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    Anatomy and Physiology of The Kidneys

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    Neil Alviar
    The kidneys are paired, reddish brown organs located in the abdominal cavity near the spine. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Blood enters the nephrons via the renal artery and flows through the glomerular capillaries, where it is filtered. This filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate, enters the renal tubules. The kidneys maintain water and electrolyte balance and remove waste via a three step process of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion to produce urine and regulate blood pressure, blood calcium levels and red blood cell production. On average, adults produce 150-180 liters of filtrate per day but over 99

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    Anatomy and Physiology of The Kidneys

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    Neil Alviar
    445 views3 pages
    The kidneys are paired, reddish brown organs located in the abdominal cavity near the spine. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Blood enters the nephrons via the renal artery and flows through the glomerular capillaries, where it is filtered. This filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate, enters the renal tubules. The kidneys maintain water and electrolyte balance and remove waste via a three step process of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion to produce urine and regulate blood pressure, blood calcium levels and red blood cell production. On average, adults produce 150-180 liters of filtrate per day but over 99

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    The kidneys are paired, reddish brown organs located in the abdominal cavity near the spine. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Blood enters the nephrons via the renal artery and flows through the glomerular capillaries, where it is filtered. This filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate, enters the renal tubules. The kidneys maintain water and electrolyte balance and remove waste via a three step process of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion to produce urine and regulate blood pressure, blood calcium levels and red blood cell production. On average, adults produce 150-180 liters of filtrate per day but over 99

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    445 views3 pages

    Anatomy and Physiology of The Kidneys

    Uploaded by

    Neil Alviar
    The kidneys are paired, reddish brown organs located in the abdominal cavity near the spine. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Blood enters the nephrons via the renal artery and flows through the glomerular capillaries, where it is filtered. This filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate, enters the renal tubules. The kidneys maintain water and electrolyte balance and remove waste via a three step process of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion to produce urine and regulate blood pressure, blood calcium levels and red blood cell production. On average, adults produce 150-180 liters of filtrate per day but over 99

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    ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE KIDNEYS

    ANATOMY
    KIDNEYS

    Paired, reddish brown, bean-shaped


    Located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen
    Retroperitoneal organ (positioned posterior to the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity
    Located between T12-L3
    Right kidney is slightly lower than the left because the liver occupies considerable space on the right side
    superior to the kidney

    EXTERNAL ANATOMY
    TYPICAL ADULT KIDNEY
    10-12cm (4-5in) long
    5-7cm (2-3in) wide
    3cm (1in) thick
    135-150g (4.5-5oz) mass

    INTERNAL ANATOMY
    Renal pyramids of the renal medulla and renal cortex constitutes the PARENCHYMA (functional portion of the kidney)
    NEPHRONS functional units of the kidney about 1 million microscopic structures
    Each kidney has 8-18 minor calyces and 2 or 3 major calyces.

    BLOOD SUPPLY
    Renal artery - segmental arteries interlobar arteries arcuate arteries interlobular arteries afferent
    arterioles glomerular capillaries efferent arterioles peritubular arteries interlobular veins arcuate
    veins interlobar veins renal vein

    NEPHRON
    Functional unit of the kidneys
    Two parts:
    1. Renal corpuscle where blood plasma is filtered
    2 components:
    A. glomerulus capillary network
    B. glomerular (Bowmans) capsule double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular
    capillaries
    2. Renal tubule into which the filtered fluid passes
    RENAL CORPUSCLE
    GLOMERULAR (BOWMANS) CAPSULE
    2 LAYERS
    1. VISCERAL LAYER consist of modified simple squamous epithelial cells (podocytes)
    2. PARIETAL LAYER simple squamous epithelium and forms the outer wall of the capsule
    GLOMERULUS
    Contains a network of branching and anastomosing glomerular capillaries
    Have high hydrostatic pressure (about 60mmHg)
    Covered by epithelial cells

    PHYSIOLOGY OF THE KIDNEY


    The kidney is an excretory organ that forms urine and excretes harmful foreign chemical substances such as toxins,
    drugs, heavy metals, pesticides, etc.
    Other physiological roles of the kidneys include:
    1. Role in homeostasis:
    a. Maintenance of water balance: water is being conserved when it is decreased in the body and excreted
    when its in excess in the body
    b. Maintenance of electrolyte balance: the kidneys retain sodium if the osmolarity of body water decreases and
    eliminate sodium when osmolarity increases.
    c. Maintenance of Acid-Base balance
    2. Hemopoietic function: kidneys stimulate the production of erythrocytes by secreting erythropoietin.
    3. Endocrine function: the kidneys secrete hormonal substances that function in the endocrine system, these inlude:
    Renin
    1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
    Prostaglandins
    Thrombopoietin
    4. Regulation of blood pressure: the kidneys regulate arterial blood pressure by two ways:
    By regulating the volume of extracellular fluid
    Through RAAS mechanism
    5. Regulation of blood calcium level
    Kidneys regulate blood calcium level by activating 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol into Vitamin D.

    OVERVIEW OF THE RENAL PHYSIOLOGY


    To produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts perform three basic processesglomerular ltration, tubular
    reabsorption, and tubular secretion
    1. Glomerular ltration
    In the rst step of urine production, water and most solutes in blood plasma move across the wall of glomerular
    capillaries, where they are ltered and move into the glomerular capsule and then into the renal tubule.

    2. Tubular reabsorption.
    As ltered uid ows through the renal tubules and through the collecting ducts, tubule cells reabsorb about 99% of
    the ltered water and many useful solutes.
    The water and solutes return to the blood as it ows through the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta.
    3. Tubular secretion. As ltered uid ows through the renal tubules and collecting ducts, the renal tubule and
    duct cells secrete other materials, such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions, into the uid.

    Solutes and the uid that drain into the minor and major calyces and renal pelvis constitute urine and are excreted.

    Relation of a nephrons structure to its three basic functions: glomerular ltration, tubular reabsorption, and
    tubular secretion.
    By ltering, reabsorbing, and secreting, nephrons help maintain homeostasis of the bloods volume and composition.

    GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
    The uid that enters the capsular space is called the glomerular ltrate. The fraction of blood plasma in the afferent
    arterioles of the kidneys that becomes glomerular ltrate is the ltration fraction.
    On average, the daily volume of glomerular filtrate in adults is 150 liters in females and 180 liters in males. More than
    99% of the glomerular ltrate returns to the bloodstream via tubular reabsorption, so only 12 liters (about 12 qt) is
    excreted as urine.

    Net Filtration Pressure


    Glomerular ltration depends on three main pressures.
    1. Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)
    This is the blood pressure in glomerular capillaries. Its about 55 mmHg and It promotes ltration by forcing water and
    solutes in blood plasma through the ltration membrane.
    2. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
    This isthe hydrostatic pressure exerted against the ltration membrane by uid already in the capsular space and
    renal tubule.
    CHP opposes ltration and represents a back pressure of about 15 mmHg.
    3. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
    It is due to the presence of proteins such as albumin, globulins, and brinogen in blood plasma.
    It also opposes ltration.
    The average BCOP in glomerular capillaries is 30 mmHg.

    The pressures that drive glomerular ltration


    Net ltration pressure (NFP)
    The total pressure that promotes ltration, is determined as follows: NFP = GBHP CHP BCOP

    Glomerular Filtration Rate


    The amount of ltrate formed in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute is the glomerular ltration rate
    (GFR).
    Inadults, the GFR averages 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females.

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