Why files are needed?

When a program is terminated, the entire data is lost. Storing in a file will
preserve your data even if the program terminates.
If you have to enter a large number of data, it will take a lot of time to enter
them all.
However, if you have a file containing all the data, you can easily access the
contents of the file using few commands in C.
You can easily move your data from one computer to another without any
changes.

Types of Files
When dealing with files, there are two types of files you should know about:

1. Text files
2. Binary files

1. Text files
Text files are the normal .txt files that you can easily create using Notepad or any
simple text editors.

When you open those files, you'll see all the contents within the file as plain text. You
can easily edit or delete the contents.

They take minimum effort to maintain, are easily readable, and provide least security
and takes bigger storage space.

2. Binary files
Binary files are mostly the .bin files in your computer.

Instead of storing data in plain text, they store it in the binary form (0's and 1's).

They can hold higher amount of data, are not readable easily and provides a better
security than text files.

File Operations
In C, you can perform four major operations on the file, either text or binary:

1. Creating a new file

2. Opening an existing file
3. Closing a file
4. Reading from and writing information to a file

Working with files

When working with files, you need to declare a pointer of type file. This declaration is
needed for communication between the file and program.

FILE *fptr;

Opening a file - for creation and edit

Opening a file is performed using the library function in the "stdio.h" header file:
fopen().

The syntax for opening a file in standard I/O is:

ptr = fopen("fileopen","mode")

For Example:

fopen("E:\\cprogram\\newprogram.txt","w");

fopen("E:\\cprogram\\oldprogram.bin","rb");

Let's suppose the file newprogram.txt doesn't exist in the location E:\cprogram.
The first function creates a new file named newprogram.txt and opens it for
writing as per the mode 'w'.
 The writing mode allows you to create and edit (overwrite) the contents of the
file.
Now let's suppose the second binary file oldprogram.bin exists in the
location E:\cprogram. The second function opens the existing file for reading in
binary mode 'rb'.
The reading mode only allows you to read the file, you cannot write into the file.

Opening Modes in Standard I/O

File
Meaning of Mode During Inexistence of file
Mode

If the file does not exist, fopen() returns

r Open for reading.
NULL.

Open for reading in binary If the file does not exist, fopen() returns
rb
mode. NULL.

If the file exists, its contents are

w Open for writing. overwritten. If the file does not exist, it
will be created.

If the file exists, its contents are

Open for writing in binary
wb overwritten. If the file does not exist, it
mode.
will be created.

Open for append. i.e, Data is If the file does not exists, it will be
a
added to end of file. created.

Open for append in binary

If the file does not exists, it will be
ab mode. i.e, Data is added to end
created.
of file.

Open for both reading and If the file does not exist, fopen() returns
r+
writing. NULL.

Open for both reading and If the file does not exist, fopen() returns
rb+
writing in binary mode. NULL.

If the file exists, its contents are

Open for both reading and
w+ overwritten. If the file does not exist, it
writing.
will be created.
 Opening Modes in Standard I/O

File
Meaning of Mode During Inexistence of file
Mode

If the file exists, its contents are

Open for both reading and
wb+ overwritten. If the file does not exist, it
writing in binary mode.
will be created.

Open for both reading and If the file does not exists, it will be
a+
appending. created.

Open for both reading and If the file does not exists, it will be
ab+
appending in binary mode. created.

Closing a File
The file (both text and binary) should be closed after reading/writing.

Closing a file is performed using library function fclose().

fclose(fptr); //fptr is the file pointer associated with file to be

closed.

Reading and writing to a text file

For reading and writing to a text file, we use the functions fprintf() and fscanf().

They are just the file versions of printf() and scanf(). The only difference is that,
fprint and fscanf expects a pointer to the structure FILE.

Writing to a text file

Example 1: Write to a text file using fprintf()

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
FILE *fptr;
fptr = fopen("C:\\program.txt","w");

if(fptr == NULL)
{
printf("Error!");
exit(1);
}

printf("Enter num: ");

scanf("%d",&num);

fprintf(fptr,"%d",num);
fclose(fptr);

return 0;
}

This program takes a number from user and stores in the file program.txt.

After you compile and run this program, you can see a text file program.txt created in C
drive of your computer. When you open the file, you can see the integer you entered.

Reading from a text file

Example 2: Read from a text file using fscanf()

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
FILE *fptr;

if ((fptr = fopen("C:\\program.txt","r")) == NULL){

printf("Error! opening file");

// Program exits if the file pointer returns NULL.

exit(1);
}

fscanf(fptr,"%d", &num);

printf("Value of n=%d", num);

fclose(fptr);

return 0;
}

This program reads the integer present in the program.txt file and prints it onto the
screen.

If you succesfully created the file from Example 1, running this program will get you
the integer you entered.

Other functions like fgetchar(), fputc() etc. can be used in similar way.

Reading and writing to a binary file

Functions fread() and fwrite() are used for reading from and writing to a file on the
disk respectively in case of binary files.

Writing to a binary file

To write into a binary file, you need to use the function fwrite(). The functions takes
four arguments: Address of data to be written in disk, Size of data to be written in disk,
number of such type of data and pointer to the file where you want to write.

fwrite(address_data,size_data,numbers_data,pointer_to_file);

Example 3: Writing to a binary file using fwrite()

#include <stdio.h>

struct threeNum
{
int n1, n2, n3;
};

int main()
{
int n;
struct threeNum num;
FILE *fptr;

if ((fptr = fopen("C:\\program.bin","wb")) == NULL){

printf("Error! opening file");

// Program exits if the file pointer returns NULL.

exit(1);
}

for(n = 1; n < 5; ++n)

{
num.n1 = n;
 num.n2 = 5n;
num.n3 = 5n + 1;
fwrite(&num, sizeof(struct threeNum), 1, fptr);
}
fclose(fptr);

return 0;
}

In this program, you create a new file program.bin in the C drive.

We declare a structure threeNum with three numbers - n1, n2 and n3, and define it in
the main function as num.

Now, inside the for loop, we store the value into the file using fwrite.

The first parameter takes the address of num and the second parameter takes the size
of the structure threeNum.

Since, we're only inserting one instance of num, the third parameter is 1. And, the last
parameter *fptr points to the file we're storing the data.

Finally, we close the file.

Reading from a binary file

Function fread() also take 4 arguments similar to fwrite() function as above.

fread(address_data,size_data,numbers_data,pointer_to_file);

Example 4: Reading from a binary file using fread()

#include <stdio.h>

struct threeNum
{
int n1, n2, n3;
};

int main()
{
int n;
struct threeNum num;
FILE *fptr;

if ((fptr = fopen("C:\\program.bin","rb")) == NULL){

printf("Error! opening file");

// Program exits if the file pointer returns NULL.

exit(1);
}

for(n = 1; n < 5; ++n)

{
fread(&num, sizeof(struct threeNum), 1, fptr);
printf("n1: %d\tn2: %d\tn3: %d", num.n1, num.n2, num.n3);
}
fclose(fptr);

return 0;
}

In this program, you read the same file program.bin and loop through the records one
by one.

In simple terms, you read one threeNum record of threeNum size from the file pointed
by *fptr into the structure num.
You'll get the same records you inserted in Example 3.

Getting data using fseek()

If you have many records inside a file and need to access a record at a specific position,
you need to loop through all the records before it to get the record.

This will waste a lot of memory and operation time. An easier way to get to the
required data can be achieved using fseek().

As the name suggests, fseek() seeks the cursor to the given record in the file.

Syntax of fseek()
fseek(FILE * stream, long int offset, int whence)

The first parameter stream is the pointer to the file. The second parameter is the
position of the record to be found, and the third parameter specifies the location where
the offset starts.

Different Whence in fseek

Whence Meaning

SEKK_SET Starts the offset from the beginning of the file.

SEKK_END Starts the offset from the end of the file.

SEKK_CUR Starts the offset from the current location of the cursor in the file.

Example of fseek()
#include <stdio.h>

struct threeNum
{
int n1, n2, n3;
};

int main()
{
int n;
struct threeNum num;
FILE *fptr;

if ((fptr = fopen("C:\\program.bin","rb")) == NULL){

printf("Error! opening file");

// Program exits if the file pointer returns NULL.

exit(1);
}

// Moves the cursor to the end of the file

fseek(fptr, sizeof(struct threeNum), SEEK_END);

for(n = 1; n < 5; ++n)

{
fread(&num, sizeof(struct threeNum), 1, fptr);
printf("n1: %d\tn2: %d\tn3: %d", num.n1, num.n2, num.n3);
}
fclose(fptr);

return 0;
}
This program will start reading the records from the file program.bin in the reverse
order (last to first) and prints it.

Write a C program to write all the members of an array of structures to a file

using fwrite(). Read the array from the file and display on the screen.

#include <stdio.h>
struct student
{
char name[50];
int height;
};
int main(){
struct student stud1[5], stud2[5];
FILE *fptr;
int i;

fptr = fopen("file.txt","wb");
for(i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
{
fflush(stdin);
printf("Enter name: ");
gets(stud1[i].name);

printf("Enter height: ");

scanf("%d", &stud1[i].height);
}

fwrite(stud1, sizeof(stud1), 1, fptr);

fclose(fptr);
 fptr = fopen("file.txt", "rb");
fread(stud2, sizeof(stud2), 1, fptr);
for(i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
{
printf("Name: %s\nHeight: %d", stud2[i].name, stud2[i].height);
}
fclose(fptr);
}