H

om e Bod i es
H om e Bod i es
Tactile Experience in Domestic Space

J a m es K r a s n e r

T h e O h i o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e ss C o l u m b us
Copyright 2010 by The Ohio State University.
All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Krasner, James.
Home bodies : tactile experience in domestic space / James Krasner.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8142-1134-2 (cloth : alk. paper)ISBN 978-0-8142-9233-4 (cd-rom)
1. Human body in literature. 2. Touch in literature. 3. Touch. 4. Home in literature.
5. HomePsychological aspects. 6. Domestic space in literature. I. Title.
PN56.B62K73 2010
809'.933561dc22
2010013528

This book is available in the following editions:

Cloth (ISBN 978-0-8142-1134-2)
CD-ROM (ISBN 978-0-8142-9233-4)

Cover design by Mia Risberg.

Text design by Jennifer Shoffey Forsythe.
Type set in Adobe Palatino.
Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc.

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American
National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materi-
als. ANSI Z39.481992.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For my wife Laura and my sons Gray and Cole, who are my home
C ontents

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction 1

Part One Broken Homes: Intimacy, Tactility, and the

Dissolution of Domestic Space 19
1. Tangible Grief 21
2. Mess and Memory 41
3. The Hoarders House 62

Part Two Homes without Walls: Intercorporeal

Domestic Space 85
4. Homeless Companions 87
5. The Healing Touch 112

Part Three Home at the Bodys Edge: Domesticity

as Somatosensory Boundary Definition 137
6. The Language of Pressure 139
7. The Lepers Studio 165

Postscript Living and Dying at Home 190

Works Cited 201

Index 211
A cknowledgments

Arnold Arluke and Peter Gollub were both very generous with their
time and expertise on animal hoarding; they continue to do valuable
work helping hoarders and their animal victims. A version of chapter 1
appeared previously as Doubtful Arms and Phantom Limbs: The Tan-
gible Experience of Mourning, PMLA 119.2 (2004): 21832. It is reprinted
by permission of the copyright owner, The Modern Language Associa-
tion of America. A version of chapter 2 appeared previously as Accu-
mulated Lives: Metaphor, Materiality and the Homes of the Elderly,
Literature and Medicine 24.2 (2005): 20930. It is reprinted by permission
of the copyright holder, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
My colleagues at the University of New Hampshire, especially Janet
Aikins Yount and Michael Ferber, have given me all kinds of support
professional, emotional, moral, and occasionally immoralas I have
followed the winding path toward this publication. Like all teachers, I
owe my students a great debt for keeping my mind engaged, attentive,
and continually off-balance. The students in my graduate Architecture
and Victorian Literature class, who pushed me to think in even more
painfully interdisciplinary ways, deserve a special thanks: Holly Allaire,
Meredith Cartmill, Courtney Condo, Courtney Dziuba, Melanie Goss,
Elizabeth Montville, Vilija Pauliukonis, Kathleen Rinaldi Boisvert, and
Julie Samara. Heather Froehlich, from my Bible as Literature class,
offered useful insights into the Hebrew translations of the book of Job.
The editors at The Ohio State University Press, especially Sandy
Crooms and Maggie Diehl, are notorious for their astonishing good-
heartedness and hard work; no one has yet been able to fully explain

ix
x | Acknowledgments

the phenomenon. My friends Allyson Booth, Susan Greenfield, Jules

Law, Wendy Wall, and Matt Weissman remind me how to interweave the
irregular strands of everyday life and literary study. Finally, I would like
to thank my family: my wife, Laura Tanner, who is always right beside
me, completing every space I occupy, and my sons, Gray and Cole, who
have brought me fully in touch with the world; some day, I hope, they
will read this book and say, Okay,....
I ntroduction

This study argues for the centrality of the sense of touch to our experi-
ence of life at home. Highlighting the significance of tactility as a criti-
cal and experiential framework through which contemporary cultural
constructions of intimacy, domesticity, and embodied subjectivity can be
understood, my argument explores representations of tactile experience
to unveil the complex operation of the sense of touch in the domestic
realm. This work contributes to theoretical dialogues about the body
that attempt to redress our cultural neglect of embodied experience and
cultural analyses of domesticity that highlight the spatial dynamics of
daily life. While these critical approaches focus our attention on the prac-
tical dynamics of bodily experience, they nevertheless tend to neglect
the prominence of tactile sensation in our lives, particularly our lives at
home.
My analysis draws on two critical traditions: body theory and the
study of domestic space. Body theorists, whose analyses of somatic
boundary and orifice seek to counter an optical model of embodiment,
nevertheless tend to implicitly favor ocular over tactile metaphors for
enunciating bodily identity and lived experience in society. The opera-
tion of domestic space has been analyzed most extensively by cultural
theorists, who have addressed the home primarily as a material staging
ground for economic forces or gender relations; while they base their
arguments on the materiality of the home, they give little attention to the
material experience of the body within that home. Home Bodies establishes
a new dialogue among these various approaches to material domesticity

1
2, Introduction

and embodied identity by situating embodiment in its particular pos-

tural relationship to the emotionally resonant spaces of the home. I hope
to enrich this dialogue by including voices from a variety of humanis-
tic disciplines such as architectural theory and media studies, and most
extensively from the medical and social sciences, including gerontology,
neurology, sociology, and geography, which tend to address the practical
and habitual operations of the body at home. Such an analysis of domes-
tic embodiment will foreground tactile perception and unveil how the
tangible dynamics of our everyday lives create our identities and come
under stress when those identities are called into question.
Critics of art, literature, and culture who wish to emphasize embodi-
ment typically frame the relationship between visual and tactile expe-
rience in social and political terms; tactility has been suppressed by a
dominant Cartesian perceptual culture that favors spectacle and visual
surface. Building primarily on Maurice Merleau-Pontys work, this argu-
ment, which is enunciated in a variety of ways by Michel Foucault, Luce
Irigaray, and Roland Barthes, traces the ocularcentrism of the West-
ern tradition, which becomes crystallized in a modernist aesthetic that
attempts to establish a hegemonic bodily observer. The bodys material-
ity becomes subsumed within a visual panorama that can be controlled,
objectified, and ordered; a return to tactility would thus require a radical
repossession of the embodied self through what Martin Jay calls a hos-
tility to visual primacy (15). While the centrality of vision in Western
culture cannot be doubted, I would like to point out how complicit this
wide-ranging critical critique has itself been in promoting an essentially
ocular model of embodiment. In this formulation the body lurks, like the
Furies, below the surface, struggling to break out through cuts and ori-
fices in the bodys boundary. Ocular power establishes and maintains this
boundary, a culturally constructed envelope or membrane useful in polic-
ing social identity. Mary Douglas, in her discussion of biblical leprosy as
a breach of the bodys containing walls (190), constructs a gendered
boundary discourse, which Julia Kristeva applies psychoanalytically,
contrasting the patriarchal formulation of the clean and proper closed
or phallic body with the open, porous, and thus apparently monstrous,
female body (102). Elizabeth Harvey and Claudia Benthien, following
Mikhail Bakhtins discussion of the grotesque medieval body, identify
a historical moment when the bodys margin begins to be imagined as a
net, garment, or enclosed vessel (Harvey 85, Benthien 41). In all ver-
sions of this argument, the bodys material essence is accessed by breach-
ing or distorting its enveloping margin.
Despite their critique of ocularcentrism, analyses focused on the skin
 Introduction , 3

envelope tend to reassert the dominance of visual perception by relying

upon a figure/ground apprehension of bodily form. Bakhtin conceives
of the grotesque as a visual aesthetic in which the stress is laid on those
parts of the body that are open to the outside world, that is, the parts
through which the world enters the body or emerges from it. [...] This
especially strikes the eye in archaic grotesque (26). Lacan and Bakhtin
both establish a fundamental distinction between surface and orifice
which assumes the eyes tendency to complete forms or to be attracted
to their points of incompletion. As such, they arent comparing closed
and open bodies so much as closed and not-completely-closed bodies,
the orifice being the specific, limited site where the formal boundary
of the body is breached. When Benthien describes the pre-eighteenth-
century conception of the skin surface less as a wall in which closable
windows and doors were embedded and more as a kind of porous tissue
that could potentially have an opening anywhere (40), she is comment-
ing on the size and location of the orifices, not on the visibility of the
boundary. Kristevas analysis of the maternal trace also depends on
figure/ground distinctions, although in this case it is the mark or wound
rather than the orifice. Kristeva points to the visual discourse, inherent
in Mosaic Law itself, that defines admixture through the sore on the vis-
ible, presentable surface (101). Even Luce Irigaray, who explicitly argues
for the dissolution of the bodys envelope into a fluid (60) relation
between self and other, reverts to figure/ground language, describing
such fluid relations as [s]ense mirrors where the outline of the other is
profiled through touch (77).
Didier Anzieu is the body theorist who comes closest to arguing for
the tactile indeterminacy of the bodys edge. Anzieu describes the ego
forming within the womb through a physically contiguous integument
shared by mother and child. [T]he common skin ensures direct commu-
nication between the two partners, reciprocal empathy and an adhesive
identification (62). Anzieu argues that as the child develops, this con-
tiguous, translucent membrane becomes the psychic foundation for the
childs ego, becoming a shield or carapace to protect it from the pain of
the world. By touching and holding her child, a mother maximizes the
function of the maintaining, containing skin so that the child may intro-
ject his skin sufficiently as a background object, reestablish its Skin-Ego,
re-enforce its protective shield, tolerate pain (201). Anzieus argument
thus begins with tactility but moves toward visibly definable boundary.
In pressing together, mother and child reenact the blended boundary
of the womb, but the purpose of their embrace is to reestablish a linear,
containing boundary.
4, Introduction

Architectural theorists such as Juhani Pallasmaa, or Kent Bloomer and

Charles W. Moore, have been most successful at avoiding this anti-ocular
ocularcentrism by insisting on the importance of the posture and location
of the body. They thus represent it as a collection of tactile interactions
and mobile engagements rather than a visualizable outlined form. Pal-
lasmaa, for example, suggests that [a]s we open a door, the body weight
meets the weight of the door; the legs measure the steps as we ascend a
stairway, the hand strokes the handrail and the entire body moves diago-
nally and dramatically through space (63). The body in this passage
emerges as vectors of force among spaces and surfaces; it is not an open
or closed unit but a sequence of actions (pushing, stroking, climbing)
upon and among specific architectural forms. Kent Bloomer describes
such movements in architectural space as a form of dance (1078). By
contrast, Bakhtins architectural parallel for the grotesque body equates
its orifices and protuberances with towers and subterranean passages
(318), making the body itself a building with openings rather than inves-
tigating the bodys motion through architectural space.
Pallasmaas attention to the body in motion emerges from Merleau-
Pontys analysis of movement as a fundamental aspect of the working,
actual body: [N]ot the body as a chunk of space or a bundle of func-
tions but that body which is an intertwining of vision and movement.
[...] Because it moves itself and sees, it holds things in a circle around
itself. Things are an annex or prolongation of itself (Eye 162). The
bodys movement undercuts any possibility of static perspectival percep-
tion that would set up before the mind a picture or a representation of
the world (162). While the body holds things in a circle around itself,
it does not do so standing still; the body extends out into the world by
perpetually moving through it, thus setting up a dynamic network of
postural relations. Pioneering haptic theorist David Katz notes that the
touch organ, when kept motionless relative to the object, is beset with
a partial anaesthesia. Movement is as indispensable to touch as light is
to vision (qtd. in Krueger 17). To feel the world, one must move a part
of ones body against it. To move a door or walk up a stairway is to hold
the architecture of that building in a circle around oneself as a group
of haptic movements and sensations (pressure, solidity, empty space),
rather than to consider it a visual background against which ones body
appears. This contiguity can operate only through dynamic perception
in which the body, especially the hand, actively engages with material
phenomena, thus creating an ever-changing sequence of extensions
and reorientations of bodily form. It is virtually impossible to visual-
ize such a mobile, always changing, constantly prolonging and inter-
 Introduction , 5

weaving body as a visual figure. The prolongation of the hands tactile

perception through a stick, for example, involves for Merleau-Ponty the
incorporation of the stick into the body (Phenomenology 143). While we
are all familiar with this sort of perceptionwe feel the paper through
the pen or the road through the bicycles handlebarsit does not lend
itself to visual representation. Such a sensory prolongation is distinct
from Bakhtins bulge of the body outward, which easily corresponds
to, even calls for, a visual image.
Because our physical experience of home life is intimate and habitual,
and our tactile sensations of the homes spaces and surfaces are so famil-
iar, they serve as the most recognizable example of the sort of located
tactility I will investigate. My focus is the relationship among our per-
ception of the bodys edge, the space that surrounds it, and the material
forms (including people, objects, animals, and architectural features) that
make up domestic space. I argue that the emotional power of domestic-
ity is fully located in the relations between these phenomena as much as
it is in the homes geometrical space or ideological formulation. While
the home is both a cultural formulation and a building, it is, more than
either of these, a cluster of tactile sensations and bodily positions that
form the somatic groundwork through which we experience its emo-
tional sustenance. If we focus more on motion and location in domes-
tic space rather than on geometric or spectacular function, domesticity
ultimately becomes contiguous with the bodys sensorium. Embodied
identity at home cannot be defined by a clear edge or reduced to figure/
ground distinctions; rather, it must take into account the bodys intimate
and dynamic engagement with the homes resonantly familiar material-
ity. The home, in the analysis that follows, emerges as a bodily operation
rather than an architectural structure.
I have tried to avoid the slippage between material space and text
that tends to characterize literary criticism focused on architecture. Rich-
ard Wittman argues that beginning in early-eighteenth-century Europe,
as print culture became pervasive and the body ceased to serve as the
central location of identity, architectural meaning ceased to be conveyed
by the allusive, poetic language of stones and mortar and was commu-
nicated instead by written description of buildings, thereby offering the
word as a substitute for architectural expression (3). Wittmans historical
analysis helps explain the enduring critical tradition whereby architec-
tural space is analyzed not in relation to an embodied community of
critics but as a textual discourse interchangeable with other cultural texts.
In Housing Problems, Susan Bernsteins analysis of the houses of Goethe,
Walpole, and Freud in relation to their aesthetic and psychoanalytic theo-
6, Introduction

ries, for example, she seems at first to call for an embodied approach: the
habit of the literal is housed in the house, our usual dwelling, the unac-
countable spaces and rooms through which even the most philosophi-
cal bodies pass (13). Bernstein proceeds to dismiss her attention to the
homes materiality as an argumentative feint (154), however, asserting
that the experience of place is actually an opportunity to connect texts,
images recollections, and representations[,] [ . . . ] a dense layering of
texts that rhetorically produce certain effects of authenticity and con-
nectedness (15). This elision of the architectural and the textual is suf-
ficiently conventional as to be assumed by some architectural critics as
well. Writing in the Chronicle of Higher Education in 2008, Norman Wein-
stein bemoans recent architectural students inability to move gracefully
between design and text through the creation of complex, multidimen-
sional, written descriptions that, nevertheless, can be put into commer-
cially compelling narratives for the general public (B21). While such an
approach offers valuable insights into the semiotic power of architecture,
it applies largely to philosophical bodies rather than literal ones.
My approach to domesticity, which defines the home as at once mate-
rial and apprehended, resides somewhere between that of philosophers
such as Gaston Bachelard and Michel de Certeau and cultural theorists
such as Michael McKeon and Victoria Rosner. Bachelards Poetics of Space
establishes the home as an imaginary or mnemonic realm in which archi-
tectural structures are synecdoches for the emotional states defining self-
hood. While Bachelard gestures toward the reality of attics and basements,
the material structures of the home loom largest as imaginary forms
through which the sheltered being gives perceptible limits to his shel-
ter. He experiences the house in its reality and its virtuality, by means of
thought and dreams (5). Similarly, de Certeau, in his distinction between
the map and the tour of lived space, argues for an understanding of
the home as a chain of spatializing operations (120) that establishes iden-
tity through mobile engagement between body and space. Yet de Certeaus
is largely a semantic space, in which walking is a space of enunciation
(98), and rooms serve to define narrative, rather than bodily, limits. Ros-
ner and McKeon, on the other hand, address the actual material surfaces
and structures of the built environment in order to understand the home
as a (primarily visual) grid of social relations with spatial hierarchies
demarcating economic and gender politics (Rosner 2). Their work has
demonstrated the homes ability to amplify the social symbolism of the
material distinctions it creates, particularly those between interior and
exterior spaces. I hope to combine Bachelards awareness of the emotional
resonance of familiar space with McKeons belief in the determinative
 Introduction , 7

power of material surfaces in order to address the emotional impact of the

material aspects of the home in relation to the materiality of the body.
Throughout I concentrate on those moments when body or home or
both are at risk, and their tactile relation thus becomes most apparent.
Our perceptions of our own bodies, and of the spaces in our homes, are
fraught with anxieties that emerge most vividly when the tactile prac-
tices of embodiment become misaligned with the material structures of
domesticity. Grief, memory loss, psychological disorders, and disease all
reveal the tactile aspects of our intimate, embodied relations with our
loved ones, caregivers, pets, and prized objects. Physical and psycho-
logical dysfunction threatens the graceful motion of the body through
the home, reorganizing the boundaries and valuations of its spaces, to
threaten both body and domestic order. As Laura U. Marks has argued in
her discussion of cinematic tactility, embodiment should not be reduced
to numinous universal repleteness but rather placed in the context of
particularized bodily distress. [P]erception is not an infinite return to
the buffet table of lived experiences but a walk through the minefield of
embodied memory (152). These crises, by forcing us to negotiate mem-
ory and identity somatically, reveal how grounded in tactile sensation
our home lives are and make us aware of how the experience of embod-
ied domesticity always returns us to tactile apprehension.
By focusing on the bodys edge in illness and grief, my discussion
often broaches theories of the abject. Both Douglas and Kristeva argue
that the spatial dynamics of purity and impurity follow a logic of distri-
bution (Kristeva 91) in which the impure is defined by its exclusion from
the Temples sacred space. To accurately locate the abject, then, one must
define both the bodys and the buildings walls, and their crucial rela-
tion to one another. The corporeal dysfunctions of ones bodily boundary
correspond to ones being allowed to have access or not to a placethe
holy place of the Temple (93). Kristeva goes on to discuss the interi-
orization and metaphorization of holy space in the New Testament, so
that the abject becomes fully internalized as sin through the building
of that archaic space, the topological demarcation of the preconditions
of a subjectivity (117). This inversion of Levitical pollution, by which it
is the bodys interior that opens to pour forth its corruption, is borne out
in many of the scenarios of domestic pollution I address. For health care
workers, elderly homeowners, and animal hoarders, the body, alone or
in combination with other bodies, is the disorderly center that spreads
contamination outward through the home. I would argue, however, with
Kristevas use of the term archaic space to define an interiorized self;
identity becomes spatial only when it has become contiguous with or
8, Introduction

located in relation to the body as a material form. Contagion involves

opening and spreading of the body outward, but that same process is
always at work in the home, as our domestic lives tend to materialize and
externalize our subjectivity in tangible self-representations and material
engagements, located in specific architectural spaces or postural relations
to other bodies. In the home, we are always in a sort of Temple, in which
the embodied self, no matter how profane, is tangibly present.
Consequently, a tactile definition of the bodys edge invariably com-
plicates the process of locating purity. The distinction between the bodys
inside and outside articulated as the skin envelope largely depends,
as I have suggested above, upon visual distinctions that cant be fully
translated to tactile experience. The abject is located at the border of
my condition as a living being. My body extricates itself, as being alive,
from that border (3). But such extrication cannot be perceived tangibly
without a reinfection; the abject is the in between, the ambiguous, the
composite (4), but the sense of touch operates only in between. In her
famous example of the skin on the surface of milk, Kristeva elides touch
and vision: When the eyes see or the lips touch that skin on the sur-
face of milk [...] I experience a gagging sensation (23). Seeing and
touching are not comparable in this case, however, since once the lips
have touched the milk, the bodys boundary is already blended with it.
Moreover, the pharyngeal, or gag, reflex is most often incited by touch,
a neural response to something touching the pharynx, or the soft palate.
This sort of sensation registers when something has already invaded the
body or has already begun to emerge from it; it is a bodily behavior that
highlights the ambiguity of the bodys boundary. Kristevas equation of
vision and touch points to the inapplicability of this sort of abjection to
tactile experience, since the self-reflexive quality of touch consistently
eludes the desire for the precise location of the self.
My attention to the suffering body, and my application of literary
studies to health concerns, position this book within the growing field of
Medical Humanities. This field has emerged from medical ethics, moti-
vated primarily by doctors seeking to employ the disciplinary tools of
literary and cultural theory, philosophy, sociology, and anthropology to
improve the empathetic communication between doctor and patient. In a
2001 Editors Preface to the journal Literature and Medicine, Rita Charon
and her co-editor Maura Spiegel offer the following useful formulation of
the goals of the field:

Narrative medicine has developed in tandem with literature and med-

icine, weaving together theoretical perspectives, literary texts, and
 Introduction , 9

creative methods for the benefit of the practicing doctor and the ail-
ing patient. We should all take heart that the scholarship of literature
and medicine, over the years, has contributed to these fundamental
changes in how medicine is practiced, taught, evaluated and experi-
enced. (viii)

Like Arthur Kleinman, William F. May, and Arthur W. Frank, Charon and
Spiegel establish the practical goal of improving medical practice as cen-
tral to their intellectual endeavor. Literary studies operates in tandem
with or is woven into the analysis of medical practice, both metaphors
suggesting a cooperative, hands-on approach to complex intellectual
materials. There is also a strong pedagogical impulse underlying Medi-
cal Humanities, no doubt in part because of its common association
with medical schools. Most significantly, Charon and Spiegel identify
a specific set of beneficiaries for their scholarly endeavorthe practic-
ing doctor and the ailing patient. While it is common for scholars in
the humanities to identify an audience (typically other scholars in their
field or general readers), it is quite unusual for them to identify benefi-
ciaries. Undertaking the theoretical analysis of texts with the stated goal
of benefiting ailing patients is a distinguishing feature of the Medical
Humanities. Charon purposefully rejects the impulse to establish a clear
boundary around the field, calling it not so much a new specialty as a
new frame for clinical work (Narrative 13). To be successful, scholarship
must resonate outward to doctors, patients, and society at large, as Klein-
man enunciates in The Illness Narratives.

My clinical work [...] has been described for a fairly narrow profes-
sional readership. My aim in this book is altogether different. I write
here to explain to patients, their families, and their practitioners what I
have learned from a career passionately devoted to this interest. I write
because I wish to popularize a technical literature that would be of
great practical value for those who must live with, make sense of, and
care for chronic illness. Indeed, I will argue that the study of the experi-
ence of illness has something fundamental to teach each of us about the
human condition, with its universal suffering and death. (xiii)

Beginning with the specialists in his professional field, Kleinman moves

to doctors and patients, then to families and caregivers, and finally to
each of us who will inevitably experience physical suffering and medi-
cal care. Kleinmans phrase the study of the experience of illness is
particularly telling, as it nudges experience, often used as an affec-
10, Introduction

tive term, into the realm of thoughtful and meticulous analysis. Medical
Humanities thus demonstrates a fundamental faith in the ability of liter-
ary analysis to improve the lives of suffering human beings in the most
tangible way: by helping doctors diminish that suffering. As Charon
writes in her foundational work Narrative Medicine:

What literary studies give medicine is the realization that our intimated
medical relationships occur in words. [ . . . ] They are based on the
complex texts that are shared between doctor and patient, texts that
encompass words, silences, physical findings, pictures, measurements
of substances in the body, and appearances. (5354)

The primary texts of this sort of literary study are these doctor-patient
interchanges, rather than literary representations of illness. While works
such as Mays The Physicians Covenant do use passages from works by
Faulkner, Dostoyevsky, Sophocles, and other major authors to illustrate
the archetypal images through which patients tend to relate to their doc-
tors, Charon argues that [m]ore fundamental by far than the content of
Bleak House or King Lear is the modeling, by literary acts, of deeply trans-
formative intersubjective connections among relative strangers fused and
nourished by words (54). While Bernsteins analysis of architecture rede-
fines physical engagements with the home as texts, Charon attempts to
understand verbal engagements between doctors and patients in embod-
ied terms; as Frank puts it, Medical Humanities uses literary analysis
to help doctors make sense of illness stories as being told through the
diseased body (Wounded 3).
The interdisciplinary methodology of scholars in the Medical
Humanities resembles the work of what Julie Thompson Klein calls
academic intellectuals who are willing to follow problems across
disciplinary boundaries because they are [a]ccountable to a wider
audience (Interdisciplinarity 183). Interdisciplinary scholarship, as Klein
points out, has expanded significantly in the twentieth and twenty-first
centuries, largely as a result of disciplinary fragmentation.

Over the course of the twentieth century, the fracturing and refractur-
ing of disciplines into new specialties has been the dominant pattern
of knowledge growth. This phenomenon has resulted in both greater
fragmentation and greater convergence. A significant number of new
specialties have a hybrid character, and their variety is as striking as
their number. (44)
 Introduction , 11

Kleins wide-ranging and comprehensive analysis of academic inter-

disciplinarity offers various models of how disciplinary boundaries are
crossed and re-formed, models that fall roughly into the categories of ter-
ritorial and reproductive engagement. Klein tends to be most critical of
territorial interdisciplinary models, such as migration. She rejects Stanley
Fishs geopolitical formulation in which disciplines expand imperialisti-
cally into other territories in favor of Araballa Lyons riverine metaphor,
in which they move with currents and flows, tributaries, eddies, and
confluences (qtd. in Klein, Humanities 98). The metaphor that Klein ulti-
mately finds most useful is that of reproduction, or hybridity (Crossing
45), which reconciles boundary and permeability, while accounting for
the quirky yet cooperative disorder of field development. Like Charons
metaphor of weaving and Lyons of fluid dynamics, hybridity necessi-
tates the intertwining of different realms of knowledge to produce a new
one; it also evokes tactile, rather than visual, perception. Constance Clas-
sen, in her introduction to The Book of Touch, notes that ocular metaphors
for thought imply that scholarship should cultivate an elegant detach-
ment, while the tension and amalgamation essential to interdisciplinary
thinking might be better understood haptically. Touch is better served
by a rough and ready approach that acknowledges and grapples with
the tangled, bumpy and sticky nature of the topic (5). Combining fields
often leads to an intellectual scrum, along with its ensuing bumps and
scrapes, but such grappling can have great practical value. Klein notes
that mission-oriented projects have been instrumental in generating
interdisciplinary scholarship throughout the twentieth-century (Interdis-
ciplinarity 33). Having a practical purpose, a set of specific beneficiaries,
and a sense of accountability to a wider audience makes a field such as
Medical Humanities more mission-oriented than self-reflexive. As a liter-
ary scholar rather than a practicing physician, I dont have quite the same
set of beneficiaries as Charon or Kleinman, but I do share their faith that
the analysis of literature, and its interweaving with other fields, can help
address human suffering in practical ways.

, , ,

This book is divided into three parts and seven chapters, each chapter
addressing the way a particular form of physical or psychic stress reveals
the tactile dynamics of domestic embodiment. The first three chapters
(Part One) establish the centrality of tactility to our domestic relations
with the people and objects in our homes; and they trace mechanisms
12, Introduction

of domestic dissolution, whereby the psychological rewards of tactile

engagement interfere with the smooth motion through and the clear
limitation of domestic space. The distortions of domestic life caused by
grief, the hoarding of objects, and the hoarding of animals all involve an
intensification of habitual somatic engagements with the home. These
three chapters address the way the homeowners sense of self relies upon
the habitual touch of familiar people and objects in the home, as well
as movements through and interactions with its tangible surfaces. This
reliance becomes more intense, but also less reliable, in times of crisis
and can endanger the homeowners psychic and physical health, even
as it causes the home to degenerate. Chapters 4 and 5 (Part Two) show
how the overwhelming importance of tactility to our perception of home
can, in some cases, allow domestic experience to operate irrespective of
architectural structures. The home can become in a sense portable, oper-
ating through our somatic attachment to other bodies; this is the case
among homeless pet owners and medical caregivers, for whom the bond
with a familiar, caring body can take the place of the familiar structures
and spaces of the home environment. The final two chapters (Part Three)
discuss how the collapse of domesticity to the bodys edge operates indi-
vidually rather than between bodies and results from boundary anxiety
caused by neurological disorders or skin diseases. People with Autism
Spectrum Disorder perceive their bodys boundary as under assault, so
that the comfort available by pressure upon that margin becomes their
only approximation of domestic sustenance. The opposite response to
boundary fragility is apparent in the works of artists suffering from skin
disorders; these artists propose a material model for somatic boundary
that is at once dynamic and fragmentary. My argument thus gradually
spirals inward, beginning with the way we come to understand ourselves
through touching people and things at home, and eventually focusing
upon touch itself as a nonarchitectural medium of domestic experience.
In the process I hope to challenge vision-based conceptions of bodily
identity and domesticity, while also investigating the unique sensations
that domestic tactility offers.
Chapter 1 argues that domestic intimacy can be understood as a series
of physical habits that create tangible contiguity between ourselves and
the people we live with. It investigates the literary portrayal of grief in
the context of phantom limb pain, a neurological response to loss that
is quite literally embodied. Neurologists Ronald Melzack and Joel Katz
have documented that the enduring and painful apprehension of a lost
limb does not follow the process of gradual detachment which Freud
describes. Losing a loved one means losing not just that one body but
 Introduction , 13

also ones own bodily engagements with it in familiar domestic spaces.

Our grief becomes a series of slight physical adjustments based on the
fact that a body that was always here, in a certain spatial and postural
relation to our own, is now gone. Expanding on arguments about the
impact of habit upon the internal perception of the body by neurologist
V.S. Ramachandran, philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and feminist
theorist Elizabeth Grosz, I argue that the body image can extend beyond
our skin, across intervening space, and to our loved ones. By compar-
ing Jacques Derridas image-based discussion of mourning (By Force of
Mourning) with theories of embodied habit by Maurice Merleau-Ponty
and of disability by Lennard Davis and Rosemarie Garland Thompson,
chapter 1 investigates the physical apprehension of loss in literary repre-
sentations by Donald Hall, Virginia Woolf, Mark Doty, and Alfred Lord
Tennyson.
Chapter 2 also addresses the operation of materialized memory in the
home by focusing on our habitual tactile engagement with objects and
spaces. Studies of place attachment among the elderly by qualitative ger-
ontologists such as Robert Rubinstein, Graham Rowles, and M. Powell
Lawton employ the contradictory metaphors of navigation and amalga-
mation to describe the complex relationship among self, space, and habit
when elders identify with their homes. Familiar objects and domestic
routines reinforce the failing memory, while those same objects endan-
ger the frail body. Drawing on Jean Baudrillards distinction between
accumulating and collecting, Gaston Bachelards discussion of domestic
nostalgia, and Malcolm Quantrills analysis of the memorial power of
architecture, as well as novels by Charles Dickens, Pat Barker, Doris Less-
ing, and Barbara Pym, this chapter investigates the way personal history
becomes carried by, hidden in, and materially experienced through dis-
orderly accumulations.
Companion animals stand somewhere between human bodies and
objects as somatic repositories of emotional identification. Like the
physiological engagements with people and objects addressed in chap-
ters 1 and 2, our embodied interactions with pets serve to support the
strategies of identification and self-integration in the home, offering a
reciprocally tactile engagement that intensifies the homes safety, peace,
and emotional richness. Focusing on animal hoarding, chapter 3 tracks
how domestic space is ruined and made public when the bond between
humans and animals overwhelms normal domestic boundaries. Animal
hoarding is distinct from other obsessive-compulsive collecting because
it deracinates the hoarder from his personal history and redefines pri-
vate domestic spaces as public, spectacular ones. Unlike the accumula-
14, Introduction

tion of memorabilia investigated in chapter 2, animal hoarding tends to

efface memory and identity, allowing physical connections with animals
to crowd out human relationships. Literary works by Doris Lessing and
Susan Cheever; the 1974 documentary film Grey Gardens; and journalistic
accounts, veterinary studies, and sociological analyses of animal com-
panionship all center on how the home is redefined as public space, and
the hoarder as a type of degenerate celebrity.
While obsessive animal attachment can undercut the homes bound-
aries, chapter 4 investigates how tangible connection to a companion
animal can also establish an apprehension of home in the absence of any
architectural structure. This chapter elaborates upon the previous chap-
ters analysis of animal attachment, while also beginning a new section of
the books argument, in which domesticity is unhoused, relocated to the
bodys edge. The close relationship between the legal and cultural oper-
ation of disability and homelessness is apparent in the autobiographi-
cal writings of homeless and disabled dog owners, for whom bodily
motion through the landscape challenges typical definitions of the bodys
domestic identity. Disability theorist Rod Michalkos theoretical analysis
of his relationship with his service dog Smokie, and Lars Eighners auto-
biographical writings about his homeless travels with his dog Lizbeth,
relocate domesticity into the tactile dynamics of human/canine compan-
ionship. Where hoarding renders private homes into public space, tactile
contiguity between dog and owner can create a sense of privacy and self-
determination in the public realm. Engaging with the legal and cultural
discourses of homelessness and disability, as well as sociological studies
of anthropomorphism, this chapter demonstrates how animal attachment
offers an alternative corporeal model of domesticity.
Home health care workers also engage in a redefinition of domes-
tic space through their physical interactions with the abject bodies of
the elderly and afflicted. Since illness disrupts and disorders domestic
space, calling into question its power to support the homeowners iden-
tity, the tactile intimacy between caregivers and patients may replace
tactile engagement with the home. Acts of nursing that involve touching
patients bodies tend to intensify the confusion of identity brought on by
illness, however, so that the identities of both the healer and the healed
become blended and enigmatic. Chapter 5 demonstrates the centrality of
tactility to the ethical enactment of compassion by analyzing first-person
accounts of caregiving by Nesta Rovina, Rebecca Brown, and Thomas
Edward Gass in the context of theories of the abject by Mary Douglas and
Julia Kristeva. Portrayals of the polluted body in biblical and classical
literature, as well as the current medical debate over the nursing practice
 Introduction , 15

called Therapeutic Touch, expose the heroic, yet perilous, operation of

the healing touch.
The final two chapters of the book focus upon the bodys edge, show-
ing how domesticity can be redefined in both the intensification and the
dissolution of its boundary. Chapter 6 investigates the perception of home
at the bodys edge, not through bonding with other bodies as in the pre-
vious two chapters, but through the sensation of pressure on the bodys
surface. For both Sylvia Plath and Temple Grandin, the sensory key to
domestic comfort is tactile pressure, which defines and reinforces bodily
coherence. The normal spaces of the home fail to provide this pressure,
and both authors respond to their boundary anxiety through the somatic
identification with animals bodies in confining architectural spaces.
Grandins designs for meat-processing facilities and Plaths poetic and
fictional representations of domestic life place bodies in tunnels, chutes,
crevices, and passageways that exert pressure on them while limiting
other sensory stimuli. The works of both writers, read in the context of
writings on Autism Spectrum Disorder and deep pressure therapy, pres-
ent a version of domesticity that is located, immediate, and embodied.
While Plath and Grandin respond to boundary anxiety by intensify-
ing pressure and tactility, Paul Gauguin and John Updike, both suffer-
ers from psoriatic skin disorders, take the opposite approach. In their
artworks and personal writings, they create imaginary domestic spaces
in which the home is emptied and purified, offering a sublime, purely
visual environment, and the bodys surface becomes similarly clean and
hard-edged. This yearning for domestic emptiness is associated with
the creative process, but both artists ultimately reject this disembodied
aesthetic for one that reflects the dynamic fragmentation and dissolu-
tion of their own bodys boundary. This chapter investigates the associa-
tion between creative power and fragmentation of the bodys surface in
Gauguins and Updikes artworks and personal writings, in the work of
tactual perception theorists such as S.J. Lederman, and in the book of Job.
In doing so, it links a nonlinear, textural definition of the bodys bound-
ary to the somatic experience of the creative body working in the home.
Mark Paterson notes that [i]f, ostensibly, vision affirms and repro-
duces boundaries, exaggerating the atomistic and the individual, then it
is arguably touch and tactility that can explore relations between subjects,
between bodies (158). Throughout this work I focus upon the tactile
sensations, which involve contact between the body and other bodies or
objects and which are registered primarily through pressure on the skin.
To a lesser degree, I also address the kinesthetic, vestibular, and proprio-
ceptive sensations, which track the bodys motion through and position
16, Introduction

in space and which are sensed through the muscles, joints, and inner ear.
My emphasis on tactility reflects my interest in contiguity between the
body and the home; I want to investigate those moments when the body
is woven into its domestic environment rather than isolated in space. In
arguing for a tactile rather than a kinesthetic home, one we push and rub
up against rather than moving through gracefully, I implicitly assume
that intimacy, rather than individuation, is the homes central function.
Central to my argument throughout is the concept of body schema
or body image, which V. S. Ramachandran defines as the internal
image and memory of ones body in space and time. To create and main-
tain this body image at any given instant, your parietal lobes combine
information from many sources: the muscles, joints, eyes and motor com-
mand centers (44). Within neurological science there is a technical dis-
tinction between body image and body schema. Body image refers
to the neural self-representation of ones body in relation to surround-
ing space, based in part on memory and habit, while body schema
describes the continual, sensorimotor mapping of the body in relation
to its immediate surroundings (Paillard 209). While I address both of
these at different points throughout this study, my emphasis on the role
of memory and familiar bodily activity in domestic space directs the
preponderance of my discussion to body image, so I will use that term
throughout. Nevertheless, I want to emphasize the distinction between
the sort of somatic self-representation I am addressing and the terms
more popular usage.
While the concept was first described by Sir Henry Head in 1911,
Paul Schilder is generally credited with applying the term body image
to psychological and sociological definitions of self in Das Krperschema
(1923). It has since been adopted by psychologists and cultural theorists
to refer to a broad variety of perceptions about oneself in society, includ-
ing size, beauty, strength, and social power. Feminist theorists in particu-
lar have employed the term in order to analyze the social construction
of an ideal female body. Susan Bordo critiques the medical approach to
anorexia (Body Image Distortion Syndrome), arguing for a more com-
plex understanding of the cultural construction of ideal female shape
(55). Cultural critics (e.g., Sander Gilman) who are interested in the body
as a cultural staging ground for the politics of race and ethnicity have
made good use of the concept of body image; they also emphasize the
visual apprehension of somatic identity. Body image is now such a
pervasive and useful term for describing such cultural constructions
of the body that its neurological meaning tends to be deemphasized.
Because this book involves foregrounding the somatosensory aspects
 Introduction , 17

of domestic experience, however, I will employ the term in its original

denotation.
The literary works I analyze are all by Anglo-American writers from
the mid-nineteenth to the late twentieth centuries, a 150-year period
when the middle-class home is established as a culturally central space. I
am not making a historical argument about the home during this period;
there are significant differences between the size, use, and social function
of the homes portrayed by Charles Dickens, John Updike, and Marilynne
Robinson. Nevertheless, all of these authors, I would argue, consider
domestic space, and our bodily dynamics in it, central to their investiga-
tions of family life, memory, and identity. The only literary texts outside
this period are the biblical and classical works through which I address
abjection or abomination. In doing so, I follow the lead of critics such as
Julia Kristeva and Mary Douglas, who identify these texts as founda-
tional to modern cultural definitions of sacredness and profanity at the
bodys edge.
Ultimately, my interdisciplinary approach is like that of the patient
who, when asked why he wanted a priest, a rabbi, a Muslim cleric, and
a Buddhist monk to visit him in the hospital, responded that he would
take whatever help he could get. My hope is that my analysis may com-
bine with those of scholars from other disciplines to further our common
practical concerns, regardless of whether our disciplinary projects are
the same. While I do not expect my discussion of mess and memory in
chapter 2 to break new ground in the field of gerontology, my hope is that
I may join gerontologists and home health aides in helping elderly home-
owners and their families understand why they are so strongly attached
to their messy homes, and reluctant to leave them. My discussion of ani-
mal hoarding in chapter 3 will, I hope, contribute to the interdisciplinary
understanding of animal attachment generated by the sociologists, psy-
chologists, and veterinarians who cooperate in groups such as the Hoard-
ing of Animals Research Consortium. By addressing the tactile aspects
of caregiving and grief, in chapters 5 and 1, respectively, my goal is to
participate with grief counselors, psychologists, and grieving families
in finding richer and more trenchant ways to express the lineaments of
these common forms of suffering.
Through analysis of a range of literary and cultural texts from various
historical periods, these chapters open up theoretical and experiential
dialogues about the role of touch in domestic experience. In allowing
diverse texts to speak to one another, my intent is not to ignore the his-
torical specificity of cultural constructions of somatic and domestic iden-
tity, but to highlight the radical ways in which the introduction of a tactile
18, Introduction

epistemology might unsettle existing critical and theoretical paradigms

often applied un-self-consciously to cultural analyses. Recent scholarship
addressing touch, such as Mark Patersons phenomenological study of
haptics, David Howess anthropological analysis of sensation, and Laura
U. Markss studies of tactility and the gaze in contemporary film, have
demonstrated the value of touch for interrogating such paradigms. The
theoretical and thematic structure of the book will, I hope, continue to
invite additional analyses focused on representations of tactile experi-
ence in the home. Arthur W. Frank compares the interdisciplinary inter-
changes created by Medical Humanities to a clinical reflecting team
(Renewal 7) of medical experts working on a patients treatment. He notes
that such a team is, literally, a crowded room full of voices that speak
from different perspectives but share commitments about how human
life works and whats good for humans (8). My hope is to invite in such
a boisterous crowd and, through the resulting dialogue, generate insight
into our experience as home bodies.
P ostscript

Living and Dying at Home

The reality of the building does not consist in roof and walls but in the
space within to be lived in.
Lao Tse

Over the course of my argument for the significance of tactile experi-

ence in the home, two related theses have emerged. The first is that the
homeowners identity is deeply enmeshed in the habitual corporeal
dynamics of the home. Attachment to the home is based on our physical
engagement with it, and its spaces become interwoven with emotion and
memory. This attachment can imperil the homeowner, as it does for the
elderly, or intensify the pain of loss. Attempts to clear away the traces
of identity, however, either by emptying them out, as in Gauguins and
Updikes domestic sublime, or by soiling and crowding them out, as with
animal hoarders, tend to be risky and prone to failure.
The second argument is that domesticity can be collapsed to the
bodys edge; we can feel at home irrespective of the architectural space
that surrounds us through sharing body image or bodily engagements
with others, or simply through certain somatosensory comforts. Pet own-
ership and caregiving offer examples of bodily focused notions of domes-
ticity in which architectural space collapses into intercorporeal space or
ceases to exist entirely. In embodied grief, the sense of tangible loss is
experienced at the bodys edge and is reinforced by the bodys motion
through familiar domestic space. The body image forms in relation to
both the bodies it has habitually touched and the spaces it has habitu-
ally moved through. For those with fragile boundaries resulting from
neurological or psychological conditions, the only possible sensations of

190
 Living and Dying at Home , 191

domestic comfort are those most immediately tactile ones.

Throughout this work I have attempted to demystify the physical
behaviors through which memory and identity adhere to the spaces of
the home. We unpack our selves onto the homes material spaces and
structures, and we draw our sense of identity from the home which sup-
ports our habitual motions through it and interactions with our loved
ones. This identification between the home and the self raises questions
of design in relation to function: What functionsbodily, emotional, and
materialare central to the homes purpose? How can we best design and
maintain our homes so that they support our embodied selves through
tactile interaction? I would like to address this question by examining the
discourses of two cultural phenomena: the rise in home renovation and
the rise in home hospice care. These two movements enunciate a cultural
dispute about how the home defines and supports identity. In home ren-
ovation, domestic space is rendered almost infinitely plastic and transfor-
mational, a manifestation of taste, status, and ingenuity that disentangles
identity from the limits of the body. In home hospice care, identity can-
not be separated from the material structure and history of the home;
familiar spaces, objects, and loved ones within it become increasingly
contiguous with the self as death approaches. Martha Nussbaum claims
that human beings cannot bear to live with the constant awareness of
mortality and of their frail animal bodies (Hiding 17), and the discourse
of home renovation seems to suggest that design can release us from such
temporal and material burdens. Home hospice, which configures home
space around bodily frailty, suggests, by contrast, that the homes most
important function is to reconfirm and maintain identity as materially
and historically located.
Over the past several decades, home renovation has followed the lead
of new home design in emphasizing the opening up and emptying out
of domestic space. This is best illustrated by the great room which
Winifred Gallagher describes as the latest development in a hundred-
year-long experiment in which American culture has gradually shed tra-
ditional manners and mores to become more informal and open, while
the home dropped walls and doors to the same end (115). Like the great
room, open concept kitchens, cathedral ceilings, and expansive fam-
ily or play rooms, the names of which, like the spaces themselves,
frequently blend together, allow extra space for flexible activity unde-
fined by any one practical function. Increasing natural light is also a com-
mon feature of this architectural trend through the installation of larger
windows, French doors, skylights, and sunrooms. In the renovation of
192, Postscript

smaller homes, measuring up to McMansion standards often means

breaking down interior and exterior walls to increase light and space.
New built-in storage shelves and cabinets are also a common accessory,
allowing the open space to be as empty as possible. It is the arrival of a
dumpster, rather than the arrival of a contractors truck, that first sig-
nals to the neighbors that a renovation is under way. The elimination of
accumulated disorder and the creation of open space are thus a form of
purging: whatever memories or physical habits are contingent upon the
homes former design or contents are relegated to the status of garbage.
Throughout this study I have discussed how tactile interchange
between the spaces and surfaces of body and home inadvertently cre-
ate ones domestic environment. The home comes to represent the self
through the establishment of habitual bodily behaviors, such as smooth
routines, by which we acclimate our bodily practice to the architectural
forms, objects, and other bodies with which we live. The emptying of
the home, which is framed by architects and real estate agents as the cre-
ation of flexible space, points to an implicit desire to render the bodys
impact on domestic experience as immaterial as possible. The great room
is big enough that one never has to touch its walls or corners, or even
the other family members with whom one shares it. David Owen notes
that [i]n newer houses, the family room is typically the size and shape
of a church, and it is usually dominated by an enormous TV. (In some
new houses, you get the feeling that the TV was bought first, and the
house designed around it.) (37) This focusing of the room toward elec-
tronic media contributes to its inhabitants disembodiment, as though
all domestic life in such a space were moving toward virtual existence.
Juhani Pallasmaa notes that [a]ll matter exists in the continuum of time;
the patina of wear adds the enriching experience of time to the materials
of construction, but much contemporary architecture employs artificial
and durable materials that deliberately aim at ageless perfection (31
32). Architect Mark Mack puts it more simply: The home is not meant
to be stuck in history (qtd. in Gallagher 117). Flexible design implies a
model of identity based on a future self rather than the past; in home
renovation, the best relation of body and domestic space is the one yet to
be created. Rather than making a home ours by rubbing against and liv-
ing within its surfaces, we make it ours at the moment of design, before
our bodies have touched it.
In House Thinking: A Room by Room Look at How We Live, Gallagher
argues that the home must complement who you really are, that your
home is a personal expression (64). This approach makes the home-
owners personality primary; basing home design on who you really
 Living and Dying at Home , 193

are assumes a knowledge of oneself as well as the ability to construct a

home that successfully represents that self. Gallagher offers many exam-
ples of homes that succeed at this sort of self-representation: a musicians
home is structured around studio space; a shy scientific researchers home
emphasizes coziness and seclusion; an adventurous naturalist surrounds
himself with antlers and unpainted wood. In The Decoration of Houses,
her updating of Edith Whartons 1898 home design manual, interior
designer Alexandra Stoddard elaborates on Gallaghers claims. Through
the materials we use, through space, scale, proportion, and color, and
through the furniture and objects we select to use as well as enjoy, we
animate the things around us and bring greater depth and meaning to
our everyday existence. When we succeed, our house becomes a real and
seamless extension of who we are (4). In Stoddards and Gallaghers
portrayals, the homeowner emerges as a heroic figure, capable of ani-
mating the dead world of the home, granting it psychological depth
and philosophical meaning. She wields complete control over its space,
furniture, and objects, which set no limitations on her. The phrase a real
and seamless extension demonstrates the several contradictions under-
lying this form of disembodied domestic identity. The home becomes an
extension of ones identity, but not of ones body, since it must be a
seamless extension, lacking the awkwardness of physical engagement.
The space is real in that it is full of furniture and objects, but the body
within it seems unreal because unlimited.
Gallagher makes the elision between self-improvement and home
improvement explicit in her discussion of environmental psychologist
Connie Forrests work with a woman undertaking a big professional
transition and a home renovation at the same time.

When the project began, she had rather drab hair and nondescript
clothes. While her buildings interior was being remodeled, she worked
with Forrest not just on design issues but also on refining her vision of
her inner self and her dreams of where she wanted to take her career.
During the renovation of the exterior, the client lightened her mousey
hair to her childhood blond and bought more colorful clothes. By the
time the project was finished, the woman had altered her way of work-
ing, acquired a more vibrant, nature-oriented environment, and devel-
oped an exuberant personal style. (61)

The passage demonstrates the contradictions involved in trying to design

a home around who we really are. The home that Forrest designs cor-
responds directly to her clients personality and body, not as they are but
194, Postscript

as they fulfill her dreams of herself. Pallasmaa argues that the con-
temporary aesthetic of ageless perfection (32) traps us in a dreamlike
sense of unreality (31), but Gallagher identifies the dream-self as the
intended inhabitant of a renovated home. Forrests client must work hard
on refining her inner vision of herself so that this newly renovated per-
sonality can be expressed in the newly renovated home. Since by the time
the home is finished she has become an entirely different person, it seems
unclear how she can be confident that the home will continue to express
her. By eliding flexibility in personality and domestic space, Gallagher
contradicts her fundamental notion that the true self can be embodied in
the home. We change our homes so that they will, we hope, correspond
to the changes we have decided to make in ourselves.
In home hospice, however, the dominant dynamic is not transforma-
tion of the self and the home but the maintenance of the existing self
through familiar sensory associations. The home hospice is of necessity
stuck in historythe personal history of the homeowneras Andrea
Sankar explains in Dying at Home: A Family Guide for Caregiving. Tend-
ing a terminally ill patient at home allows the caregiver to help preserve
as much of the dying persons distinctive identity as possible. Being in
the home keeps the dying person involved in a web of social interactions
and relationships long after he or she is actively able to sustain these
ties (198). Sankars emphasis on the web of social relations suggests
that identity is to be found not in the dying body itself but in the spaces
connecting it to other bodies and to objects and familiar domestic forms.
The sustenance of identity is an interactive, intercorporeal process. The
logic of home renovation involves the projection outward of identity onto
the materials of the home; Gallagher and Stoddard suggest that we are
most comfortable when we apprehend our interior lineaments reflected
by exterior spaces. Sankars model of domestic identity, by contrast, is
located in the habitual engagement between our bodies and the home
environment.
Maintenance, rather than flexibility, is the fundamental dynamic of
the hospice home. David B. Resnik, a hospice volunteer, describes how
his client Mr. Simpson refused to accept care for himself, insisting instead
that Resnik undertake his customary chores.

He was not able to lift anything heavy, but he was able to follow me
around with his oxygen tank and show me what needed to be done.
[...] Mr. Simpson and I cut and stacked firewood, put up the storm
windows, cleaned up the yard, cleaned out the gutters, raked the
 Living and Dying at Home , 195

leaves, and fixed the roof on the house. We also planted a few tulips
for his wife. (9)

Mr. Simpsons relationship to his home is one of maintenance and repair

rather than renovation, of interaction rather than projection. The respon-
sibilities the home has always placed upon him are, in part, what makes
it familiar. His motion around the house to perform chores represents
one of the smooth routines that, in Robert Rubensteins terms, stiffen
consciousness of self and act in a sense ritually to reinforce or remind the
person of who he or she was and still is (82). Sankar points out that the
routines associated with housework are instrumental in the goal of sup-
porting a dying persons identity. People derive security from the order
of everyday life. Its sheer repetitiveness is reassuring. In situations such
as this, normal everyday life stands in necessary contrast to the destruc-
tion being wrought to the fabric of that life (51). The shuttling back and
forth endemic to home maintenance creates the fabric of a life that most
benefits hospice care recipients.
In contrast to the great room, in which open spaces gesture toward an
unlimited future, maintaining the patients life story often involves the
dense packing of space with embodied history so that the hospice home
may seem to resemble the hoarders home. Lorie Verderame, a home hos-
pice nurse, describes how she at first misinterpreted the crowded home of
her client Ola. This was absolutely the most cluttered space I have ever
seen. There was a hodgepodge of furniture of every description, stacks of
books (all classics), pieces of bric-a-brac, [...] and pieces of china, mostly
chipped, on every shelf and horizontal surface, including the bathroom
ledges and windowsills (236). As she talks to Ola, however, she discov-
ers that each object has its place and significance. Having spent her life
as a cleaning lady, maintaining other peoples homes, Ola had gradually
collected second-hand pretty things from her employers, arranging
them in her own home to remind her of her past. She showed me a
few of her favorite pieces: a Wedgewood plate, a Limoges teacup hold-
ing a soap pad at the stained kitchen sink (236). While crowded and
run-down, Olas home succeeds as a museum to her past in large part
because her skills as a cleaning woman have allowed her to maintain the
self-representations she has assembled there. She explains that she left
the South as an illiterate young woman with no possessions. Since then,
just look at all Ive gained, she said, with a sweep of her arm to indicate
her home. Olas home is filled with her life story, to which she remains
physically connected as that story comes to an end.
196, Postscript

In home hospice, the inward spiral of environmental centralization

is inevitable, and ultimately desirable, as the interactive web of social
interactions and relationships gradually encircles the dying persons
bed. The powerful corporeality of this web is apparent in Stan Clarks
description of his wife, Alices, death.

When she died her two sisters and my three kids and I were all imme-
diately there at the bedside, probably another ten people were there in
the living room and dining room area. I started to say, What are you
doing? to the nurse. The other nurse who was there then was moving
the TV awaymoving everything away so we could stand by the bed.
She started telling my sister-in-law she had to be there by the bed and
my sister-in-law said, I dont want to be there. In the last few minutes
of life Alice was still indicating the need for a bedpan because she had
a sensation of losing her bowel control. And she had me hold onto her.
(qtd. in Sankar 160)

The concentric rings of loved ones crowding around Alices bed con-
struct a literal web, expanding outward through the rooms of the home.
Furniture must be rearranged to create space for such densely packed
caregiving, creating the antithesis of the family great room. Rather than
emptying space so that family members can be in the same place at the
same time, but no longer necessarily dong the same thing (Gallagher
116), every space is filled with a unified mass of bodies that become con-
tiguous with the dying persons body.
Home hospice assumes that the function of the home is to sustain
and support the embodied self, to hold us like a loved one. The promise
of home renovation, by contrast, seems to be that home design can tran-
scend embodiment and personal history. My argument throughout this
book suggests that this promise can never be fulfillednor should we
want it to be. Every space ultimately becomes marked and organized by
bodily experience. Even in great rooms the empty space gets filled with
the objects our bodies leave, use, or carry. While a skillful designer can
try to predict and enable family interaction, domestic spaces often get
used in quirky, unexpected ways; the vast family room lies empty while
people huddle together on a couch in the tiny study. Our family members
and pets rub against and move around us, enacting their love and estab-
lishing the stories of our lives through particular postures and motions in
particular rooms. These embodied affiliations weave through any space,
no matter how grand, like the web surrounding Alice Clarks bed.
At the center of this web, husband and wife embrace, and the domes-
 Living and Dying at Home , 197

tic space around and contiguous with them resonates with their familiar
touch. But this web of tactile affection has its dark and painful threads.
Even in the home, among family members, such corporeal co-extension
involves the sort of physical and psychic perils Rebecca Brown and
Nesta Rovina describe encountering as home health care workers. One
of Alices sisters is too afraid, or too repulsed, to come close to her. Stan
fears that, at this moment of emotional bonding, Alice may lose control
of her bowels, thus embarrassing and disgusting the assembled family.
The risks to those who make up her web of relations may even outlive
Alice. Once she is gone, the comforting touch Stan shares with his wife
may remain with him, unsettling and distressing him, as painful as a
phantom limb. The tactility of our home lives grants us vividly embodied
tenderness, but it carries with it a significant price.

, , ,

Throughout this work I have tried to point out both the rewards and
the consequences of tactile intimacy in the home. Placing our memories
within domestic spaces and objects materially supports our sense of per-
sonal history, but it can also render our bodies more vulnerable. Finding
domestic comfort in our particular physical relations to beloved pets can
redeem homelessness, but it can also destroy the home we have. While
almost nothing can be more satisfying or meaningful than using our own
bodies to love and care for other bodies, we cannot do so without losing
some of our freedom, or health, or self in the process.
The temptation to label tactile experience as pathological or self-
destructive emerges, in part, from its inevitable association with physi-
cal pain and mortality. But just as tactile apprehension may foreground
human weakness, it also offers a profound and enduring means of emo-
tional support. Defining domesticity as a set of bodily operations, of
intimate and dynamic engagements with resonant and familiar material
forms, allows us to feel at home even when we no longer can be. As I
have suggested in my discussion of caregiving, of animal companion-
ship, and of embodied grief, the corporeal blending of body image itself
often serves to define a space as home, regardless of its architectural loca-
tion. My friends mother is coming to live with her for hospice care. To do
so, she must abandon her habitual motions through her kitchen and bed-
room, her bodily memory of every doorknob and light switch, the pres-
sure of her hand against the doorjamb and molding and counter edge
and stove handle. She will move into her daughters new home, one she
has only rarely visited, and, truth be told, never much liked. The bodily
198, Postscript

self-affirmation of routine postures and customary haptic sensations are

lost to her with the loss of her tidy Midwestern bungalow. By moving to
her daughters home, however, she is embracing a new sort of tangible
comfort and familiarity in her childrens and grandchildrens arms and
hands. Their bodies, moving around and against her, caring for her, cre-
ate, in this unfamiliar place, a recurrent embodied intimacy that replaces
the sustaining tangibility of her former home. A grandchild, or a cat,
will sit on her lap or her bed; her daughters hair, as she leans across to
adjust the sheets, will brush her face. The space of home will become for
her the space created around her failing body by the bodies of those she
loves and will not need to be located within any particular set of walls.
In leaving the house she has lived in all her life, she will be, in every way
that matters, coming home to die.
This is not to suggest that the home as an architectural space does not
leave its material imprint upon us. As I have argued in my discussion of
memory and domestic mess, of animal hoarding, and of Sylvia Plaths
aesthetics, the houses we live in shape and determine our bodily relations
to the world. The last time I walked past my childhood home, the new
owners had undertaken a major renovation, adding a great room and
nearly doubling the original size of the house. Were I to step into it now,
I would not automatically know which way to turn, where the living
room used to be, where my old bedroom could be found. The walls have
been either painted or knocked down; the scratches left by my fathers
wheelchair on the wood floor have been sanded away, and the last of
the cat hair has long since been vacuumed up. The tangible traces of my
childhood have thus been purged, except perhaps from a few hidden
cornersa hand mark on a closet wall; a nick on a molding; a smooth
spot on a banister.
There is one secret stash of my material past left, however. Shortly
before my father passed away, he received a government assistance grant
to improve his homes insulation, and he had several feet of fiberglass
foam blown into the attic. As he proudly announced this to me, I didnt
have the heart to tell him that all of my middle and high school note-
books and cherished souvenirs, and all of my childhood stuffed animals,
were carefully stored there. As I walk by the house, I think of those blue
bunnies and worn tan bears floating in foam, like insects in amber. I can
still remember, in my fingertips, their soft pilled coats and smooth plastic
eyes, just as I remember in my muscles the acrobatic moves needed to
avoid cats and wheelchairs and piles of books as I moved through the
living room. I remember the saggy springs and worn maroon mohair
of the chair; the lift and pull it took to close the sliding bathroom door;
 Living and Dying at Home , 199

the rough frame board I needed to grasp to pull myself up into the attic.
Gaston Bachelard writes that our childhood memories of home operate
both as dreams and as bodily sensations.

To inhabit oneirically the house we were born in means more than to

inhabit it in memory; it means living in this house that is gone, the way
we used to dream in it. [...] At times, a few steps have engraved in
our memories a slight difference of level that existed in our childhood
home. A certain room was not only a door, but a door plus three steps.
(16, 26)

The home I grew up in had its precise number of steps and doors, corners
and closets, that are engraved upon my body even as they shape my
dreams. The touch of my childhood home now exists only in my bodys
memory, but it still exists, preserved, like my old teddy bears, in a solid
continuum of tactile sensation, right against my skin.
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I ndex

abject, 78, 65, 6772, 76, 82, 11619 4849, 158, 17476, 184, 192, 196,
Abraham, Nicolas, 3233 19899; and emptiness, 16972,
absence: of animal companions, 51, 19192; and enclosure, 139, 140,
1024; and blindness, 93; and 142, 157; and memory, 27, 33, 44,
grief, 2127, 3140 4748; as metaphorical body, 118,
Acampora, Ralph, 90 12728, 15758, 16769, 18384,
accumulation. See hoarding 18687; and reflection, 17274,
Aeneid (Virgil), 37 180; refuge and prospect, 17374;
AIDS, 37, 120, 13446 and self-improvement, 19294
Allen, John, 99 Arluke, Arnold, 6668, 71, 76
amalgamation (as metaphor for artistic process: Gauguin, 17678,
home life) 4244, 50, 79 18184; Plath, 153, 15657;
amputation, 2325, 2829, 3132, 34, Updike, 17981, 18588
37, 40, 102, 104 Autism Spectrum Disorder, 13943,
animals: and health, 64; and human 15253, 157, 15964
identity, 6667, 82, 89, 93; human
relationships with, 51, 6364, 70,
74, 7982, 9294, 1012, 15859; Bachelard, Gaston, 6, 25, 27, 49, 61,
and pressure, 140, 14749, 152, 139, 149, 17172, 199
15760; and squalor, 6572, Bakhtin, Mikhail, 25, 179
7879, 114; tactile engagement Barker, Pat, 13, 4244, 5052, 60
with, 62, 7071, 80, 8990, 9394, bathroom, 90, 11516, 123, 12526
100; as transitional objects, 63, 80 Baudrillard, Jean, 48, 54
anthropomorphism, 75, 8082, 8990, bedroom, 2829, 33, 35, 38, 4344,
111 4748, 52, 66, 72, 80, 8991, 100,
Anzieu, Didier, 3, 179 104, 111, 11215, 127, 13435, 139,
Archer, John, 31 14243, 155, 163, 168, 171, 19698
architecture: and embodiment, 4, bees, 14752, 15556

211
212, Index

Belk, Russel W., 46, 55 12426, 13033

Benthien, Claudia, 23 cats: hoarding, 6869, 7172; tangible
Bernstein, Susan, 56 appeal of, 62, 80, 160
Bettelheim, Bruno, 143 cattle, 152, 15760
Blairs, Sharon, 142, 158 Chapman, C. Richard, 29
Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, 143 Charon, Rita, 811
Bleak House (Dickens), 10, 5457, 61, Cheever, John, 7375
77, 81 Cheever, Susan, 7375
blindness: cane use in, 1078; and Chichester, David, 99
definitions of home, 9192, Cicero, 44
9596; and motion, 9395, 108 Classen, Constance, 11
10; and society, 9193, 110 cleaning. See housecleaning
Bloomer, Kent, 4 closets, 13940, 42, 16364
Blundell, Mary Whitlock, 129 collecting, 48, 56, 5859, 70
bodily boundary: and animals, compassion, 12931
6667, 8082, 90, 101; anxiety, contagion: bodily, 114, 117; of mem-
13945, 15257, 16263; closed, ory, 4647, 55
23, 17980; in cultural studies, Courcey, Kevin, 12122
24; dissolution of, 112, 11626, crazy cat ladies, 68, 71, 78
13132, 153, 161, 168, 177, 180,
188; and domestic space, 4344,
11314; and grief, 2734 Das, Santanu, 135
body image: definition, 16; extension Davidson, Joyce, 145, 153, 163
of, 3233, 94, 1012, 176; and Davis, Lennard, 23, 25, 28, 38
grief, 25, 3235 De Certeau, Michel, 6
body schema, 16. See also body image Degas, Edgar, 168
Bordo, Susan, 16 de Haan, Meyer, 170, 182
Bortnick, Jenny, 166 Dembicki, Diane, 64
bourgeois, 166, 171, 18485. See also Derrida, Jacques, 2528, 38, 8990
middle-class lifestyle detective fiction, 5759
Bowlby, John, 3031 Dickens, Charles, 17, 37, 42, 50,
Britzolakis, Christina, 151 5456, 60, 165
Brown, Rebecca, 113, 12022, 12526, disability: and animal attachment,
12830, 3335, 197 88, 9195, 1024; and domesticity,
Burdick, E. Miller, 150 9192, 96; and grief, 2325, 2728,
burial, 14952, 158 34, 36, 38; and language, 110, 160;
burrows, 14751 legal issues, 91, 105; overcoming
stories, 104, 110, 159
disgust, 116, 120, 123
caregiving: and bodily pollution, documentary cinema, 6872, 75
11416, 12024, 126, 129, 132, dogs: and family life, 7375; guide,
134; and grief, 3738; heroism of, 9195, 108; physical attachment
12733; and identity confusion, to, 9495, 100101
 Index , 213

Doty, Mark, 3738 gothic, 68, 76, 152, 168

Douglas, Mary, 2, 7, 17, 67, 113, Grandin, Temple, 14043, 152, 15764
11719, 123 Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 99
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 42, 50, 5760 great room, 19192, 19596
Grey Gardens, 6872, 7475
grief, 2140, 81, 89, 15051, 190, 197;
eczema, 167, 17778 and disability, 2325, 28, 34,
Eighner, Lars, 88, 91, 96111, 140 36, 38; and habit, 2328, 3234,
elderly people: and caregiving, 113, 3740; and memory, 2430,
116, 12335, 13536; and domes- 3340; and vision, 2627, 3839
tic space, 4245, 4751, 6061, Grosz, Elizabeth, 22, 32
146, 163, 190; and pets, 64, 6869,
7779; and souvenirs, 41, 45,
4950, 5256 habit, 26, 16; and domestic space,
empathy, 3, 100, 116, 126, 131, 135. 4145, 55, 116, 17475, 19095,
See also sensory empathy 19799; and grief, 2328, 3234,
environmental centralization, 47, 3740
146, 196 Hale, Charlotte, 168
environmental press, 49, 53 Hall, Donald, 3538
Haraway, Donna, 8283, 90
Harvey, Elizabeth, 2
figure/ground perception, 35, 119 Heaney, Seamus, 12731
flaying, 153, 15657, 178 Hernandez, Nelson, 65
Fox, Rebekah, 80, 8890, 11 hibernation, 14751, 15657, 16364
Frank, Arthur W., 9, 10, 18, 130 Hildebrand, Grant, 17374
Freud, Sigmund, 5, 2224, 2933, 38 hoarding: of animals, 62, 6477, 81,
168; of objects, 4850, 5256, 77,
Gallagher, Winifred, 19196 163, 168, 195; and social services,
Garrity, Thomas F., 64 5253, 6768, 11415; and social
Gass, Thomas Edward, 11317, 123, status, 69, 7174, 7980
126, 130, 132 Hoarding of Animals Research Con-
Gauguin, Paul, 16672, 17585, sortium, 65, 6970
18889; and architecture, 18184; home: death at, 19498; defined
artistic innovations, 16769, through embodiment, 63, 7981,
17577; studio space, 166, 16971, 9192, 9596, 102, 14041; and
18283; tactile aesthetic, 17677, disability, 38, 9192, 96, 102;
18385 familiarity of, 27, 4145, 55, 116,
geography, 80, 88, 92, 145, 163 175, 19095, 19799; grief in,
gerontology, 4150, 5253, 5557, 2140, 190, 197; illness in, 3738,
6061, 64 11215, 12021, 12326, 13336;
Gilman, Sander, 16 leaving, 42, 45, 4950, 53, 6061,
Gollub, Peter, 65, 67, 70 78; motion through, 4251, 54,
gorillas, 153 5859; public vs. private, 7580,
214, Index

92, 106, 158; renovation of, Katz, Joel, 29, 31, 37

19194; self-representation in, 8, Kennedy, Jacqueline Bouvier, 68,
4253, 6061, 70, 19294; squalor 7071
in, 4861, 6970, 11315, 13536, King Lear (Shakespeare), 10, 36
168. See also homelessness kitchen, 24, 3536, 4748, 78, 114, 191,
home health care workers, 11315, 195, 197
12021, 12526, 130, 13336 Klein, Julie Thompson, 1011
homelessness: 7981, 1018; and Klein, Melanie, 30
American literature, 99; and Kleinman, Arthur, 9, 11
disability, 96, 101, 1056; legal kosher, 161
issues, 9698, 1018 Krieger, Dolores, 12122
horses, 152 Kristeva, Julia, 23, 78, 17, 113,
hospice, 19498 11819, 123, 179
housecleaning, 41, 4749, 5254, 68, Krueger, Lester E., 4, 18384
70, 79, 114, 125, 13435, 168, 174, Kruger, Katherine A., 6364
19495 Kyle, Ken, 105
Howard, J. Keir, 117
hypersensitivity, 139, 14144, 159,
162, 164 Lawson, Wendy, 139
Lawton, M. Powell, 41, 4850, 60
Lederman, Susan J., 18384
Impressionism, 16769 leprosy (biblical), 7, 11824
In Memoriam A.H.H. (Tennyson), Lessing, Doris, 4748, 7982
3435 Levinas, Emmanuel, 90
Institutio Oratoria (Quintilian), 44 library, 57, 14547
interdisciplinary scholarship, 1011,
1718
Irigaray, Luce, 23 Marks, Laura U., 7, 18
May, William F., 9
Maysles, Albert and David, 68,
Jay, Martin, 2 7072, 75, 82
Jesus: and healing, 12425, 126, 128, McColgan, Gillian, 64
131; and prayer, 139, 163; resur- McKeon, Michael, 6
rection, 26, 3940 McRuer, Robert, 91
Jirat-Wasiutyski, Vojtch, 169, 175, Medical Humanities, 811, 18
181 Melzack, Ronald, 2930, 37
Job, 17879, 185 mementos. See souvenirs
Josipovici, Gabriel, 3334 memory: and grief, 2430, 3340; and
journalism, 6568, 76 hoarding, 69; loss, 4850, 5457,
Jurecic, Ann, 162 108; and mess, 4861, 6970; and
narrative, 4445, 4950, 54, 56, 58;
and objects, 4142, 4547, 51, 54,
Kahn, Miriam, 167 56, 58, 6061; rhetorical models
 Index , 215

for, 44, 4849 Pallasmaa, Juhani, 4, 158, 17374,

memory palace, 4449 17677, 180, 184, 192, 194
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 2, 45, 22, Parslow, Ruth A., 64
25, 2728, 32, 37, 17677, 18081, Pastalan, Leon A., 42
184 Paterson, Mark, 15, 18, 177
Merlhes, Victor, 182 Patronek, Gary J., 6970, 81
metaphor, 4244, 50, 6061 pets. See animals
Michalko, Rod, 88, 9198, 100, 1023, phantom limb, 2425, 2832, 34,
10811, 140 3637, 40, 104
middle-class, 18588 Phelan, Peggy, 2627, 33, 38
Miller, William Ian, 118, 120, 123 Philoctetes (Sophocles), 12729,
Mitchell, David T., 38 13133
Moore, Charles W., 4 Plath, Aurelia, 147, 154
Mosaic Law, 3, 11825, 161 Plath, Otto, 14651, 154
motherhood, 3, 22, 33, 45, 69, 7274, Plath, Sylvia: and creative space, 145,
118, 13536, 14244, 146, 14849, 147, 15455; and domestic space,
15152, 154 14446, 14950, 154, 163; family
motion: graceful, 9294, 97; and life, 144, 14752, 15455; works:
homelessness, 9798, 105; Among the Bumblebees, 147;
through the home, 4251, 54, The Bee Meeting, 15556;
5859; through the landscape, The Beekeepers Daughter,
7879, 9395, 97100, 105; and 14849; The Bell Jar, 149150, 156;
tactile perception, 4, 184 Eavesdropper, 155; Electra on
mourning. See grief the Azalea Path, 15051; Lady
Murray, Stuart, 161 Lazarus, 156
pottery, 170, 17981
pressure seeking, 14043, 14951, 160
navigation (as metaphor for home pressure therapy, 142, 15758, 162
life), 42, 50, 70 primitivism, 166, 171, 175, 178, 182
neurology, 16, 2425, 3032, 140, Prince-Hughes, Dawn, 14041, 152
14243, 152, 159, 16162 53, 155, 157, 163
nursing. See caregiving Prosser, Jay, 188
nursing homes, 11516, 123, 126 130 psoriasis, 16768, 17273, 180, 18588
Nussbaum, Martha C., 117, 191 purity. See abject
Pym, Barbara, 5051

ocularcentrism, 23, 11; and grief,

2627, 3839; and painting, 176 Quantrill, Malcolm, 4849
OFarrell, Mary Ann, 187 Quintilian, 4448
Owen, David, 192

Ramachandran, V.S., 16, 32, 37, 39

painting, 16769, 17578, 181 Raymond, Jon, 88
216, Index

Reichardt, Kelly, 1024 Steketee, Gail, 5253

relics. See souvenirs Stewart, Susan, 46, 56
renovation, 19194 Stoddard, Alexandra, 19394
Resnik, David B., 194 strip-tease, 15354, 157
resurrection, 26, 3940, 14851, 156 studio space, 16566, 17071, 18384
57, 16464 study, 145, 147, 15455, 165
Rew, Lynn, 101 stumbling, 2124, 3438, 40, 114
Rickels, Laurence A., 23
Robinson, Marilynne, 53, 61
Rosner, Victoria, 6 Tanner, Laura E., 22
Rovina, Nesta, 11316, 119, 12324, Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 3436, 38
12830, 13234, 197 texture, 175, 18384
Rowles, Graham D., 4143, 60 Therapeutic Touch, 12122
Rubinstein, Robert L., 4150, 55, 57, Thompson, Rosemarie Garland, 23,
5960 25, 105
Titchkosky, Tanya, 102, 104, 110, 159
To the Lighthouse (Woolf), 2124, 34,
sacred: bodies, 117, 124; objects, 46, 3638, 40
53; spaces, 78, 153, 163 touch: and animals, 62, 7071, 80,
Sankar, Andrea, 19495 8990, 9394, 100, 104, 11011;
Schilder, Paul, 16, 32 and artistic creation, 17779;
Seamon, David, 42 compared to vision, 25, 8, 11,
sensory empathy, 15962 2627, 3839, 4447, 8990, 93,
Serpell, James A., 6364 11721, 140, 158, 163, 17577,
shelter, 65, 80, 153; animal, 107; 18384; and contamination, 78,
homeless, 91, 102 7071, 76, 82, 11629; and empa-
Shenk, Dena, 44 thy, 3, 100, 116, 126, 131, 135,
Shildrick, Margrit, 179 15962; experiments, 32, 39, 142
skin: disease, 11821, 12728, 13132, 43, 162, 18384; and grief, 2140;
16768, 17778, 180, 18488; and healing, 117, 12436; illusory,
painted, 169, 17677, 181; struc- 2425, 2832, 34, 3637, 40, 104;
ture, 17980 and love, 2128, 33, 3740, 46, 82,
slaughterhouses, 15761 19698; and memory, 4647, 51,
Snyder, Sharon L., 38 5456, 58, 6061; micro- vs. mac-
Sophocles, 10, 12729, 13133 rostructural, 18384; and paint-
South Africa, 12930, 133 ing 17677; sensitivity to, 139,
souvenirs, 4142, 4547, 5051, 14144, 159, 162
5354, 5861, 70, 19495 Turner, Joan G., 12122
Spark, Muriel, 5657
SPCA, 65, 68
squeeze machine, 14143, 153, uncanny, 38, 64
15764 Updike, John, 16668, 17275, 179
Steinbeck, John, 99100 81, 18588
 Index , 217

Van Gogh, Vincent, 170, 17577 Wittman, Richard, 5

Verderame, Lorie, 195 Wolff, Geoffrey, 73
Women of Trachis, The (Sophocles),
13132
Weil, Kari, 110 Woodward, Kathleen, 2223
Weinstein, Norman, 6 Woolf, Virginia, 21, 36
Weiss, Gail, 119 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 17374
Welsh, Robert, 182
Wendy and Lucy, 1026, 108
Wettlaufer, Alexandra K., 167 zoos, 15355, 157
Wills, David, 2425, 34