing and forced farmers to pay taxes even in the dry season.
2.Under this system, The Zamindars were made hereditary owners of the land under their
possession. They and their successors exercised total control over lands. The companys share in
the revenue was fixed permanently with the Zamindars.
Event 3(1799): Subsidiary Alliance System
Subsidiary Alliance system was passed by Lord Wellesley,under which Indian princely states had
to come directly under the British Empire.Their army supposed to be trained by Britishers; no
relation with European countries and finance department of princely state should be held by a
British only.This system produced discomfort among Indian princes. Nizamalikhan, Nawab of
Hyderabad was the first to sign.
Event 4(1829): Ban On Sati
Ban on sati was accepted by the Britishers after the effort of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Lord William
Bentinck was the governor general at this time. Lord William Bentinck was the first governor
general of India. Sati was an archaic Indian funeral custom where a widow immolated herself on
her husbands pyre, or committed suicide in another fashion shortly after her husbands death.
Event 5(1835): Education policy of Britishers
Lord Macaulay introduced new English education system through English education act, 1835.
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The main aim of this policy was to replace old and ancient education system which strengthens
Indian culture with new English system which made British culture supreme.
Event 6 (1848): Doctrine of lapse
Doctrine of lapse introduced by Lord Dalhousie, under which princely states without a heir had to
merge their empires with British Empire. Satara was the first state to merge with Britishers under
doctrine of lapse.
Event 7(1856): Widow Remarriage Act and Religious Diability Act
Widow Remarriage act was passed by Lord Dalhousie with the efforts of Iswar Chandra
vidyasagar in 1856.
Lord Dalhousie was replaced by Lord Canning .He passed theReligious Disability Act, 1856,
under which if anyone converts his/her religion, their parents cannot disown him/her from
their property. This was simply to promote christianity.
Final Event
There was a news in military that the newly introduced Enfieldrifles cartilage seal was made of
cows or pigs flesh, there were also news regarding mixing of animal bones into flour.19th
infantry from Bengal started this revolt.
This was immediately followed by revolt of 34th infantry,Mangalpandey was from this
battalion.
The revolt began, and Bahadur shah Zafar,last king of mughal empire was declared as the
leader. But this revolt came to an end after one year. It is also referred as Indias first war
of Independence( Ref: V.D Savarkar book).
So we can conclude that 1857 revolt was not due to enfield rifles issue but because of
culmination of various factors which were seen by Indians as an intrusion in their culture,
political space, economical activities, religion and personal life.
Heroes of 1857 revolt:
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A new post of Viceroy was created, who was the head of princely states in India and he
directly reported to the queen of England.
Governor General had to give his report to the British parliament. Normally, Both posts
were held by one person at one time.
Lord Canning was the governor general at that time, So he also become the first Viceroy
of India.
To handle the Indian affairs, Secretary of state post was created. Lord Stanley was the
first in 1858.
Event 2: Indian council Act, 1861
Portfolio(ministerial) system was introduced in India, 6-10 people were added into the
governor council for legislative purposes through nomination only.
Among them few can be Indians. First three Indians nominated are : 1) Maharaja of
Patiala 2) Raja of Banaras and 3) SirDinkarrao
Event 3: Lord Lyttons Reactionary Policies
He set the maximum age limit for the I. C. S. examination to 19 years, this making it impossible
for Indians to compete for it.
He organized grand Delhi Durbar in 1877, when the country was in the severe grip of
famine,.
Lytton is responsible for vernacular Press Act under which he directed pre censorship for
newspaper which means newspaper material had to submit with British before
publishing.
Event 4: The Ilbert Bill Controversy
Lord Ripon replaced Lord Lytton. He was considered as one of most pragmatic Governor General
India ever had.
He sought to abolish Judicial disqualification based as race distinction and present Ilbert
Bill sought to give the Indian members of the covenanted civil services the same powers
and rights as the European colleagues enjoyed.
The Bill raised a storm of agitation among the members of the European community and
they all stood united against the Bill. Ripon had to modify the Bill that almost defeated
the original purpose.
The Ilbert Bill controversy proved an eye opener to the Indian intelligentsia. It became
clear to them that justice and fairplay could not be expected where the interests of the
European community were involved. Further, it demonstrated to them the value of
organised agitation.
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Modern History: Division of Bengal, Surat Split And Minto Morley Reforms
Bengal Division:
On 16th October, 1905, Lord Curzon through a royal proclamation reduced the old province of
Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal
Main objective of this move was to set up a communal gulf between the Hindus and the
Muslims.
Swadesi andolan was started against British in 1905 against Bengal division. People started
boycotting foreign goods.
In 1911, Bengal was reunited and Delhi was declared as new capital. Lord Hardinge was
the governor general at that time.
Surat Split, 1907:
The INC split into two groups the extremists and the moderates at the Surat session in 1907.
The Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K. Gokhale.
Indian Council Act,1909 or Minto Morley reforms
Total numbers of members in Governor Council increased to 60.
Direct elections were introduced,but only tax payers could participate.
First time executive (ministerial) post given to indian. Sir S.P Sinha was the law minister
at that time.
Separate electorate system for Muslims was introduced, which means only Muslims can
vote for Muslims.
Home rule movement:
The movement was started by B.G. Tilak in Poona in April 1916 and Annie Besant and
S.Subramania Iyer at Adyar near Madras in September 1916.
Main demand was not complete independence but self-government under the hand of
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British.
Lucknow pact, 1916
Congress first time recognized Muslim league. Mohammed Ali Jinnah, who was the member of
congress and Muslim league, broke the ice between these two parties. Sarojini Naidu called him
Ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity. Extremist rejoined congress after their Surat split.
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Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in lathi charge and he succumbed to his injuries
while doing protest.
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Quit India,1942:
After the failure of Cripps mission, resolution for the movement to make British quit India was
passed on 8 August, 1942 at Bombay.
Gandhiji gave the slogan Do or Die.
This was the last and most violent agitation in Indian history,
Lord LinLithgow was the governor general at that time.
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Parallel governments were set up at various placessuch as the one in Ballia in eastern
U.P. under theleadership of ChittuPande. Others were in Satara,Talcher, parts of Eastern
U.P. and Bihar.
Wavell plan or Shimla conference, 1945:
This was the meeting between Governor general Lord Wavell, congress and Muslim
league.
He proposed a plan which focused on self-government in India.
He reached a potential agreement for the self-rule of India which provided separate
representation for Muslims and reduced majority powers for both communities in their
majority region. But dispute arose when Jinnah demanded that Muslim candidates can
be selected only by Muslim league.
Congress opposed this and Wavell plan failed.
Cabinet mission,1946:
The Cabinet Mission reached Delhi on 24th March 1946. Its members were-Lord Pethick
Lawrence, Stafford Cripps (President of the Board of trade) and Mr. A.V. Alexendar (the
first Lord of the Admiralty).
This mission helped India to set up a constitution body.
This mission had rejected the proposal of Pakistan. Instead it focused on power sharing
between Hindu and Muslim in united India.
3rd june plan,1947 and Independence:
On 3rd June 1947, the Mountbatten plan was announced. It was essentially, plan for the
partition of India. The Congress and the Muslim League both accepted the plan of 3rd
June.
The Indian Independence Bill was introduced in the British Parliament on 4th July 1947. It
was passed as the Indian Independence Act on 18thJuly 1947.
On 15 August, 1947, India got its Independence.
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Revolutionaries
Chapekar brothers (Damodar and Balkrishna) murdered the unpopular Mr. Rand and Lt.
Amherst in 1897 at Pune.
MadanLalDhingra shot dead Curzon Wyllie, an officer of India Office in London in 1909.
Assistant Superintendent of Police, Saunders was shot dead by Bhagat Singh, Chandra
Shekhar Azadand Rajguru in 1928. They were convicted in the Lahore Conspiracy cas
Bhagat Singh and BatukeshwarDutt threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly in
April 1929during session.
Formation of Indian Independence Committee by VirendraNathChattopadhya,
BhupendraNath
Dutt, Hardayal and others in 1915 with the assistance of German foreign Ministry under the
Zimmerman Plan.
Suryasen declared independence at Chittagong in 1930 and formed Indian Republican
Army.
Execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru by the British on March 23, 1931 in
Lahoreconspiracy case.
Surya Sen was arrested in 1933 and was tried and hanged.
LalaHardayal: Most well-known for forming the Ghadar Party in America in 1913.. The Ghadar
Party is well-known for the Ghadar Conspiracy under which Indian soldiers were to be
instigated to start rebellion against the British during World War I. The plan was however foiled
by the British
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Important personalities
Mahatma Gandhi:
Inspirational Books : civil disobedient written by Thoreau, Kingdom of God is within
you by Tolstoy, Unto this last by John Ruskin, BhagwatGeeta, Kuran, Ramayana.
Spent 21 years in South Africa.
Returned to india on 9thjan 1915.
There were three Satyagraha started by Mahatama Gandhi Gandhi(truth + non-
violence) in the beginning:
1. Champaran satyagraha,1917: Farmers were forced to grow indigo. Gandhiji fought
against this practice.
2. Ahmadabad satyagraha,1917: Workers-mill owner dispute,where mill owner were
paying less.
3. Khedasatyagraha(gujrat),1918: There was a famine in kheda and Britishers were
not in mood to scrap the tax.
Books by Gandhi: An Autobiography-The Story Of My Experiments With Truth, Hind
Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, by M. K. Gandhi, key to health.
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Law grinds the poor and rich men rule the men Gold Smith
Where wealth accumulates, men decay
Adolf Hitler is Germany and Germany is Adolf Hitler, He, who Hitler
pledges himself to zhitler pledges himself to Germany
Sare jahan se accha Hindostan humara Iqbal
Araam Haraam hai Jawaharlal Nehru
A thing of beauty is a joy forever John Keats
Beauty is truth, truth is beauty, that is all
I came I saw I conquered Julius Caesar
A state is known by rights that it maintains Lakshi
Jai Jawaan, Jai Kisaan Lal Bahadur Shastri
Simon Go Back- Lala Lajpat Rai
Quit India , Do or Die, Dont Pay Tax, Bharat Chodo and Humne Mahathma Gandhi
Ghunte Tekkar Rotti Mnagi Kintu Pathar Mile
There are no political devoid of religion
I therefore want freedom immediately this very night, before
dawn if it can be had?
One child, one teacher, one pen and one book can change the Malala Yousafzay
world
I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation Martin Luther King
where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by
the content of their character
One religion one caste and one god for mankind Narayan Guru
Jai Hin & Dilli Chalo Netaji Subhash Chandra
Bose
Satyamev Jayathe Pandit Madan Mohan
Malaviya
Faith is the bird that feels the light when the dawn is still dark Rabindra Nath Tagore
Samuhca Bharat ek vishal bandigrah hai RC Das
To be and not to be that is the question Shakespeare
Brevity is the soul of wit
The child is father of the man William Wordsworth
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Reasoning Questions
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