Part 1: Determination of The Characteristics of The Raw Water

Methodology
Materials and Apparatus
HgSO4, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), sulphuric acid reagent, ferrous ammonium sulphate
(FAS), ferroin indicator, concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4), concentrated sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) ,alum solution, Poly Aluminium Chloride(PAC) solution, turbidimeter, UV-Vis
spectrophotometer, thermometer, pH meter.
Part 1: Determination of the characteristics of the raw water
1. Sample of raw water is collected from the lake of USM Engineering Campus approximately
16-20 litres.
2. First, the sample water is tested for its initial pH, temperature and turbidity using pH meter,
thermometer and turbidimeter respectively.
3. Next, the UV254 is measured using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at absorbance of 254 nm

wavelength to determine the concentration of organic matter.
i) COD Testing
a) Place 1 gram mercuric sulphate, HgSO4 into 2 refluxing flasks. Label the flasks as
blank and sample.
b) Measure 50 ml sample and pour into the sample flask and 50 ml distilled water into
blank flask.
c) Add 25 ml 0.0417 M potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution into both refluxing
flasks.
d) Add several anti-bumping granules into both refluxing flasks.
e) Carefully, add 75 ml sulphuric acid reagent (containing Ag2SO4).
f) Attach flask to the condenser and turn on cooling water. Swirl the mixture.
g) Turn power on and reflux mixture for 2 hours.
h) After 2 hours, switch off the power and cool the refluxing flasks to room temperature.
Wash down the condenser with distilled water.
i) Disconnect the refluxing flasks, pour the mixture into 500 ml conical flask and add
distilled water until 350 ml. Allow to cool.
Note: Make sure all the mixture is poured into the conical flask by washing the refluxing
flask twice until the volume of mixture is 350ml.
j) Titrate the excess K2Cr2O7 with ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) using 5 drops of
ferroin indicator. Take as the end point of titration, the first sharp colour change from
blue green to reddish brown. Note that after a few minutes, the blue-green colour may
reappear.
k) Determine the normality of Fe (NH4) 2 (SO4) 2, FAS as below:
i. Measure 10 ml 0.0417 M K2Cr2O7 standard solution and pour it into a 250ml
conical flask.
ii. Add distilled water until 100 mL.
iii. Add 30 ml concentrated sulphuric acid and let the mixture cool.
iv. Titrate K2Cr2O7 solution with FAS using 5 drops ferroin indicator. The endpoint
of the titration is the first sharp colour change from blue green to reddish brown.
l) Calculate COD of the sample as:
a = ml FAS used for blank
b = ml FAS used for sample
c = Normality of FAS
Part 2: Determination for optimum pH (dose constant)
1. Fill six 1 litre beakers with 1 litre of the given sample water.
2. Fill a burette with 100 ml alum solution of concentration 10 vol%.
3. Add to the beakers the amounts of H2SO4 or NaOH that would yield final pH values of
4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
4. Add alum solution to the beakers alum solution corresponding to a dose 10 mg/l.
5. Mix the samples at high speed (200 rpm) for 1 minute.
6. Reduce mixing speed to 40 rpm and continue mixing for 15 minutes.
7. Stop the stirrer and let the flocs settle for 20 minutes.
8. Collect effluent samples from about 2 cm below the surface were residual turbidity
measurement.
9. Repeat steps from (2) to (8) using Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) coagulant.
10. Plot turbidity vs. pH for both alum and PAC solution.
Part 3: Determination for optimum dose (pH constant)
1. Fill six 1 litre beakers with 1 litre of the given sample water.
2. Fill a burette with 100 ml alum solution of concentration 10 vol%
3. Add to the beakers the amount of H2SO4 or NaOH that would yield a final pH of 7.5.
4. Add alum solution to the beakers corresponding to doses of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20, 40
and 60 vol%
5. Mix the samples at high speed (200 rpm) for 1 minute.
6. Reduce mixing speed to 40 rpm and continue mixing for 15 minutes.
7. Stop the stirrer and let the flocs settle for 20 minutes.
8. Collect effluent samples from about 2 cm below the surface were residual turbidity
measurement.
9. Repeat steps (2) to (8) using Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) coagulant.
10. Plot turbidity vs. alum and PAC dose.

Part 1: Determination of The Characteristics of The Raw Water

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Methodology

Materials and Apparatus

Part 1: Determination of the characteristics of the raw water

3. Next, the UV254 is measured using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at absorbance of 254 nm

l) Calculate COD of the sample as:

a = ml FAS used for blank

b = ml FAS used for sample

Part 2: Determination for optimum pH (dose constant)

Part 3: Determination for optimum dose (pH constant)

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