Educational Research Mcqs

Chapter 1
Multiple Choice Questions
(The answers are provided after the last

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question.)
1. Mrs. Smith is writing her daily observations of a student and writes, without

e.c
interpretation, that the student is not completing the class work and is constantly
speaking out of turn. Which of the following objectives does she appear to be using?
a. prediction
b. description
c. explanation
d. exploration

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2. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers,
counselors, and other professionals to answer questions they have and to specifically
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help them solve local problems?
a. action research
b. basic research
c. predictive research
d. orientational research
3. How much confidence should you place in a single research study?
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a. you should completely trust a single research study.

b. you should trust research findings after different researchers have found the same
findings
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
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4. The development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from

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which type of research?

a. basic research
b. action research
c. evaluation research
d. orientational research
5. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set
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of premises?
a. rationalism
b. deductive reasoning
c. inductive reasoning
d. probabilistic

6. The idea that when selecting between two different theories with equal
explanatory value, one should select the theory that is the most simple, concise, and
succinct is known as ____________.
a. criterion of falsifiability
b. critical theory
c. guide of simplicity
d. rule of parsimony
7. Research that is done to examine the findings of someone else using the "same
variables but different people" is which of the following?
a. exploration
b. hypothesis
c. replication
d. empiricism
8. ________________ is the idea that knowledge comes from experience.
a. rationalism
b. deductive reasoning
c. logic

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d. empiricism
9. According to your text, what are the five key objectives of science?
a. prediction, summary, conclusion, explanation, description
b. influence, prediction, questions, exploration, answers
c. exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influence

e.c
d. questions, answers, prediction, explanation, summary
10. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence
how well children learn spelling words. In this case, the main purpose of the study
was:
a. Explanation
b. Description
c. Influence
d. Prediction fre
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11. There is a set of churches in the U.S. where part of the service involves snake
handling. The researcher wants to find out why the people attending these churches
do this and how they feel and think about it. In this case, the primary purpose of the
study is:
a. Exploration
b. Description
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c. Influence
d. Prediction

12. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good theory or explanation?

a. It is parsimonious
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b. It is testable
c. It is general enough to apply to more than one place, situation, or person
d. All of the above are characteristics of good theories

13. Which of the following is not a basic assumption of science?

a. Science cannot provide answers to all questions
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b. It is possible to distinguish between more and less plausible claims

c. Researchers should follow certain agreed upon norms and practices
d. Science is best at solving value conflicts, such as whether abortion is immoral

14. What general type of research is focused on collecting information to help a

researcher advance an ideological or political position?
a. Evaluation research
b. Basic research
c. Action research
d. Orientational research

15. Which scientific method follows these steps: 1) observation/data, 2) patterns, 3)

theory?
a. Inductive
b. Deductive
c. Imductive
d. Top down

16. Rene Descartes is associated with which of the following approached to

knowledge generation?
a. Empiricism
b. Rationalism
c. Expert opinion

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d. None of the above

17. Which scientific method is a top-down or confirmatory approach?

a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method

e.c
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

18. Which scientific method is a bottom-up or generative approach to research?

a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method
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19. Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method
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20. Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and
theories?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
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c. Hypothesis method
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d. Pattern method

21. Which of the following statements is true of a theory?

a. it most simply means explanation
b. it answers the how and why questions
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c. it can be a well developed explanatory system

d. all of the above are correct

Answers:
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. a
5. b
6. d
7. c
8. d
9. c
10. a
11. a
12. d
13. d
14. d
15. a
16. b
17. a
18. b
19. a
20. b

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21. d

e.c
Chapter 2
Multiple Choice Questions
(The answers are provided after the last
question.)
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1. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality?
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a. quantitative research
b. qualitative research
c. mixed research
d. none of the above

2. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalizing its findings?

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a. quantitative research
b. qualitative research
c. mixed research
d. none of the above
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3. Which of the following best describes quantitative research?

a. the collection of nonnumerical data
b. an attempt to confirm the researchers hypotheses
c. research that is exploratory
d. research that attempts to generate a new theory
4. A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is
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called ___.
a. a constant
b. a variable
c. a cause-and-effect relationship
d. a descriptive relationship
5. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):
a. categorical variable
b. dependent variable
c. independent variable
d. intervening variable
6. All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:
a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data
b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect
c. it uses the deductive scientific method
d. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment

7. Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics
except:
a. it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
b. it relies on the collection of nonnumerical data such as words and pictures
c. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the
world
d. it uses the inductive scientific method

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8. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of
cause-and-effect relationships?
a. nonexperimental Research
b. experimental Research
9. What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?

e.c
a. extraneous variables are never present
b. a positive correlation usually exists
c. a negative correlation usually exists
d. manipulation of the independent variable

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10. In _____, random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher
cannot manipulate the independent variable.
a. basic research
b. quantitative research
c. experimental research
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d. causal-comparative and correlational research
11. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?
a. resistance to manipulation
b. manipulation of the independent variable
c. the use of open-ended questions
d. focuses only on local problems
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12.. A positive correlation is present when _______.

a. two variables move in opposite directions.
b. two variables move in the same direction.
c. one variable goes up and one goes down
d. several variables never change.
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13. Research in which the researcher uses the qualitative paradigm for one phase
and the quantitative paradigm for another phase is known as ______.
a. action research
b. basic research
c. quantitative research
d. mixed method research
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e. mixed model research

14. Research in which the researcher uses both qualitative and quantitative research
within a stage or across two of the stages in the research process is known as ______.
a. action research
b. basic research
c. quantitative research
d. mixed method research
e. mixed model research
15.. Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as _____?
a. experimental research
b. historical research
c. replication
d. archival research
16. ______ research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent
variable.
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. ethnography
d. correlational research
17.. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?
a. age, temperature, income, height
b. grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance
c. gender, religion, ethnic group
d. both a and b

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18.. What is the opposite of a variable?
a. a constant
b. an extraneous variable
c. a dependent variable
d. a data set

e.c
19. Which of the following is the type of nonexperimental research in which the
primary independent variable of interest is categorical?
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. qualitative research
d. mixed research
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20. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?
a. age
b. annual income
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c. grade point average
d. religion
21. In research, something that does not "vary" is called a ___________.
a. variable
b. method
c. constant
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d. control group
22. When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between
two variables, it is very important to avoid _______.
a. checking the strength of relationship
b. jumping to the conclusion of causality
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c. checking the direction of the relationship

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d. expressing a relationship with a correlation coefficient

23. A researcher studies achievement by children in poorly funded elementary

schools. She develops a model that posits parent involvement as an important
variable. She believes that parent involvement has an impact on children by
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increasing their motivation to do school work. Thus, in her model, greater parent
involvement leads to higher student motivation, which in turn creates higher student
achievement. Student motivation is what kind of variable in this study?
a. Manipulated variable
b. Extraneous variable
c. Confounding variable
d. Mediating or intervening variable

24. The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research
methods?
a. Experimental
b. Causal-comparative
c. Correlational
d. Ethnography
25. Which correlation is the strongest?
a. +.10
b. -.95
c. +.90
d. -1.00

26. The correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is:
a. Positive

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b. Negative
c. Perfect
d. They are not correlated

Answers:

e.c
1. c
2. b
3. b
4. b
5. c
6. d
7. a
8. b
9. d
10. d
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11. b
12. b
13. d
14. e
15. b
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16. b
17. d
18. a
19. a
20. d
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21. c
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22. b
23. d
24. a
25. d
26. a
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Chapter 3
Multiple Choice Questions
(The answers are provided after the last
question.)
1. A good qualitative problem statement:
a. Defines the independent and dependent variables
b. Conveys a sense of emerging design
c. Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested
d. Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find

2. The tool function of theory is to:

a. Summarize existing knowledge
b. Summarize existing hypotheses
c. Suggest new relationships and make new predictions
d. Suggest new theories

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3. The statement of purpose in a research study should:
a. Identify the design of the study
b. Identify the intent or objective of the study
c. Specify the type of people to be used in the study
d. Describe the study

e.c
4. Why is the statement What are the effects of extracurricular activities on
cognitive development of school age children not a good statement of a quantitative
research question?
a. Because there is no connection between extracurricular activities and cognitive
development

activities
to conduct the study
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b. Because there are not enough school age children engaged in extracurricular

c. Because the study would be too difficult to do given all the different extracurricular
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activities
d. Because the statement was not specific enough to provide an understanding of the
variables being investigated

5. A qualitative research question:

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a. Asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored

b. Is generally an open-ended question
c. both a and b are correct
d. None of the above
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6. According to the text, which of the following orders is the recommended in the
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flowchart of the development of a research idea?

a. Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, hypothesis
b. Research topic, research purpose, research problem, research question, hypothesis
c. Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, hypothesis
d. Research topic, hypothesis, research problem, research question, research purpose
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7. It is essential that you evaluate the quality of internet resources because

information obtained via the internet ranges from very poor to very good.
a. True
b. False

8. One step that is not included in planning a research study is:

a. Identifying a researchable problem
b. A review of current research
c. Statement of the research question
d. Conducting a meta-analysis of the research
e. Developing a research plan

9. Sources of researchable problems can include:

a. Researchers own experiences as educators
b. Practical issues that require solutions
c. Theory and past research
d. All of the above

10. A key characteristic of past research that guides researchers in new research
questions is that:
a. Extensive research conclusively and definitively answers research questions
b. Studies typically generate more research questions than they answer

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11. Which of the following is a function of theory?
a. Integrating and summarizing current knowledge
b. Making predictions
c. Explaining phenomena
d. All of the above are important functions of theory

e.c
12. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the
researcher to do which of the following?
a. To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest

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b. To identify potential methodological problems in the research area
c. To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest
d. All of the above
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13. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is
not recommended by grounded theorists.
a. True
b. False

14. What kind of ideas cant be empirically researched?

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a. Effectiveness of different methods of instruction

b. Description of educational practices
c. Issues of values and morality such as the correctness of having prayer in schools
d. Factors helpful in predicting future drug use
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15. Which of the following is not a database containing information to be used during
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the literature review?

a. ERIC
b. PsychINFO
c. SocioFILE
d. all of the above are potentially useful data bases
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16. Computer database searches can be done:

a. With a computer with CD-ROM drive
b. At the library
c. Online
d. All of the above

17. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:

a. Cost and time required to conduct the study
b. Skills required of the researcher
c. Potential ethical concerns
d. All of the above
18. A formal statement of the research question or purpose of research study
generally ______.
a. Is made prior to the literature review
b. Is made after the literature review
c. Will help guide the research process
d. All of the above
e. b and c

19. Is the following qualitative research purpose statement well stated or poorly
stated? The focus of the present study was to explore distressing and nurturing

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encounters of patients with caregivers and to ascertain the meanings that are
engendered by such encounters. The study was conducted on one of the surgical
units and the obstetrical/gynecological unit of a 374-bed community hospital.
a. It is a well stated
b. It is poorly stated

e.c
20. Which of the following quantitative research questions is superior?
a. What is the effect of participation in various extracurricular activities on
academic performance?

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b. What effect does playing high school football have on students overall grade
point average during the football season?

21. A statement of the quantitative research question should:

a. Extend the statement of purpose by specifying exactly the question(s) the
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researcher will
address
b. Help the research in selecting appropriate participants, research methods,
measures, and
materials
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c. Specify the variables of interest

d. All of the above

22. The research participants are described in detail in which section of the research
plan?
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a. Introduction
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b. Method
c. Data analysis
d. Discussion

23. Research hypotheses are ______.

a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature
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b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables

c. Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted
d. b and c

24. Hypotheses in qualitative research studies usually _____.

a. Are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study
b. Are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and analyzed
c. Are never used
d. Are always stated after the research study has been completed

25. A research plan _____.

a. Should be detailed
b. Should be given to others for review and comments
c. Sets out the rationale for a research study
d. All of the above

26. The Method section of the research plan typically specifies

a. The research participants
b. The results of prior studies that address the phenomena of interest
c. The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study
d. The planned research procedures
e. a, c and d

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27. The Introduction section of the research plan
a. Gives an overview of prior relevant studies
b. Contains a statement of the purpose of the study
c. Concludes with a statement of the research questions and, for quantitative
research, it includes

e.c
the research hypothesis
d. All of the above

28. According to your text, which of the following is not a source of research ideas?
a. Everyday life
b. Practical issues
c. Past research
d. Theory
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e. All of the above ARE sources of research ideas
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Answers:
1. b
2. c
3. b
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4. d
5. c
6. a
7. a
8. d
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9. d
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10. b
11. d
12. d
13. a
14. c
15. d
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16. d
17. d
18. e
19. a
20. b
21. d
22. b
23. d
24. b
25. d
26. e
27. d
28. e
Chapter 5
Multiple Choice Questions
(The answers are provided after the last
question.)

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1. Which of the following is not an assumption underlying testing and measurement?
a. Various approaches to measuring aspects of the same thing can be useful
b. Error is rarely present in the measurement process

e.c
c. Present-day behavior predicts future behavior
d. Testing and assessment benefit society

2. Systematic error is associated with:

a. Reliability
b. Validity

3.
a.
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Which of the following is a type of criterionrelated validity evidence?
Concurrent evidence
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b. Predictive evidence
c. Internal consistency
d. Both a and b are correct answers

4. If a test measures a single construct then:

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a. The items should correlate with the total score

b. The items should not correlate with the total score
c. The test should not correlate with other measures of the same construct
d. There must be a reliable alternative form.
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5. Professor X develops a test of emotional intelligence. Which of the following

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represent convergent and discriminant evidence?

a. The test correlates highly with another test of emotional intelligence and is
uncorrelated with self-efficacy
b. The test correlates with highly with another test of emotional intelligence and is
highly correlated with self-efficacy
c. The test does not correlate with another test of emotional intelligence, but does
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correlate with self-efficacy

d. The test does not correlate with other tests of emotional intelligence nor with self-
efficacy

6. An ordinal scale is used to rank order people, objects, or characteristics.

a. True
b. False

7. Which scale is the simplest form of measurement?

a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
8. ______ tests focus on information acquired through the informal learning that goes
on in life.
a. Personality
b. Achievement
c. Aptitude
d. Intelligence

9. Lets say that a test accurately indicates participants scores on a future criterion
(e.g., the PSAT is used to indicate high-school GPA scores). This test would clearly
have which of the following?

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a. Face validity
b. Concurrent validity
c. Predictive validity
d. Content validity

e.c
10. If a baseball coach calculates batting averages, what scale would be used?
a. Interval scale
b. Ratio scale
c. Nominal scale

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d. Ordinal scale

11. According to the text, most of the outcome/dependent variable characteristics

and attributes measured in educational research probably exist at the ______________
level of measurement.
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a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
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12. Which of the following is most clearly an example of a psychological trait?

a. Anxiety enduring for months or years
b. Anxiety over just seeing a spider
c. Shyness when meeting a stranger for the first time
d. Depression caused by the loss of a ball game
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13. All of the following are examples of Intelligence Tests except _________:
a. Wechsler Scales
b. Stanford-Binet
c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)
d. Slosson
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14. Reliability is most simply known as which of the following?

a. Consistency or stability
b. Appropriateness of interpretations on the basis of test scores
c. Ways in which people are the same
d. A rank order of participants on some characteristic

15. An ordinal scale is:

a. The simplest form of measurement
b. A rank-order scale of measurement
c. A scale with equal intervals between adjacent numbers
d. A scale with an absolute zero point
e. A categorical scale
16. Which of the following is not a type of reliability?
a. Test-retest
b. Split-half
c. Content
d. Internal consistency

17. Which of the following statements accurately describes test-retest reliability?

a. Measure of consistency of test scores over time
b. Measure of consistency of scores obtained from two equivalent halves of the same
test
c. Measure of consistency with which a test measures a single construct or concept

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d. Measure of degree of agreement between two or more scorers, judges, or raters

18. Which of the following types of reliability refers to the consistency of test scores
over time?
a. Equivalent forms reliability

e.c
b. Split-half reliability
c. Test-retest reliability
d. Inter-scorer reliability

performance in some activity:

a. Content reliability
b. Face validity
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19. Identify the following term that most closely refers to a judgement of the extent
to which scores from a test can be used to infer, or predict, the examinees'
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c. Criterion-related validity
d. Inference validity

20. Which of the following is the correct order of Stevens four levels of
measurement?
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a. Ordinal, nominal, ratio, interval

b. Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
c. Interval, nominal, ordinal, ratio
d. Ratio, interval, nominal, ordinal
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21. Which is the process of gathering evidence supporting inferences based test
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scores?
a. Validation
b. Validity
c. Reliability
d. Prediction
22. When evaluating tests and assessments, reliability refers to asking ourselves
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which of the following questions?

a. Does it measure what it is supposed to measure?
b. Are there ways to avoid subjective judgments when measuring something?
c. Does it give consistent results?
d. Does it measure multiple constructs?

23. Validity of a test designed to measure a construct such as self-esteem is best

described by which of the following?
a. Scores from the test correlate highly with most intelligence tests
b. Scores from the test correlate highly with most tests of different constructs
c. Scores from the test are not correlated with anything
d. Scores from the test have a relatively strong and positive correlation with other
tests of the
same construct (i.e., with other measures of self-esteem) but much lower correlations
with tests of different constructs

24. Which type of reliability refers to the consistency of a group of individuals' scores
on two equivalent forms of a test designed to measure the same characteristic?
a. Split-half
b. Test-retest
c. Split-forms
d. Equivalent forms

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25. Achievement tests are designed to measure the degree of learning that has taken
place after a person has been exposed to a specific learning experience.
a. True
b. False

e.c
26. _________ refers to how well the particular sample of behaviors used to measure a
characteristic reflects the entire domain of behaviors that constitutes that
characteristic.
a. Construct validity evidence
b. Criterion-related validity evidence
c. Content validity evidence
d. Face validity evidence fre
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Answers:
1. b
2. b
3. d
4. a
5. a
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6. a
7. a
8. c
9. c
10. b
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11. b
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12. a
13. c
14. a
15. b
16. c
17. a
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18. c
19. c
20. b
21. a
22. c
23. d
24. d
25. a
26. c

Chapter 6
Multiple Choice Questions
(The answers are provided after the last
question.)
1. According to your text, how many points should a rating scale have?
a. Five
b. Four

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c. Ten
d. Somewhere from 4 to 11 points

2. What is the problem(s) with this set of response categories to the question What
is your current age?

e.c
1-5
5-10
10-20
20-30
30-40

b. The categories are not exhaustive

c. Both a and b are problems fre
a. The categories are not mutually exclusive

d. There is no problem with the above set of response categories

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3. You should mix methods in a way that provides complementary strengths and
nonoverlapping weaknesses. This is known as the fundamental principle of mixed
research.
a. True
b. False
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4. According to the text, questionnaires can address events and characteristics taking
place when?
a. In the past (retrospective questions)
b. In the present (current time questions)
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c. In the future (prospective questions)

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d. All of the above

5. Which of the following are principles of questionnaire construction?

a. Consider using multiple methods when measuring abstract constructs
b. Use multiple items to measure abstract constructs
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c. Avoid double-barreled questions

d. All of the above
e. Only b and c

6. Which of these is not a method of data collection.

a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Experiments
d. Observations
7. Secondary/existing data may include which of the following?
a. Official documents
b. Personal documents
c. Archived research data
d. All of the above
8. An item that directs participants to different follow-up questions depending on
their response is called a ____________.
a. Response set
b. Probe
c. Semantic differential
d. Contingency question

9. Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected at
an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose?
a. Primary data

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b. Secondary data
c. Experimental data
d. Field notes

10. Researchers use both open-ended and closed-ended questions to collect data.

e.c
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Open-ended questions directly provide quantitative data based on the researchers
predetermined response categories
b. Closed-ended questions provide quantitative data in the participants own words

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c. Open-ended questions provide qualitative data in the participants own words
d. Closed-ended questions directly provide qualitative data in the participants own
words

11. Open-ended questions provide primarily ______ data.

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a. Confirmatory data
b. Qualitative data
c. Predictive data
d. None of the above
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12. Which of the following is true concerning observation?

a. It takes less time than self-report approaches
b. It costs less money than self-report approaches
c. It is often not possible to determine exactly why the people behave as they do
d. All of the above
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13. Qualitative observation is usually done for exploratory purposes; it is also called
___________ observation.
a. Structured
b. Naturalistic
c. Complete
d. Probed
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14. As discussed in chapter 6, when constructing a questionnaire it is important to do

each of the following except ______.
a. Use "leading" or "loaded" questions
b. Use natural language
c. Understand your research participants
d. Pilot your test questionnaire

15. Another name for a Likert Scale is a(n):

a. Interview protocol
b. Event sampling
c. Summated rating scale
d. Ranking
16. Which of the following is not one of the six major methods of data collection that
are used by educational researchers?
a. Observation
b. Interviews
c. Questionnaires
d. Checklists

17. The type of interview in which the specific topics are decided in advance but the

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sequence and wording can be modified during the interview is called:
a. The interview guide approach
b. The informal conversational interview
c. A closed quantitative interview
d. The standardized open-ended interview

e.c
18. Which one of the following in not a major method of data collection:
a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Secondary data
d. Focus groups

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e. All of the above are methods of data collection

19. A question during an interview such as Why do you feel that way? is known as
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a:
a. Probe
b. Filter question
c. Response
d. Pilot
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20. A census taker often collects data through which of the following?
a. Standardized tests
b. Interviews
c. Secondary data
d. Observations
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w.a

21. The researcher has secretly placed him or herself (as a member) in the group that
is being studied. This researcher may be which of the following?
a. A complete participant
b. An observer-as-participant
c. A participant-as-observer
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d. None of the above

22. Which of the following is not a major method of data collection?

a. Questionnaires
b. Focus groups
c. Correlational method
d. Secondary data
23. Which type of interview allows the questions to emerge from the immediate
context or course of things?
a. Interview guide approach
b. Informal conversational interview
c. Closed quantitative interview
d. Standardized open-ended interview
24. When conducting an interview, asking "Anything else?, What do you mean?, Why
do you feel that way?," etc, are all forms of:
a. Contingency questions
b. Probes
c. Protocols
d. Response categories

25. When constructing a questionnaire, there are 15 principles to which you should
adhere. Which of the following is not one of those principles?
a. Do not use "leading" or "loaded" questions
b. Avoid double-barreled questions

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c. Avoid double negatives
d. Avoid using multiple items to measure a single construct

Answers:
1. d

e.c
2. c
3. a
4. d
5. d

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6. c
7. d
8. d
9. b
10. c
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11. b
12. c
13. b
14. a
15. c
16. d
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17. a
18. e
19. a
20. b
21. a
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w.a

22. c
23. b
24. b
25. d

Chapter 7
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Multiple Choice Questions

(The answers are provided after the last
question.)

1. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected,
this is called:
a. A nonrandom sampling method
b. A quota sample
c. A snowball sample
d. An Equal probability selection method

2. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?

a. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
b. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within
each ethnic group at random.
c. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number
table to pick cases from the table.
d. Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.

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3. Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling?
a. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
b. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population
proportions
c. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large

e.c
enough
subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done
d. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample

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4. Which of the following statements are true?
a. The larger the sample size, the greater the sampling error
b. The more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the
larger
the sample needed
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c. The fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the
larger
the sample needed
d. As sample size decreases, so does the size of the confidence interval
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5. Which of the following formulae is used to determine how many people to include
in the original sampling?
a. Desired sample size/Desired sample size + 1
b. Proportion likely to respond/desired sample size
c. Proportion likely to respond/population size
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d. Desired sample size/Proportion likely to respond

w.a

6. Which of the following sampling techniques is an equal probability selection

method (i.e., EPSEM) in which every individual in the population has an equal chance
of being selected?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic sampling
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c. Proportional stratified sampling

d. Cluster sampling using the PPS technique
e. All of the above are EPSEM

7. Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling?

a. Snowball sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Quota sampling
d. Purposive sampling
e. They are all forms of nonrandom sampling

8. Which of the following will give a more accurate representation of the population
from which a sample has been taken?
a. A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique
b. A small sample based on simple random sampling
c. A large sample based on simple random sampling
d. A small cluster sample

9. Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative

research?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic sampling
c. Quota sampling

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d. Purposive sampling

10. Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size?
a. Cluster sampling
b. Simple random sampling

e.c
c. Systematic sampling
d. Proportional stratified sampling

11. How often does the Census Bureau take a complete population count?
a. Every year
b. Every five years
c. Every ten years
d. Twice a year
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line
12. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the
sampling method called ______.
a. Simple random sampling
b. Cluster sampling
c. Systematic sampling
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d. Convenience sampling

13. Which of the following types of sampling involves the researcher determining the
appropriate sample sizes for the groups identified as important, and then taking
convenience samples from those groups?
l

a. Proportional stratified sampling

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b. Quota sampling
c. One-stage cluster sampling
d. Two-stage cluster sampling

14. A type of sampling used in qualitative research that involves selecting cases that
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disconfirm the researcher's expectations and generalizations is referred to as

_______________.
a. Extreme case sampling
b. Typical-case sampling
c. Critical-case sampling
d. Negative-case sampling

15. Using Figure 6.6 (pg. 178), how many participants will you need for a research
study with a population of 120,000?
a. 242
b. 331
c. 377
d. 384
16. In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the researcher
ask the research participants to identify other potential research participants?
a. Snowball
b. Convenience
c. Purposive
d. Quota

17. Which of the following is the most efficient random sampling technique discussed
in your chapter?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Proportional stratified sampling

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c. Cluster random sampling
d. Systematic sampling
18. If we took the 500 people attending a school in New York City, divided them by
gender, and then took a random sample of the males and a random sampling of the
females, the variable on which we would divide the population is called the _____.

e.c
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Stratification variable
d. Sampling variable
19. A number calculated with complete population data and quantifies a

a. A datum
b. A statistic
c. A parameter
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characteristic of the population is called which of the following?
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d. A population

20. The type of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the
sample is returned to the population before the next member is selected is called
_________.
a. Sampling without replacement
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b. Sampling with replacement

c. Simple random sampling
d. Systematic sampling
21. Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling?
a. Cluster sampling
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w.a

b. Convenience sampling
c. Quota sampling
d. Purposive sampling
e. They are all type of nonrandom sampling

22. Which of the following would usually require the smallest sample size because of
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its efficiency?
a. One stage cluster sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Two stage cluster sampling
d. Quota sampling

23. A technique used when selecting clusters of different sizes is called _____.
a. Cluster sampling
b. One-stage sampling
c. Two-stage sampling
d. Probability proportional to size or PPS

24. The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as _________.

a. Sampling
b. Census
c. Survey research
d. None of the above

25. It is recommended to use the whole population rather than a sample when the
population size is of what size?
a. 500 or less
b. 100 or less
c. 1000 or less

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d. you should always use a sample

26. Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling technique?

a. Purposive
b. Quota

e.c
c. Convenience
d. Cluster

27. Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of

a. Convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Purposive sampling
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people for a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger
population?
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d. Random sampling

28. ___________ is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to

certain rules.
a. Sample
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b. Population
c. Statistic
d. Element

29. Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number
l

between 1 and k, and including each kth element in your sample are the steps for
w.a

which form of sampling?

a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Stratified Random Sampling
c. Systematic Sampling
d. Cluster sampling
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30. The nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from
a population with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called
_____.
a. Convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Purposive sampling
d. Snowball sampling

Answers:
1. d
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. d
6. e
7. e
8. c
9. d
10. a
11. c
12. d
13. b
14. d

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15. d
16. a
17. b
18. c
19. c

e.c
20. b
21. a
22. b
23. d
24. a
25. b
26. d
27. d
28. a
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29. c
30. c
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Chapter 8
Multiple Choice Questions
(The answers are provided after the last
l
w.a

question.)
1. When a extraneous variable systematically varies with the independent variable
and influences the dependent variable, it is called:
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a. Another dependent variable

b. A confounding variable
c. A moderating variable
d. An unreliable variable
2. Which of the following statements is true?
a. A statistical relationship is sufficient evidence to infer causality
b. Temporal order of the cause and effect is not important in inferring causality
c. A statistical relation of X and Y is insufficient evidence for inferring causality
d. Temporal order of cause and effect variables and statistical relation are all that are
needed to infer causality

3. A school district examines a program that uses mentors to help very poor readers
improve their reading performance. The children in the program are at the
4thpercentile at pretest. At posttest they are around the 20th percentile. While it is
possible that the program made the difference, another reason for the change in
scores could be:
a. History
b. Regression artifact
c. Multiple-treatment interference
d. Differential selection

4. A group of researchers do a study where children from particular classrooms are

assigned to treatment or control conditions. After the study, the researcher finds out
that the students in the control group are higher achievers than those in the

om
experimental group. He found no treatment effect. The failure to find an effect may
be due to:
a. A treatment effect
b. A testing effect
c. A differential selection effect

e.c
d. A maturation effect
5. A researcher examines a program looking at the effects of mentoring on poor
readers' reading achievement. He looks at two different schools. One serves as the
control and the other the experimental group. Both schools had reading achievement
that was around the 50th percentile. During the time that the mentoring program is

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in place in the experimental group, a statewide reading initiative is started in
randomly selected schools. The experimental, but not the control school is involved
in the initiative. At the end of the year, the experimental group does better than the
control. From the information presented above, a likely threat to the internal validity
line
of the study is:
a. Selection by mortality interaction
b. Mortality
c. Selection-history effect
d. Selection-maturation effect
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6. Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the
relationship between two variables is causal?
a. Internal validity
b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity
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w.a

d. Statistical conclusion validity

7. Which type of validity refers to the ability to infer that the independent and
dependent variables are related ant that the measured strength of the relationship is
accurate?
a. Internal validity
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b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity
d. Statistical conclusion validity

8. An extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable

and also influences the dependent variable is known as a _______________.
a Confounding variable
b. Third variable
c. Second variable
d. Both a and b are correct
9. The use of multiple observers to allow cross-checking of observations to make sure
that the investigators agree with what took place is known as _______.
a. Interpretive validity
b. Researcher bias
c. Multiple operationalism
d. Investigator triangulation

10. _____________ is the lowest inference descriptor of all because it uses the
participants own words.
a. Participant feedback
b. A verbatim
c. Data triangulation
d. Investigator triangulation

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11. ___________ refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within individuals
over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue.
a. Instrumentation
b. History

e.c
c. Maturation
d. Testing

12. What type of validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be
generalized across time?
a. Ecological validity
b. External validity
c. Internal validity
d. Temporal validity
fre
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13. Which of the following best describes interpretive validity?
a. Factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher
b. Accurately portraying the meanings given by the participants to what is being
studied
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c. Degree to which a theoretical explanation fits the data

d. Ability to generalize the study results across settings

14. Which of the following terms is a strategy where the researcher actively engages
in critical self-reflection about his or her potential biases and predispositions.
l

a. Experimenter effect
w.a

b. Reactivity
c. Investigator triangulation
d. Reflexivity

15. Which of the following is not considered one of the criteria for inferring causality?
ww

a. Evidence that the independent and dependent variables are related

b. Evidence that the relationship between the variables being investigated is not due
to a
confounding extraneous variable
c. Evidence that changes in variable A occur before changes in variable B
d. The temporal ordering of the variables being investigated does not matter because
a
relationship is all that is really needed

16. The use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is one
strategy that is used to promote qualitative research validity. Which of the following
terms describes this strategy?
a. Data matching
b. Pattern matching
c. Data triangulation
d. Data feedback

17. What may happen when different comparison groups experience a different
history event?
a. History effect
b. Selection-history effect
c. Selection effect
d. Group effect

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18. What is another term that refers to a confounding extraneous variable?
a. Last variable
b. First variable
c. Third variable
d. Fourth variable

e.c
19. Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over time in
the way in which the dependent variable is assessed?
a. Instrumentation
b. Maturation
c. Testing
d. Selection fre
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20. Which of the following terms describes the ability to generalize from the sample
of individuals on which a study was conducted to the larger target population of
individuals and across different subpopulations within the larger target population?
a. External validity
b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity
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d. Temporal validity

21. Which of the following is not a strategy used to promote qualitative research
validity?
a. Peer review
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b. Theory triangulation
w.a

c. Extended fieldwork
d. Random assignment

22. The use of several measures of a construct is called:

a. Multiple operationalism
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b. Multiple construct measurement

c. Operationalism
d. Methods triangulation

23. A physical or mental change that occurs in participants over time that affects
their performance on the dependent variable is called ________.
a. Instrumentation
b. Maturation
c. Regression
d. None of above

24. Attrition generally occurs in research where ____.

a. You do demographic research
b. The study fails
c. Some participants do not complete the study
d. The study is very brief

25. Differential attrition occurs when the people dropping out from one group are
different from the others in their group or from the people in the comparison group.
a. True
b. False

26. Internal validity refers to which of the following?

om
a. The ability to infer that a casual relationship exists between 2 variables
b. The extent to which study results can be generalized to and across populations of
persons,
settings, and times
c. The use of effective measurement instruments in the study
d. The ability to generalize the study results to individuals not included in the study

e.c
27. Which strategy used to promote qualitative research validity uses multiple
research methods to study a phenomenon?
a. Data triangulation
b. Methods triangulation

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c. Theory triangulation
d. Member checking

28. Which type of validity refers to the factual accuracy of an account as reported by
the researcher?
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a. Ecological validity
b. Temporal validity
c. Descriptive validity
d. None of the above
lon

29. Which of the following in not one of the key threats to internal validity?
a. Maturation
b. Instrumentation
c. Temporal change
d. History
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w.a

30. This type of validity refers to the ability to generalize the results of a study across
settings.
a. Temporal validity
b. Internal validity
c. Ecological validity
d. External validity
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31. Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design?
a. History
b. Testing
c. Sampling error
d. Differential selection

32. Alteration in performance due to being aware that one is participating in a study
is known as ______.
a. Operationalism
b. Reactivity
c. Temporal validity
d. Mortality
33. The idea that the more times a research finding is shown with different sets of
people, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generalizing beyond
the original participants is known as ___________.
a. Naturalistic generalization
b. Methods generalization
c. Data triangulation
d. Replication logic

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Answers:
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. c
5. c

e.c
6. a
7. d
8. d
9. d

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10. b
11. c
12. d
13. b
14. d
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15. d
16. c
17. b
18. c
19. a
20. b
lon

21. d
22. a
23. b
24. c
25. a
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w.a

26. a
27. b
28. c
29. c
30. c
31. c
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32. b
33. d

Chapter 9
Multiple Choice Questions
(The answers are provided after the last
question.)
1. Analysis of covariance is:
a. A statistical technique that can be used to help equate groups on specific
variables
b. A statistical technique that can be used to control sequencing effects
c. A statistical technique that substitutes for random assignment to groups
d. Adjusts scores on the independent variable to control for extraneous variables

2. To determine whether noise affects the ability to solve math problems, a

researcher has one group solve math problems in a quiet room and another group
solve math problems in a noisy room. The group solving problems in the noisy room
completes 15 problems in one hour and the group solving problems in the quiet room
completes 22 problems in one hour. In this experiment, the independent variable is

om
____________ and the dependent variable is _____________.
a. The number of problems solves; the difficulty of the problems
b. The number of problems solved; the noise level in the room
c. The noise level in the room; the number of problems solved
d. The noise level in the room; the difficulty of the problems

e.c
3. The posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups is likely to control for which of
the following threats to internal validity:
a. History

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b. Differential selection
c. Additive and interactive effects
d. Differential attrition

4. When all participants receive all treatment conditions, the study is susceptible to:
line
a. Order effects
b. Carryover effects
c. Analysis of covariance
d. a and b
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5. A researcher is interested in the effects of a preschool program on later school

performance. Because she is concerned that socio-economic-status (SES) is a
potential extraneous variable in her study, she picks children to study who are only
from low SES homes. The control technique she used in this study was:
a. Matching
l

b. Random assignment
w.a

c. Holding the extraneous variable constant

d. Statistically controlling the extraneous variable

6. Which of the following terms best describes an interaction effect?

a. The effect of one independent variable (on a DV) depends on the level of another
independent
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variable
b. Eliminating any differential influence of extraneous variables
c. Sequencing effect that occurs from the order in which the treatment conditions
are
administered
d. The effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable

7. Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to
statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?
a. Experimental control
b. Differential influence
c. Matching
d. Analysis of covariance
8. Which of the following is not a way to manipulate an independent variable?
a. Presence technique
b. Amount technique
c. Type technique
d. Random technique
9. Which of the following designs permits a comparison of pretest scores to
determine the initial equivalence of groups on the pretest before the treatment
variable is introduced into the research setting.
a. One-group pretest-posttest design

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b. Pretest-posttest control group design
c. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups
d. Both b and c

10. Counterbalancing is _________.

e.c
a. Usually based on random selection of participants
b. Only used when one pretest variable needs to be controlled
c. Chosen to control for such things as order and carryover effects*
d. All of the above

a. Experimental group
b. Control group
c. Participant group
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11. The group that receives the experimental treatment condition is the _____.
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d. Independent group

12. Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher controls for
both known and unknown variables?
a. Building the extraneous variable into the design
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b. Matching
c. Random assignment
d. Analysis of covariance

13. The group that does not receive the experimental treatment condition is the
l

________.
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a. Experimental group
b. Control group
c. Treatment group
d. Independent group
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14. There are a number of ways in which confounding extraneous variables can be
controlled. Which control technique is considered to be the best?
a. Random assignment
b. Matching
c. Counterbalancing
d. None of the above

15. Which of the following could be used for randomly assigning participants to
groups in an experimental study?
a. Split-half (e.g., first half versus second half of a school directory)
b. Even versus odd numbers
c. Use a list of random numbers or a computer randomization program
d. Let the researcher decide which group will be the best
16. Which term is not a related to counterbalancing?
a. Carryover effect
b. Order effect
c. Sequencing effects
d. Matching

17. A cell is a combination of two or more ____ in a factorial design.

a. Research designs
b. Research measurements
c. Dependent variables

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d. Independent variables

18. Which of the following designs does an excellent job of controlling for rival
hypotheses that threaten the internal validity of an experiment?
a. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups

e.c
b. Posttest-only control-group design
c. Pretest-posttest control-group design
d. Both b and c are excellent designs

a. Amount technique
b. Absence technique
c. Type technique
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19. Manipulating the independent variable by varying the type on the independent
variable that is presented to the different comparison groups is known as _____.
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d. Presence technique
20. Which of the following terms is a sequencing effect that occurs from the order in
which the treatment conditions are administered?
a. Carry-over effect
b. Order effect
lon

c. Sequencing effects
d. None of the above
21. When manipulating the independent variable in an educational experiment,
which of the following describes this method?
a. An independent variable is manipulated using the presence or absence technique
l

b. The researchers varies the amount of the independent variable that is

w.a

administered
c. The researcher varies the type of the independent variable
d. All of the above are possible

22. Which method of controlling confounding extraneous variables takes precedence

over all other methods?
ww

a. Matching individual participants

b. Holding extraneous variables
c. Building the extraneous variable into the research design
d. Counterbalancing
e. Randomly assign research participants to the groups

23. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the
effect produced by the ____.
a. Dependent variable
b. Extraneous variable
c. Independent variable
d. Confounding variable
24. This type of design is one where all participants participate in all experimental
treatment conditions.
a. Factorial design
b. Repeated measures design
c. Replicated design
d. Pretest-posttest control-group design

25. A factorial design is one in which ____.

a. Only one independent variable is studied to determine its effect on the dependent
variable

om
b. Only two independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their
independent
and interactive effects on the dependent variable
c. Two or more independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their
independent

e.c
and interactive effects on the dependent variable
d. Two dependent variables are studied to determine their interactive effects

26. The design in which one group of research participants is administered a

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treatment and is then compared, on the dependent variable, with another group of
research participants who did not receive the experimental treatment is ____.
a. One-group posttest-only design
b. One-group pretest-posttest design
c. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups
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d. time series design

27. _____ refers to the influence of a single independent variable.

a. Interaction effect
b. Reactive effect
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c. Main effect
d. Proactive effect

28. A sequencing effect that occurs when performance in one treatment condition is
influenced by participation in a prior treatment condition is known as ____.
l

a. Counterbalancing effect
w.a

b. Carryover effect
c. Treatment effect
d. Order effect
29. Which of the following is possible in a factorial design with two independent
variables?
a. There is only one main effect present
ww

b. There are two main effects present

c. There are two main effects and an interaction effect present
d. All of the above are possible

30. Which of the following is a factorial design where different participants are
randomly assigned to the levels of one independent variable but participants take all
levels on another independent variable?
a. One-group pretest-posttest
b. Pretest-posttest control-group design
c. Factorial design
d. Factorial design based on a mixed model

Answers:
1. a
2. c
3. a
4. d
5. c
6. a
7. d
8. d
9. b
10. c

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11. a
12. c
13. b
14. a
15. c

e.c
16. d
17. d
18. d
19. c
20. b
21. d
22. e
23. c
24. b
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25. c
26. c
27. c
28. b
29. d
30. d
lon

Chapter 10
Multiple Choice Questions
l
w.a

(The answers are provided after the last

question.)
1. A researcher does a study examining the effects of a preschool program. He uses a
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nonequivalent comparison group design. He finds that the cognitive growth of his
experimental group is greater than that of his control. Unfortunately, he later finds
that in general children who live in the area where he drew his experimental group
tend to grow faster cognitively than children who were from the area where he drew
his control group. When he discovered this problem, he discovered what threat to the
internal validity of his study?
a. Selection-maturation effect
b. History effect
c. Selection-instrumentation effect
d. Testing effect

2. For a treatment to be deemed effective when used in the context of an A-B-A

single case design, what has to occur?
a. Behavior should change as the treatment is implemented
b. Behavior should return to baseline levels when the treatment is removed
c. When the treatment is removed, behavior should stay at the level that was created
by the
treatment rather than revert back to the baseline
d. Both a and b

3. In a changing-criterion design, changes in criterion are best done:

a. As soon as the prior criterion is met
b. When the previous criterion is met and the behavior has stabilized

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c. Regardless of the previous criteria
d. After a fixed number of trials

4. The non-equivalent comparison group design is a quasi-experimental design in

which, for reasons of practicality, we cannot insure that the control and experimental

e.c
groups are equivalent to each other when the experiment begins. The major
interpretational difficulty imposed by this design is:
a. Measuring whether the two groups are different from each other on the posttest
b. Deciding how much each group has gained

fre
c. Determining when enough data points are collected
d. Being sure that any differences between groups at the end of the experiment are
due to the independent variables influence and not due to preexisting group
differences
line
5. A treatment effect is demonstrated in the regression discontinuity design by:
a. A discontinuity in the regression line
b. A significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores
c. Analysis of covariance
d. The demonstration of an interaction
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6. Which of the following is a primary threat to the interrupted time-series design?

a. History effect
b. Selection-history
l

c. Selection-maturation
w.a

d. All of the above

7. A design consisting of an experimental and a control group but participants are not
randomly assigned to the groups is which of the following?
a. Interrupted time-series design
ww

b. Nonequivalent comparison-group design

c. Single case design
d. A-B-A-B design

8. A form of the nonequivalent comparison-group design is recommended when ____.

a. It is not possible to control for a basic history effect
b. It is not possible to randomly assign participants to groups
c. It is not possible to identify two groups
d. All of the above

9. A threat to internal validity in the nonequivalent comparison-group design is the

_____ effect.
a. Selection-maturation effect
b. Selection-history effect
c. Selection-regression
d. All of the above are threats

10. A threat to internal validity in the nonequivalent comparison-group design is the

_____ effect.
a. Maturation effect
b. Selection-history effect
c. Failure to revert to baseline
d. All of the above

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11. How many variables should be changed at a time when conducting a single-case
design?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2

e.c
D. 1

12. In quasi-experimental research designs, causal interpretations can be made

_______.

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a. Only when rival explanations have been shown to be plausible
b. Only when rival explanations have been shown to be implausible
c. Only when the participants have been randomly selected
d. Only when there is a single participant in the experiment
line
13. In single-case research, baseline refers to ________.
a. The beginning point of the treatment condition
b. The end point of the treatment condition
c. The rate of response established prior to the experimental intervention
d. The time during which a treatment condition is administered
lon

14. Which type of design can be used when the goal is to create a step-by-step
increase (or decrease) in the amount, accuracy, or frequency of some behavior over
a period of time?
a. Nonequivalent comparison-group design
l

b. A-B-A-B
w.a

c. Changing-criterion design
d. A-B design

15. Which of the following occurs in a comparison group design when one of the two
groups of participants grows or naturally develops faster than the other group?
ww

a. Main effect
b. Sequencing effect
c. Order effect
d. Selection-maturation effect

16. An observation of a dependent variable response prior to any attempt to change

this response is known as the ___________.
a. Flat line
b. Baseline
c. Variance
d. Reverse

17. The most frequently used quasi-experimental design is the _________ design.
a. Nonequivalent comparison-group
b. Interrupted time-series
c. Changing-criterion
d. Regression discontinuity

18. A baseline _____________.

a. Is used as the standard against which change induced by the treatment is
assessed
b. Is the occurrence of a response in its freely occurring or natural state
c. Is first obtained prior to the administration of a treatment
d. All of the above are true

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19. A single-case experimental design in which the response to a treatment is
compared to baseline occurring before and after the treatment is called what?
a. A-B-A design
b. Single-case design

e.c
c. Multiple-baseline
d. Changing-criterion

20. In a single-case design, you hope that the behavior of the participants prior to the

a.
b.
c.
d.
Not highly variable
Highly variable
Moving at a steep rate of change
None of the above
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administration of a treatment condition is ________.
line
21. The ________________ design rules out history by demonstrating that the
dependent variable response reverts back to the baseline when the treatment is
withdrawn.
a. Changing-criterion design
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b. A-B
c. A-B-A design
d. Interrupted time-series design

22. Which design would use analysis of covariance during data analysis?
l

a. Nonequivalent comparison-group design

w.a

b. Interrupted time-series design

c. Changing criterion design
d. A-B-A-B design

23. The interrupted time-series design can also be viewed as a(n):

ww

a. A-B design
b. A-B-A design
c. A-B-A-B design
d. Control-group design

24. Why is it important to change one variable at a time in single case designs?
a. Changing one variable allows isolation of the cause of the change
b. Changing more than one variable at a time confounds those independent variables
c. Both a and b are true
d. None of the above
25. What is the difference between A-B-A design and A-B-A-B design?
a. Both designs end on the treatment condition
b. Neither design ends on a treatment condition
c. Baseline conditions are only established in the A-B-A-B design
d. A-B-A-B allows the reintroduction of the treatment condition during the last phase
26. Which of the following is not a phase in the A-B-A design?
a. Baseline measurement
b. Introduction of treatment
c. Introduction of a second treatment
d. Removal of treatment

27. Researchers can attempt to eliminate the threat of bias from the selection-
maturation effect in the nonequivalent comparison-group design by matching
experimental and control participants on important variables.

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a. True
b. False

28. Group comparison designs are always superior to single-case designs.

a. True

e.c
b. False

Answers:
1. a
2. d
3. b
4. d
5. a
6. a
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7. b
8. b
9. d
10. b
11. d
lon

12. b
13. c
14. c
15. d
16. b
l

17. a
w.a

18. d
19. a
20. a
21. c
22. a
23. a
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24. c
25. d
26. c
27. a
28. b

Chapter 11
Multiple Choice Questions
(The answers are provided after the last
question.)
1. The number of police officers and the number of crimes are positively related. This
relationship is:
a. A causal relationship
b. A direct relationship
c. A probabilistic causal relation
d. A spurious relationship

2. A research studies the relation between early reading and later school

om
achievement. She decides that a potentially extraneous variable in the relationship is
IQ. In developing her groups for her study, she pairs each child who was an early
reader with a child of the same IQ level who was not an early reader. The control
technique she used was:
a. Holding the extraneous variable constant
b. Statistical control

e.c
c. Matching
d. Random assignment

3. Partial correlation analysis involves:

variables statistically fre

a. Examining the relationship between two or more variables controlling for
additional

b. Including only one group in a correlational analysis

c. Matching participants on potential confounding variables
line
d. Limiting the sample to individuals at a constant level of an extraneous variable

4. The directors of a graduate program in educational research wish to see what

types of jobs their graduates take after they finish their program. They randomly
sample students from the program and have them fill out questionnaires with items
lon

asking about the types of jobs they have had. They also are asked to describe the
roles they play in their current positions. This project is best described as having
what kind of objective:
a. Descriptive
b. Predictive
l

c. Explanatory
w.a

5. When research is done to test hypotheses and theories about how and why
phenomena operate as they do, then the primary purpose of such research is:
a. Descriptive
b. Predictive
c. Explanatory
ww

6. The variable the researcher matches to eliminate it as an alternative explanation is

called a(n) _________ variable.
a. Matching
b. Independent
c. Dependent
d. Partial

7. Which of the following is not a longitudinal design?

a. Panel
b. Cross-sectional
c. Trend
d. Both a and c are longitudinal designs
8. The positive correlation between teachers salaries and the price of liquor is
_________.
a. Spurious
b. Due to a third-variable
c. Nonspurious
d. Both a and b

9. Which of the following is considered a special case of the general linear model?

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a. A variable
b. Partial correlation
c. Analysis of covariance
d. Both b and c

e.c
10. When a researcher starts with the dependent variable and moves backwards, it is
called ________.
a. Predictive research
b. Retrospective research
c. Exploratory research
d. Descriptive research

fre
11. The method of working multiple hypotheses refers to a technique for identifying
rival explanations.
line
a. True
b. False

12. GLM refers to which of the following?

a. General Logit Model
b. General Limited Model
lon

c. General Lab Model

d. General Linear Model

13. The post hoc fallacy is ____.

a. Making the argument that because A preceded B, A must have caused B
l

b. Making the argument that because A preceded B, A and B must be correlated

w.a

c. Making the argument that because A preceded B, they cannot be correlated

d. None of the above

14. Which one of the following is not a step in nonexperimental research?

a. Determine research problem and hypotheses
ww

b. Analyze data
c. Interpret results
d. All are steps

15. If a research finding is statistically significant, then ____.

a. The observed result is probably not due to chance
b. The observed result cannot possibly be due to chance
c. The observed result is probably a chance result
d. The null hypothesis of no relationship is probably true

16. Which of the following is/are necessary condition(s) for causation?

a. The relationship condition
b. The temporal antecedence condition
c. The lack of alternative explanation condition
d. All of the above

17. Which of the following independent variables cannot be manipulated in a

research study?
a. Gender
b. Ethnicity
c. Intelligence and other traits
d. None of ht above can be manipulated in a research study

om
18. __________ is a form of explanatory research in which the researcher develops a
theoretical model and empirically tests the model to determine how well the model
fits the data.
a. Causal modeling
b. Predictive research

e.c
c. Descriptive research
d. Exploratory research

19. Nonexperimental research in which the primary independent variable of interest

a. Causal-comparative research
b. Correlational research fre
is categorical is sometimes called_____________.
line
20. Which approach is the strongest for establishing that a relationship is causal?
a. Causal-comparative
b. Correlational
c. Experimental
d. Historical
lon

21. Which approach is the strongest for establishing that a relationship is causal?
a. Causal-comparative
b. Correlational
c. One CANNOT say without additional information (i.e., it could be either depending
on how well the researcher established the three necessary conditions for cause
l

and effect)
w.a

22. _______ is the most commonly used technique for controlling for extraneous
variables in nonexperimental research.
a. Matching
ww

b. Holding extraneous variables constant

c. Statistical control
d. Static control

23. It is best to use the method of working multiple hypotheses when _____.
a. You are finished with your research
b. You are planning your research study
c. You are hoping to publish your already obtained research results
d. None of the above

24. Matching can be done when your independent variable is categorical or

quantitative.
a. True
b. False

25. If a correlation coefficient is .96, we would probably be able to say that the
relationship is ____.
a. Weak
b. Strong
c. Statistically significant
d. b is true and c is probably true

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26. What happens in a completely spurious relationship once the researcher controls
for a confounding third-variable?
a The relationship between the original variables will get stronger
b. The relationship between the original variables will remain unchanged
c. The correlation coefficient will get closer to 1.0
d. The relationship between the original variables will get weaker or, if the original

e.c
relationship
is fully spurious, it will disappear (i.e., the original relationship will become zero as
measured by a correlation coefficient)

fre
27. Which of the three necessary conditions for cause and effect is almost always
problematic in nonexperimental research?
a. Condition 1: Variable A and Variable B must be related (the relationship
condition).
b. Condition 2: Proper time order must be established (the temporal antecedence
line
condition).
c. Condition 3: The relationship between variable A and Variable B must not be due
to some
confounding extraneous variable"
d. Nonexperimental research is always weak on all three of the conditions
lon

28. Which of the following is NOT a form of longitudinal research?

a. Trend study
b. Panel study
c. Cross-sectional study
l
w.a

29. Observing a relationship between two variables is NOT sufficient grounds for
concluding that the relationship is a causal relationship.
a. True
b. False
ww

30. This type of longitudinal research studies the same individuals over an extended
period of time.
a. Trend study
b. Panel study
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b

31. This type of research tests hypotheses and theories in order to explain how and
why a phenomenon operates as it does.
a. Descriptive research
b. Predictive research
c. Explanatory research
d. None of the above
32. The Pearson product moment correlation measures the degree of _________
relationship present between two variables.
a. Curvilinear
b. Nonlinear
c. Linear and quadratic
d. Linear

Answers:
1. d
2. c

om
3. a
4. a
5. c
6. a
7. d

e.c
8. d
9. d
10. b
11. a
12. d
13. a
14. d
15. a
16. d
fre
line
17. d
18. a
19. a
20. c
21. c
22. c
lon

23. b
24. a
25. d
26. d
27. c
l

28. c
w.a

29. a
30. b
31. c
32. d
ww

Chapter 12
Multiple Choice Questions
(The answers are provided after the last
question.)
1. Which of the following is characteristic of qualitative research?
a. Generalization to the population
b. Random sampling
c. Unique case orientation
d. Standardized tests and measures

2. Phenomenology has its disciplinary origins in:

a. Philosophy
b. Anthropology
c. Sociology
d. Many disciplines

om
3. The primary data analysis approach in ethnography is:
a. Open, axial, and selective coding
b. Holistic description and search for cultural themes
c. Cross-case analysis
d. Identifying essences of a phenomenon

e.c
4. The term used to describe suspending preconceptions and learned feelings about a
phenomenon is called:
a. Axial coding
b. Design flexibility
c. Bracketing
d. Ethnography
fre
5. A researcher studies how students who flunk out of high school experienced high
line
school. She found that it was common for such students to report that they felt like
they had little control of their destiny. Her report that this lack of control was an
invariant part of the students experiences suggests that lack of control is _______ of
the flunking out experience.
a. A narrative
b. A grounded theory
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c. An essence
d. A probabilistic cause

6. The specific cultural conventions or statements that people who share a culture
hold to be true or false are called ______.
l

a. Shared attitudes
w.a

b. Shared beliefs
c. Shared values
d. Norms

7. The written and unwritten rules that specify appropriate group behavior are called
ww

_____.
a. Shared attitudes
b. Shared beliefs
c. Shared values
d. Norms

8. Which of the following is not an advantage of studying multiple cases?

a. Multiple cases can be compared for similarities and differences
b. Multiple cases can more effectively test a theory than a single case
c. Generalizations about population are usually better when based on multiple cases.
d. Cost is lower and depth of analysis is easier when you study multiple cases in a
single research study

9. _____ are the standards of a culture about what is good or bad or desirable or
undesirable.
a. Shared attitudes
b. Shared beliefs
c. Shared values
d. Norms

10. _________ is the study of human consciousness and individuals experience of

some phenomenon.
a. Phenomenology
b. Ethnography

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c. Grounded theory
d. Case study research

11. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

a. Design flexibility

e.c
b. Inductive analysis
c. Context sensitivity
d. All of the above
12. ________ is a general methodology for developing theory that is based on data

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systematically gathered and analyzed.
a. Theory confirmation
b. Grounded theory
c. Theory deduction
d. All of the above
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13. The final stage in grounded theory data analysis is called ___________.
a. Axial coding
b. Theoretical saturation
c. Constant comparative method
lon

d. Selective coding

14. Which major characteristic of qualitative research refers to studying real world
situations as they unfold naturally?
a. Holistic perspective
l

b. Naturalistic inquiry
w.a

c. Dynamic systems
d. Inductive analysis

15. In which qualitative research approach is the primary goal to gain access to
individuals inner worlds of experience?
a. Phenomenology
ww

b. Ethnography
c. Grounded theory
d. Case study

16. The type of qualitative research that describes the culture of a group of people is
called ____.
a. Phenomenology
b. Grounded theory
c. Ethnography
d. Case study

17. The grounded theorist is finished analyzing data when theoretical saturation
occurs.
a. True
b. False

18. In which of the following case study designs does the researcher focus her
primary interest on understanding something more general than the particular case?
a. Intrinsic case study
b. Instrumental case study
c. Collective case study
d. It could be b or c

om
19. Which of the following phrases best describes "ethnocentrism"?
a. Special words or terms used by the people in a group
b. An external, social scientific view of reality
c. The study of the cultural past of a group of people
d. Judging people from a different culture according to the standards of your own

e.c
culture

20. Which of the following is usually not a characteristic of qualitative research?

a. Design flexibility
b. Dynamic systems
c. Naturalistic inquiry
d. Deductive design fre
line
21. Which of the following involves the studying of multiple cases in one research
study?
a. Intrinsic case study
b. Single case study
c. Instrumental case study
d. Collective case study
lon

22. Which of the following does not apply to qualitative research?

a. Data are often words and pictures
b. Uses the inductive scientific method
c. Ends with a statistical report
l

d. Involves direct and personal contact with participants

w.a

23. The difference between ethnographic research and other types of qualitative
research is that ethnographers specifically use the concept of culture to help
understand the results.
a. True
ww

b. False

24. What term refers to the insider's perspective?

A. Ethnocentrism
B. Emic perspective
C. Etic perspective
D. Holism

25. In data analysis of the grounded theory approach, the step which focuses on the
main idea, developing the story line, and finalizing the theory is called ________.
a. Open coding
b. Axial coding
c. Selective coding
d. Theoretical saturation
26. Which of the following is not one of the 4 major approaches to qualitative
research.
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Case study
d. Grounded theory
e. Nonexperimental

om
27. In "phenomenology," a well written report will be highly descriptive of the
participants experiences and will often elicit in the reader a feeling that they feel as
though they are experiencing the phenomenon themselves. This experience is called
_____.
a. A phenomenal experience
b. A vicarious experience

e.c
c. A significant experience
d. A dream

28. You want to study a Native American group in New Mexico for a six month period

fre
to learn all you can about them so you can write a book about that particular tribe.
You want the book to be accurate and authentic as well as informative and inspiring.
What type of research will you likely be conducting when you get to New Mexico?
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
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c. Grounded theory
d. Collective case study

29. The emic perspective refers to an external, social scientific view of reality.
a. True
lon

b. False

30. _________ is used to describe cultural scenes or the cultural characteristics of a

group of people.
a. Phenomenology
l

b. Ethnography
w.a

c. Grounded theory
d. Instrumental case study

31. Terms such as geeks, book worms, preps, are known as _____ terms.
a. Emic
ww

b. Etic

32. When a researcher identifies so completely with the group being studied that he
or she can no longer remain objective you have what is called _________.
a. Culture shock
b. Going native
c. Regression
d. Cultural relativism

Answers:
1. c
2. a
3. b
4. c
5. c
6. b
7. d
8. d
9. c
10. a
11. d
12. b
13. d
14. b

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15. a
16. c
17. a
18. d
19. d

e.c
20. d
21. d
22. c
23. a
24. b
25. c
26. e
27. b
28. a
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29. b
30. b
31. a
32. b

History Of Learning Theories

lon

e
Perspective Division of
l

Learning Theory Variables

w.a

of Concern Key Theorists Main Theories

Behaviorist Classical Conditioning Stimulus
Response Pavlov 1849-1936 Classical Conditioning
Behaviorist Behaviorism Stimulus
Response
Reinforcement Watson 1878-1958
ww

Thorndike1874-1949
Guthrie 1886-1959
Skinner1904-1990
Estes 1919 - Behaviorism
Connectionism
Contiguity Theory
Operant Conditioning
Stimulus Sampling Theory
Behaviorist Neobehaviorism Stimulus-Response
Intervening internal variables-
Purposive behavior Tolman 1886-1959
Hull 1884-1952
Spence 1907-1967 Sign-Theory&Latent-Learning
Drive Reduction Theory
Discrimination Learning
Cognitive Gestalt Learning Theory Perception
Decision making
Attention
Memory
Problem solving Wertheimer1880-1943
Lewin1890-1947
Kohler1887 - 1967
Koffka1887 - 1941

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Festinger 1919-1989 Gestalt Learning Theory
Field Theoretical Approach
Insight Learning
Gestalt Theory
Cognitive Dissonance

e.c
Cognitive Information Processing Information Processing
Computer models Hebb 1904 - 1985
Miller
Newell1927 - 1992
Craik & Lockhart
Paivio
Rumelhart Neurophysiologic Theory
Information-Processing-Theory
General Problem Solver
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Levels of Processing
Dual Coding Theory
Interactive Activation Compet.
Cognitive Constructivism Knowledge construction
Learner as active creator Ausubel1918 -
Bruner1915-
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Piaget (1896-1990)
Lave
Argyris
Spiro
Flavell
l

Schank Subsumption Theory

w.a

Constructivism
Genetic Epistemology
Situated Cognition
Double Loop Learning
Cognitive Flexibility Theory
Metacognition
ww

Script Theory
Cognitive Psychoanalytic
Learning Theory Unconscious processes Freud1856-1939
Psychoanalytic Learning
Humanist Humanistic Learning Emotional factors
and Affect Maslow 1908-1970
Rogers 1902-1987
Mezirow Humanistic Theory of Learning
Experiential Learning
Transformational Learning
Social Social Learning Interactions with
other Participants Vygotsky
Bandura
Brown Social Constructivism
Observational Learning Theory
Cognitive Apprenticeship..
General Theories
of Memory and
Intelligence Anderson 1947 -
Guilford
Gardner
Sternberg ACT*
Structure of Intellect

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Multiple Intelligences
Triarchic Theory
Instructional Theories-
Applications of learning
theory for classroom

e.c
and instructional use Pedagogy and theories
of Adult Learning Bransford
Cronbach
Cros
Gagne 1916-2002
Knowles
Landa
Mager
Merrill
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Reigeluth Anchored Instruction
Aptitude Treatment Interaction
CAL-Char. of Adult Learners
Conditions of Learning
Andragogy
Algo-Heuristic
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Criterion-Referenced-Instruction
Component Display Theory
Elaboration Theory
l
w.a

Cognitive

Affective

Psychomotor
knowledge
ww

attitude
skills
1. Recall data
1. Receive (awareness)
1. Imitation (copy)
2. Understand
2. Respond (react)
2. Manipulation (follow instructions)
3. Apply (use)
3. Value (understand and act)
3. Develop Precision
4. Analyse (structure/elements)
4. Organise personal value system
4. Articulation (combine, integrate related skills)
5. Synthesize (create/build)
5. Internalize value system (adopt behaviour)
5. Naturalization (automate, become expert)
6. Evaluate (assess, judge in relational terms)

om
e.c
fre
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l lon
w.a
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