Angular Kinetics

Linear Angular
Mass Moment of inertia
Force Torque
Momentum Angular momentum

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 Angular momentum

r=ix+jy+kz
dy
v = dr/dt = i dx
dt + y dt + k
dz
dt
L=rp
 
 i j k 

L =  x y z 
 px py pz 

L = i (ypz zpy ) + j (zpx xpz ) + k (xpy ypx )

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 Angular momentum

L = i (ypz zpy ) + j (zpx xpz ) + k (xpy ypx )

= iLx + jLy + kLz

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 Angular momentum

L = i (ypz zpy ) + j (zpx xpz ) + k (xpy ypx )

= iLx + jLy + kLz

 
~
Lx = y pz z py = y z
i z y

 
~
Ly = z px xpz = z x
i x z

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 Angular momentum

L = i (ypz zpy ) + j (zpx xpz ) + k (xpy ypx )

= iLx + jLy + kLz

 
~
Lx = y pz z py = y z
i z y

 
~
Ly = z px xpz = z x
i x z

 
~
Lz = xpy y px = x y
i y x

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 L2 = L L = L2x + L2y + L2z

Show that L2 and its components are linear and self-adjoint.

If = tan1 xy , show that ei is an eigenfunction of Lz

Operators are Hermitian!

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Properties:Commutator of operators

h i
Lx , Ly =?

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Properties:Commutator of operators

h i
Lx , Ly = i~ Lz

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Properties:Commutator of operators

h i
Lx , Ly = i~ Lz
h i
Ly , Lz = i~ Lx
h i
Lz , Lx = i~ Ly

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Properties:Commutator of operators

h i
Lx , Ly = i~ Lz
h i
Ly , Lz = i~ Lx
h i
Lz , Lx = i~ Ly

Individual angular momentum operatos do not commute.

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Properties:Commutator of operators

h i
Lx , Ly = i~ Lz
h i
Ly , Lz = i~ Lx
h i
Lz , Lx = i~ Ly

Individual angular momentum operatos do not commute.

They do not have simultaneous eigenfunctions

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Properties:Commutator of operators

h i
Lx , Ly = i~ Lz
h i
Ly , Lz = i~ Lx
h i
Lz , Lx = i~ Ly

Individual angular momentum operatos do not commute.

They do not have simultaneous eigenfunctions
We can not have perfect knowledge of any pair at the same time

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What about [L2 , Lx ] ?

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What about [L2 , Lx ] ?
h i
Lx , L2 = Lx L2 L2 Lx

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What about [L2 , Lx ] ?
h i
Lx , L2 = Lx L2 L2 Lx
= Lx (L2 L2x ) (L2 L2x )Lx

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What about [L2 , Lx ] ?
h i
Lx , L2 = Lx L2 L2 Lx
= Lx (L2 L2x ) (L2 L2x )Lx
= Lx (L2y + L2z ) (L2y + L2z )Lx

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What about [L2 , Lx ] ?
h i
Lx , L2 = Lx L2 L2 Lx
= Lx (L2 L2x ) (L2 L2x )Lx
= Lx (L2y + L2z ) (L2y + L2z )Lx
= Lx , L2y L2z , Lx
   

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 Lx , L2y = [Lx , Ly Ly ]
 
= [Lx , Ly ] Ly + Ly [Lx , Ly ]
= iLz Ly + iLy Lz
 2 
Lz , Lx = [Lz Lz , Lx ] = iLy Lz + iLz Ly
h i
Lx , L2 = 0

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 Lx , L2y = [Lx , Ly Ly ]
 
= [Lx , Ly ] Ly + Ly [Lx , Ly ]
= iLz Ly + iLy Lz
 2 
Lz , Lx = [Lz Lz , Lx ] = iLy Lz + iLz Ly
h i
Lx , L2 = 0
h i
Ly , L2 = 0

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 Lx , L2y = [Lx , Ly Ly ]
 
= [Lx , Ly ] Ly + Ly [Lx , Ly ]
= iLz Ly + iLy Lz
 2 
Lz , Lx = [Lz Lz , Lx ] = iLy Lz + iLz Ly
h i
Lx , L2 = 0
h i
Ly , L2 = 0
h i
Lz , L2 = 0

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 Lx , L2y = [Lx , Ly Ly ]
 
= [Lx , Ly ] Ly + Ly [Lx , Ly ]
= iLz Ly + iLy Lz
 2 
Lz , Lx = [Lz Lz , Lx ] = iLy Lz + iLz Ly
h i
Lx , L2 = 0
h i
Ly , L2 = 0
h i
Lz , L2 = 0
L2 and Lz(x,y) can be measured simultaneously.

L2 and each component are compatible observables and hence,

simultaneous eigenfunctions can be found.

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Spherical polar coordinates

(x,y,z)or(r,,)

r

Y

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 Spherical polar coordinates

Z
x = r sin cos
(x,y,z)or(r,,) y = r sin sin
z = r cos
r
p
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
= cos1
z
r
1 y
Y

= tan
x

X 0 r
0
0 2

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 Chain Rule

r
= + +
x x r x x
 

Lx = i~ sin + cot cos

 

Ly = i~ cot sin cos


Lz = i~

1 2
 
1
L2 = ~ 2
sin +
sin sin2 2

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 Chain Rule

r
= + +
x x r x x
 

Lx = i~ sin + cot cos

 

Ly = i~ cot sin cos


Lz = i~

1 2
 
1
L2 = ~ 2
sin +
sin sin2 2

r does not appear in any of the above expressions!

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Ladder Operators

L+ = Lx + iLy
L = Lx iLy

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 Ladder Operators

L+ = Lx + iLy
L = Lx iLy

Problems
Is L2x + L2y = (Lx + iLy ) (Lx iLy )?
Show that [L2 , L+ ] = 0.
Show that [Lz , L+ ] = h L+ .

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Ladder Operators

L+ = Lx + iLy
L = Lx iLy

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 Ladder Operators

L+ = Lx + iLy
L = Lx iLy
L2 L2z = L2x + L2y

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 Ladder Operators

L+ = Lx + iLy
L = Lx iLy
L2 L2z = L2x + L2y
L2 L2z = (Lx + iLy ) (Lx iLy ) Lz
= L+ L Lz = L L+ + Lz

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 Lz L+ = Lz (Lx + iLy ) = Lz Lx + iLz Ly
Lz L+ = Lx Lz + iLy + i(Ly Lz iLx )
= (Lx + iLy )Lz + (Lx + iLy )
= L+ Lz + L+ = L+ (Lz + 1)
Similarly Lz L = L (Lz 1)

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 Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

Let Y, (, ) be an eigenfunction of L2 and Lz

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 Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

Let Y, (, ) be an eigenfunction of L2 and Lz

L2 Y, (, ) = Y, (, )
Lz Y, (, ) = Y, (, )

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 Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

Let Y, (, ) be an eigenfunction of L2 and Lz

L2 Y, (, ) = Y, (, )
Lz Y, (, ) = Y, (, )
Lz (L+ Y, (, )) = L+ (Lz + 1)Y, (, )
= ( + 1)L+ Y, (, )
L+ Y, (, ) = C+ (Y,+1 (, ))

Similarly Lz (L Y, (, )) = ( 1) L Y, (, )
L Y, (, ) = C (Y,1 (, ))

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Show that
[Lz , L+ ] = ~L+
[Lz , L ] = ~L
[L+ , L ] = 2~Lz
 2 
L , L = 0

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 Eigenvalues of Lz and L2

hY, | L L+ | Y, i 0,

|| L+ | Y, i ||2 0

hY, | L2 Lz (Lz + 1) | Y, i = ( + 1) 0
hY, | L+ L | Y, i = ( 1) 0
2 + 2 + 0
2

= For every , there exists a minimum and a maximum value of .

Let those be min and max

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 Eigenvalues of Lz and L2

L+ Y,max = 0, L Y,min = 0
max (max + 1) = 0
min (min 1) = 0
= max (max + 1) = min (min 1)
2
max + max min (min 1) = 0

=
Quadratic equation in max

max = min 1 and max = min

=

rejected as max 6= min 1

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 Eigenvalues of Lz and L2
max = min

Eigenvalues of Lz are symmetric about 0!

As max = min + n
max = max + n
2max = n

n can be even 0 s are integer ~

n can be odd 0 s are half integer ~

Let us denote max =l=-min =0,1,2... or 1/2,3/2....

and =m = 0,1,2...., 1/2, 3/2....

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Eigenvalues of Lz and L2

L2 Ylm = l(l + 1)~2 Ylm

Lz Ylm = m~ Ylm , l m l

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 Eigenvalues of Lz and L2

L2 Ylm = l(l + 1)~2 Ylm

Lz Ylm = m~ Ylm , l m l

For a particular l value, there are 2l+1 values of m.

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 Eigenvalues of Lz and L2

L2 Ylm = l(l + 1)~2 Ylm

Lz Ylm = m~ Ylm , l m l

For a particular l value, there are 2l+1 values of m.

* A rotating body cannot take up an arbitrary orientation with respect to

some specified axis: Space quantaization

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 Vector Model

Z
l=2
m=2 |L|=2(2+1)
6
m=1
6

6
m=0

6
m=1
6

m=2

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 Operation of L+ and L on Y

What about C+ and C ??

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 Operation of L+ and L on Y

What about C+ and C ??

p
L+ Yl,m = l(l + 1) m(m + 1)~ Yl,m+1
p
L Yl,m = l(l + 1) m(m 1)~ Yl,m1

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 Space quantaization

L can never point in any specific direction, but instead is somewhere

on a cone in space such that its projection is known.
If L is fixed in space, that means all the components Lx Ly and Lz
are known!

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 Problems

We have measured the square of the orbital angular momentum of a

particle and have found the value L2 = 30~2 . If we now measured
the z-component of the orbital angular momentum, what are the
possible outcomes of the measurement?
We have measured the square of the orbital angular momentum of a
particle and have found the value L2 = 30~2 . We measured the
z-component of the orbital angular momentum and found Lz = 0. If
we now measured the x-component of the orbital angular momentum
Lx , what are the possible outcomes of the measurement?
Assume the orbital angular momentum quantum number l of a
particle is l = 2.
1 How many angles can the angular momentum L make with the
z-axis?
2 Calculate the value of the smallest angle.

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 Problems

A particle in a spherically symmetrical potential is known to be an

eigenstate of L2 and Lz . Prove that the expectation values satisfy
the following
1 hLx i =hLy i =0
~2 l(l + 1) ~2 m2
2 hL2x i =hL2y i =
2
3 hLx Ly i = 12 i~2 m

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 Operation of L+ and L on Y

What about C+ and C ??

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 Operation of L+ and L on Y

What about C+ and C ??

p
L+ Yl,m = l(l + 1) m(m + 1)~ Yl,m+1
p
L Yl,m = l(l + 1) m(m 1)~ Yl,m1

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Eigenfunctions of Lz and L2

Yl,m (, ) = | l, mi

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Eigenfunctions of Lz and L2

Yl,m (, ) = | l, mi
L+ Yl,l (, ) = 0

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Eigenfunctions of Lz and L2

Yl,m (, ) = | l, mi
L+ Yl,l (, ) = 0
 
i
e + icot Yl,l = 0

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Eigenfunctions of Lz and L2

Yl,m (, ) = | l, mi
L+ Yl,l (, ) = 0
 

i
e + icot Yl,l = 0

 

+ icot Yl,l = 0

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 Eigenfunctions of Lz and L2

Yl,m (, ) = | l, mi
L+ Yl,l (, ) = 0
 
i
e + icot Yl,l = 0

 

+ icot Yl,l = 0

Let Yl,l (, ) = l,l () l () 7 Separation of variables

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 Eigenfunctions of Lz and L2

Yl,m (, ) = | l, mi
L+ Yl,l (, ) = 0
 
i
e + icot Yl,l = 0

 

+ icot Yl,l = 0

Let Yl,l (, ) = l,l () l () 7 Separation of variables

l,l () i l
(cot l,l ())1 =
l

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 Eigenfunctions of Lz and L2

Yl,m (, ) = | l, mi
L+ Yl,l (, ) = 0
 
i
e + icot Yl,l = 0

 

+ icot Yl,l = 0

Let Yl,l (, ) = l,l () l () 7 Separation of variables

l,l () i l
(cot l,l ())1 = =l
l

1 l
i = Lz l = ll

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 dm
mm = 0
id

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 dm
mm = 0
id
dm
= imd
d

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 dm
mm = 0
id
dm
= imd
d
m () = N eim

Normalization
Z 2 1/2
1
N= (eim ) (eim ) d =
0 2

m () = 1 eim
2

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Single-valuedness of m
If is changed from + 2

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Single-valuedness of m
If is changed from + 2

m () = m ( + 2)

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Single-valuedness of m
If is changed from + 2

m () = m ( + 2)
eim = cos m + i sin m

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Single-valuedness of m
If is changed from + 2

m () = m ( + 2)
eim = cos m + i sin m
cos m = cos m( + 2)
=> m m( + 2) = n(2), n = 0, 1, 2.....

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Single-valuedness of m
If is changed from + 2

m () = m ( + 2)
eim = cos m + i sin m
cos m = cos m( + 2)
=> m m( + 2) = n(2), n = 0, 1, 2.....
m = n, n = 0, 1, 2, ..... Integers

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Single-valuedness of m
If is changed from + 2

m () = m ( + 2)
eim = cos m + i sin m
cos m = cos m( + 2)
=> m m( + 2) = n(2), n = 0, 1, 2.....
m = n, n = 0, 1, 2, ..... Integers

Important: Half-integral quantum numbers will come into picture when

we discuss spin angular momentum.

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 part

dl,l
l cot l,l = 0
d
d lnl,l = l cot d = l d ln (sin )
ln l,l = ln sinl + const
l,l = Nl,l sinl

Normalization
Z 1/2
Nl,l = sin2l sin d
0
 1/2
1 (2l + 1)!
=
2l l! 2

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  1/2
1 (2l + 1)!
Yl,l (, ) = sinl eil
2l l! 2

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  1/2
1 (2l + 1)!
Yl,l (, ) = sinl eil
2l l! 2
1/2
1l

(2l + 1)(l |m|)!
Yl,m (, ) =
2l l! 4(l + |m|)!

|m|/2 dl+|m|
l
1 y2 l+|m|
1 y 2 eim , y = cos
dy

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  1/2
1 (2l + 1)!
Yl,l (, ) = sinl eil
2l l! 2
1/2
1l

(2l + 1)(l |m|)!
Yl,m (, ) =
2l l! 4(l + |m|)!

|m|/2 dl+|m|
l
1 y2 l+|m|
1 y 2 eim , y = cos
dy
|m|
Yl,m (, ) = Nl,m Pl (y) eim ,

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  1/2
1 (2l + 1)!
Yl,l (, ) = sinl eil
2l l! 2
1/2
1l

(2l + 1)(l |m|)!
Yl,m (, ) =
2l l! 4(l + |m|)!

|m|/2 dl+|m|
l
1 y2 l+|m|
1 y 2 eim , y = cos
dy
|m|
Yl,m (, ) = Nl,m Pl (y) eim ,
|m|
Pl = Associated Legendre function of degree l and order m

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  1/2
1 (2l + 1)!
Yl,l (, ) = sinl eil
2l l! 2
1/2
1l

(2l + 1)(l |m|)!
Yl,m (, ) =
2l l! 4(l + |m|)!

|m|/2 dl+|m|
l
1 y2 l+|m|
1 y 2 eim , y = cos
dy
|m|
Yl,m (, ) = Nl,m Pl (y) eim ,
|m|
Pl = Associated Legendre function of degree l and order m
|m|
|m|/2 d|m|
Pl = 1 y2 Pl (y)
dy |m|

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  1/2
1 (2l + 1)!
Yl,l (, ) = sinl eil
2l l! 2
1/2
1l

(2l + 1)(l |m|)!
Yl,m (, ) =
2l l! 4(l + |m|)!

|m|/2 dl+|m|
l
1 y2 l+|m|
1 y 2 eim , y = cos
dy
|m|
Yl,m (, ) = Nl,m Pl (y) eim ,
|m|
Pl =
Associated Legendre function of degree l and order m
|m|
|m|/2 d|m|
Pl = 1 y2 Pl (y)
dy |m|
Pl (y) Legendre polynomial

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 Spherical Harmonics
The simultaneous eigenfunctions of L2 and Lz are usually written in
terms of the spherical harmonics.
|m|
Ylm (, ) = Nl,m Pl (cos ) eim

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 Spherical Harmonics
The simultaneous eigenfunctions of L2 and Lz are usually written in
terms of the spherical harmonics.
|m|
Ylm (, ) = Nl,m Pl (cos ) eim
Lz Ylm (, ) = m~ Ylm (, )

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 Spherical Harmonics
The simultaneous eigenfunctions of L2 and Lz are usually written in
terms of the spherical harmonics.
|m|
Ylm (, ) = Nl,m Pl (cos ) eim
Lz Ylm (, ) = m~ Ylm (, )
L2 Ylm (, ) = l(l + 1)~2 Ylm (, )

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 Spherical Harmonics
The simultaneous eigenfunctions of L2 and Lz are usually written in
terms of the spherical harmonics.
|m|
Ylm (, ) = Nl,m Pl (cos ) eim
Lz Ylm (, ) = m~ Ylm (, )
L2 Ylm (, ) = l(l + 1)~2 Ylm (, )
1
Y00 (, ) =
4
r
3
Y11 (, ) = sin ei
8
r
3
Y10 (, ) = cos
4
r
5
Y20 (, ) = (3cos2 1)
16

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adi ch430
States with l=0,1,2,3,....are known as s,p,d,f ....orbitals
?
Symmetry: [Ylm (, )] = (1)m Ylm (, )

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