Aci 318M 11

Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-11)

Overview of ACI 318M
Design of Prestressed Concrete
Evaluation of Existing Structures
David Darwin
Vietnam Institute for Building Science and
Technology (IBST)
Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
December 12-16, 2011

This morning
Overview of ACI 318M-11
Design of Prestressed Concrete

(Chapter 18)
Strength Evaluation of Existing

Structures (Chapter 20)
This afternoon
Analysis and design of

Flexure
Shear
Torsion
Axial load
Tomorrow morning
Design of slender columns

Design of wall structures
High-strength concrete
Overview of ACI 318M-11
Legal standing
Scope
Approach to Design
Loads and Load Cases
Strength Reduction Factors
Legal standing
Serves as the legal structural concrete

building code in the U.S. because it is
adopted by the general building code (IBC).
Scope
ACI 318M consists of 22 chapters and 6

appendices that cover all aspects of building
design
Chapters
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Scope, Contract Documents, Inspection,
Approval of Special Systems
2. NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS

Chapters
3. MATERIALS
Cementitious Materials, Water, Aggregates,
Admixtures, Reinforcing Materials
4. DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Freezing and Thawing, Sulfates, Permeability,
Corrosion
5. CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING
6. FORMWORK, EMBEDMENTS,
AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
7. DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
Hooks and Bends, Surface Condition, Tolerances,
Spacing, Concrete Cover, Columns, Flexural Members,
Shrinkage and Temperature Steel, Structural Integrity
8. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Design Methods; Loading, including Arrangement of
Load; Methods of Analysis; Redistribution of Moments;
Selected Concrete Properties; Requirements for
Modeling Structures (Spans, T-beams, Joists...)
9. STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
REQUIREMENTS
Load Combinations, Strength Reduction Factors,
Deflection Control
10. FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS
Beams and One-way Slabs, Columns, Deep Beams,
Bearing
11. SHEAR AND TORSION
12. DEVELOPMENT
AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT
13. TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS
14. WALLS
15. FOOTINGS
16. PRECAST
CONCRETE
17. COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL
MEMBERS
18. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

19. SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS
20. STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING
STRUCTURES
21. EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT
STRUCTURES
22. STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE

Appendices
A. STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS*
B. ALTERNATIVE
PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLEXURAL AND
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
C. ALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH
REDUCTION FACTORS
D. ANCHORING TO CONCRETE*
E. STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION

F. EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SI-METRIC, MKS-
METRIC, AND U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS OF
NONHOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS IN THE CODE
Approach to design
Qd = design loads
Sn = nominal strength
Sd = design strength
M = safety margin
Design Strength Required Strength
Sd = Sn Qd
Sd = design strength = Sn
= strength reduction factor
= load factors
Qd = design loads
and in Chapter 9 of ACI 318M
Loads Qd
specified in ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Reston, Virginia, USA
Loads
Dead loads (D)*
Live loads (L)*
Roof live loads (Lr)*
Wind loads (W) full load
Earthquake loads (E) full load
Rain loads (R)*
Snow loads (S)*
* Service-level loads
Loads
Impact include in L
Self-straining effects (temperature, creep,
shrinkage, differential settlement, and
shrinkage compensating concrete) (T)
Fluid loads (F)
Lateral soil pressure (H)
Factored Load = U = Qd
Load cases and load factors
by ASCE 7 and ACI 318M
U = 1.4D
U = 1.2D + 1.6L + + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.5W)
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
Load cases and load factors
by ASCE 7 and ACI 318M
U = 0.9D + 1.0W
U = 0.9D + 1.0E
Load factors by ACI 318M
If W based on service-level forces, use 1.6W place of
1.0W
If E based on service-level forces, use 1.4E in place
of 1.0E
Details of other cases covered in the Code

Strength reduction () factors
Tension-controlled sections 0.90

Compression-controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.75
Other members 0.65
Shear and torsion 0.75
Bearing 0.65
Post-tensioning anchorages 0.85
Other cases 0.60 0.90
Tension-controlled and compression-
controlled sections
T-beam
b
hf
d
dt
h
As
bw
Strain through depth of beam
Design Strength ( x nominal strength) must
exceed the Required Strength (factored load)
Bending Mn Mu
Axial load Pn Pu
Shear Vn Vu
Torsion Tn Tu
Load distributions and modeling
requirements
Structure may be analyzed as elastic
using properties of gross sections
Ig = moment of inertia of gross (uncracked)

cross section
3
b
Beams: Ib = Ig Iweb = w h
12
3
Columns: Ic = Ig = bh
12
Analysis by subframes
1. The live load applied only to the floor or roof

under consideration, and the far ends of
columns built integrally with the structure
considered fixed
2. The arrangement of load may be limited to
combinations of
(a) factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on alternate spans, and
(b) factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on two adjacent spans
(a)
(b)
(c)
Moment and shear envelopes
Columns designed to resist
(a) axial forces from factored loads on all floors
or roof and maximum moment from factored
live loads on a single adjacent span of the
floor or roof under consideration
(b) loading condition giving maximum ratio of

moment to axial load
More on columns
For frames or continuous construction, consider
effect of unbalanced floor or roof loads on both
exterior and interior columns and of eccentric
loading due to other causes
For gravity load, far ends of columns built integrally

with the structure may be considered fixed
At any floor or roof level, distribute the moment

between columns immediately above and below
that floor in proportion to the relative column
stiffness
Simplified loading criteria
Beams, two
or more spans
ln
M factor w u l n 2
Beams, two
spans only
Slabs,
spans 3 m
Beams, col stiffnesses

8 beam stiffnesses
Max +ve Max ve left
Composite
Max ve right
Allowable adjustment in maximum
moments for t 0.0075
Design of prestressed concrete
(Chapter 18)
Behavior of reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete under service loads
Theory of prestressed concrete
Stresses
Methods of prestressing concrete members
Pretensioning
Post-Tensioning
57
Prestressing steels
Strength of prestressing steels available in
U.S.
Seven-wire strand: fpu 1725, 1860 MPa
fpy (stress at 1% extension) 85% (for stress-

relieved strand) or 90% (for low-relaxation
strand) of fpu
fpu = ultimate strength

fpy = yield strength
U.S.
Prestressing wire: fpu 1620 to 1725 MPa
(function of size)
fpy (at 1% extension) 85% of fpu

U.S.
High-strength steel bars: fpu 1035 MPa

fpy 85% (for plain bars) and 80% (for deformed
bars) of fpu
fpy based on either 0.2% offset or 0.7% strain

Maximum permissible stresses in
prestressing steel
Due to prestressing steel jacking force:
0.94fpy
0.80fpu
manufacturers recommendation
Post-tensioning tendons, at anchorage devices

and couplers, immediately after force transfer:
0.70fpu
Prestressed concrete members are
designed based on both
Elastic flexural analysis
Strength
Elastic flexural analysis
Considers stresses under both the
Initial prestress force Pi and the
Effective prestress force Pe
Note: fc = concrete compressive strength

fci = initial concrete compressive
strength (value at prestress transfer)
Classes of members
U uncracked calculated tensile stress in
precompressed tensile zone at service
loads = ft 0.62 fc
T transition between uncracked and

cracked 0.62 fc < ft 1.0 fc
C cracked ft > 1.0 fc
fc in MPa
Concrete section properties
e = tendon eccentricity
k1= upper kern point
k2= lower kern point
Ic = moment of inertia
Ac = area
radius of gyration:
r2 = Ic/Ac
section moduli:
S1 = Ic/c1
S2 = Ic/c2
Bending moments
Mo = self-weight moment
Md = superimposed dead load moment
Ml = live load moment

Concrete stresses under Pi
Concrete stresses under Pi + Mo
Concrete stresses under Pe + Mo + Md + Ml
Maximum permissible stresses in concrete at
transfer
(a) Extreme fiber stress in compression, except as in
(b), 0.60fci
(b) Extreme fiber stress in compression at ends of
simply supported members 0.70fci
(c) Extreme fiber stress in tension at ends of simply
supported members 0.50 fci *
(d) Extreme fiber stress in tension at other locations
0.25 fci *
* Add tensile reinforcement if exceeded

Maximum permissible compressive
stresses in concrete at service loads
Class U and T members
(a) Extreme fiber stress in compression due to

prestress plus sustained load 0.45fc
(b) Extreme fiber stress in compression due to

prestress plus total load 0.60fc
Flexural strength
Aps
T = Apsfps
ps
Stress-block parameter 1
1 0.85 for 17 MPa fc 28 MPa
For fc between 28 and 56 MPa, 1

decreases by 0.05 for each 7 MPa
increase in fc
1 0.65 for fc 56 MPa

Stress in prestressing steel at ultimate
Members with bonded tendons:
p = Aps/bdp = reinforcement ratio

b = width of compression face
dp = d (effective depth) of prestressing steel
Members with bonded tendons and non-prestressed bars:
p f pu d
f ps f pu 1 p
1 f c d p
f y / f c and f y / f c
and refer to compression reinforcement, As
f pu d
p shall be taken 017
. , d 015
. dp
f c d p
Members with unbonded tendons with span/depth
ratios 35:
but not greater than fpy or greater than fpe + 420 MPa
Pe
fpe = stress in Aps at Pe =
Aps
Members with unbonded tendons with span/depth
ratios > 35:
but not greater than fpy or greater than fpe + 210 MPa
Loss of prestress
(a) Prestessing steel seating at transfer
(b) Elastic shortening of concrete
(c) Creep of concrete
(d) Shrinkage of concrete
(e) Relaxation of prestressing steel
(f) Friction loss due to intended or
unintended curvature of post-tensioning
tendons
Limits on reinforcement in flexural
members
Classify as tension-controlled, transition, or
compression-controlled to determine
Total amount of prestressed and nonprestressed

reinforcement in members with bonded
reinforcement must be able to carry 1.2
cracking load
Minimum bonded reinforcement As in
members with unbonded tendons
Except in two-way slabs, As = 0.004Act
Act = area of that part of cross section
between the flexural tension face and
center of gravity of gross section
Distribute As uniformly over precompressed
tension zone as close as possible to
extreme tensile fiber
Two-way slabs:
Positive moment regions:
Bonded reinforcement not required where tensile
stress ft 0.17 fc
Nc
Otherwise, use As =
0.5fy
Nc = resultant tensile force acting on portion of
concrete cross section in tension under effective
prestress and service loads
Distribute As uniformly over precompressed
tension zone as close as possible to extreme
tensile fiber
Two-way slabs:
Negative moment areas at column supports:
As = 0.00075Acf
Acf = larger gross cross-sectional area of slab-
beam strips in two orthogonal equivalent
frames intersecting at the columns
Distribute As between lines 1.5h on outside

opposite edges of the column support
Code includes spacing and length requirements

Two-way slabs
Use Equivalent Frame Design Method
(Section 13.7)
Banded tendon distribution
Photo courtesy of Portland Cement Association

Development of prestressing strand
development length
= transfer length
Pe
fse fpe
Aps
Shear for prestressed concrete members is
similar to that for reinforced concrete
members, but it takes advantage of
presence of prestressing force
Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zone
design
Load factor = 1.2 Ppu = 1.2Pj
Pj = maximum jacking force
= 0.85
Strength evaluation of existing structures
(Chapter 20)
(Chapter 20)
When it is required
When we use analysis and when perform a load test
When core testing is sufficient
Load testing
A strength evaluation is required
when there is a doubt if a part or all of a structure
meets safety requirements of the Code
If the effect of the strength deficiency is well

understood and if it is feasible to measure the
dimensions and material properties required for
analysis, analytical evaluations of strength
based on those measurements can be used
If the effect of the strength deficiency is not well
understood or if it is not feasible to establish the
required dimensions and material properties by
measurement, a load test is required if the
structure is to remain in service
Establishing dimensions and material
properties
1. Dimensions established at critical sections

2. Reinforcement locations established by
measurement (can use drawings if spot
checks confirm information in drawings)
3. Use cylinder and core tests to estimate fc
Core testing
If the deficiency involves only the
compressive strength of the concrete
based on cylinder tests
Strength is considered satisfactory if:
1. Three cores are taken for each low-strength
test
2. The average of the three cores 0.85fc
3. No individual core has a strength < 0.75fc
Steel
Reinforcing and prestressing steel may be
evaluated based on representative material
If analysis is used, values of may be
increased
Tension-controlled 0.90 1.0

Compression controlled 0.75 and 0.65
0.90 and 0.80
Shear and torsion 0.75 0.80
Bearing 0.65 0.80
Load test procedure
Load arrangement:
Select number and arrangement of spans or
panels loaded to maximize the deflection and
stresses in the critical regions
Use more than one arrangement if needed
(deflection, rotation, stress)
Load intensity
Total test load = larger of
(a) 1.15D + 1.5L + 0.4(Lr or S or R)
(b) 1.15D + 0.9L + 1.5(Lr or S or R)
(c) 1.3D
In (b), load factor for L may be reduced to 0.45,

except for garages, places of assembly, and
where L > 4.8 kN/m2
L may be reduced as permitted by general
building code
Age at time of loading 56 days
Loading criteria
Obtain initial measurements (deflection,
rotation, strain, slip, crack widths) not more
than 1 hour before application of the first
load increment
Take readings where maximum response is
expected
Use at least four load increments
Ensure uniform load is uniform no arching
Take measurements after each load
increment and after the total load has been
applied for at least 24 hours
Remove total test load immediately after all

response measurements are made
Take a set of final measurements 24 hours

after the test load is removed
Acceptance criteria
No signs of failure no crushing or spalling
of concrete
No cracks indicating a shear failure is
imminent
In regions without transverse reinforcement,
evaluate any inclined cracks with horizontal
projection > depth of member
Evaluate cracks along the line of
reinforcement in regions of anchorage and
lap splices
Acceptance criteria
Measured deflections
2

At maximum load: 1 t
20 ,000h
1
24 hours after load removed: r
4
t MIN(distance between supports, clear span + h )

2 x span for cantilever
Acceptance criteria
If deflection criteria not met, may repeat the
test (at least 72 hours after first test)
2
Satisfactory if: r
5
2 maximum deflection of second test relative to

postion of structure at beginning of second test
Provision for lower loading
If the structure does not satisfy conditions or
criteria based on analysis, deflection, or shear,
it may be permitted for use at a lower load
rating based on the results of the load test or
analysis, if approved by the building official
Case study
1905 building
Chicago, Illinois
USA
Cinder concrete
floors
Load capacity OK for use

as an office building?
Safety shoring
Deflection
measurement
devices
Load through
window
Moving lead ingots through the window
Load stage 14
Findings
Floor could carry uniform load of
2.4 kN/m2
Building satisfactory for both apartments (1.9

kN/m2) and offices (2.4 kN/m2)
Summary
Overview
Prestressed concrete

118
Figures copyright 2010 by
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1221 Avenue of the America
New York, NY 10020 USA

American Concrete Institute
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331 USA
Duplication authorized or use with this presentation only.

The University of Kansas
David Darwin, Ph.D., P.E.

Deane E. Ackers Distinguished Professor
Director, Structural Engineering & Materials Laboratory
Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Architectural Engineering

2142 Learned Hall
Lawrence, Kansas, 66045-7609
(785) 864-3827 Fax: (785) 864-5631
daved@ku.edu
Analysis and Design for Flexure, Shear,
Torsion, and Compression plus Bending
David Darwin
Technology (IBST)

This afternoon
Analysis and design for

Flexure
Shear
Torsion
Compression plus bending
Material properties
Concrete
fc,min 17 MPa, no fc,max -- values up to 140 MPa
Usual fc 28 or 35 MPa
higher strengths used for columns
Reinforcing steel
fy 280, 350, 420, 520, 550 MPa
Usual fy 420 MPa
Reinforcing bars 11 sizes:
Size Actual diameter Size Actual diameter
No. 10 9.5 mm No. 43 43.0 mm
No. 13 12.7 mm No. 57 57.3 mm
No. 16 15.9 mm
No. 19 19.1 mm
No. 22 22.2 mm
No. 25 25.4 mm
No. 29 28.7 mm
No. 32 32.2 mm
No. 36 35.8 mm
Flexure
M n M u
At working loads
Cracked transformed section
At ultimate load
Equivalent stress block
Concrete stress-block parameters

increase in fc

Flexural strength
= 0.003
Reinforcement ratio
Tension reinforcement
As

bd
Compression reinforcement
As

bd
Balanced condition and balanced
reinforcement ratio, s = y
Steel yields just
as concrete
crushes
Reinforcement ratio corresponding to
specified values of steel strain s = t
or conservatively
Maximum value of , s = 0.004
Maximum for a tension-controlled
member, s = 0.005
This is the effective maximum value of

Flexural strength
Mn
a
Mn As fy d
2
Minimum reinforcement
To ensure that the flexural strength of a
reinforced concrete beam is higher than the
cracking moment:
For statically determinate members with

flange in tension, replace bw by smaller of
2bw or flange width b
Exceptions to minimum reinforcement
requirements:
4
As (provided) As (required)
3
Slabs and footings As,min = temperature

and shrinkage reinforcement
Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement
Cover and spacing
Doubly reinforced beams [ > 0.005]
Doubly reinforced beams
Nominal moment capacity for fs fy
a
M n M n1 M n 2 As f y d d As As f y d
2
Nominal moment capacity for fs fy
a
M n M n1 M n 2 As f s d d As f y As f s d

2
a
M n M n1 M n 2 As f s d d 0.85 f cab d
2
Minimum reinforcement ratio so that
compression steel yields:
If < ,
c must be calculated (quadratic equation):

tension-controlled sections
As

bd
T beams
Effective flange width b
Symmetric T beam:
b 1/4 span length
bw + 16hf
bw + clear distances to next beams
Slab on only one side:
b bw + 1/12 span length
bw + 6hf
bw + clear distance to next beam
Isolated T beam:
hf bw; b 4bw
Consider two cases based on neutral axis
location
Analyze as Analyze as
rectangular beam T beam
In practice, use depth of stress block a
Nominal capacity
As Asf
w ; f
bw d bw d
Limits on reinforcement for tension-controlled

section
w ,0.005 0.005 f
Flexural crack control
Maximum spacing s of
reinforcement closest
tension face
fs by analysis or = 2/3 fy
Distribution of reinforcement when flanges of T
beams are in tension:
1. Distribute reinforcement over smaller of
effective flange width or width equal to 1/10
span
2. If the effective flange width exceeds 1/10
span, place some longitudinal reinforcement
in outer portions of flange
Skin reinforcement required when h > 900 mm
Shear
V n V u
Diagonal tensile stress in concrete
Function of both bending and shear stresses
Shear stress at cracking taken as shear strength
Behavior of diagonally cracked beam
Beams with web reinforcement
Behavior of beams with web reinforcement
Contribution of stirrups
Vs nAv f yt
For a horizontal projection of the crack p
p
and a stirrup spacing s, n
s
d
In most cases, p d . Thus, conservatively, n
s
A v f yt d
giving Vs
s
Total shear capacity
with
Vd
Vc 0.16 f c 17 bw d 0.29 f cbwd
M
Vc may be taken conservatively as
Inclined stirrups
p
Vs nAv f yt sin Av f yt sin cos tan
s
d sin cos
Vs Av f yt
s
ACI provisions summary [Note ]
Vu Vn Vc Vs 0.75
Lightweight concrete factor
= 1.0 for normalweight concrete
= 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
= 0.75 for all-lightweight concrete

Minimum web reinforcement
Required when Vu > 0.5Vc
except for footings and solid slabs; certain

hollow-core slabs; concrete joists; beams with
h < 250 mm; beams integral with slabs with h <
600 mm, 2.5hf, and 0.5bw; beams made of steel
fiber-reinforced concrete with f c 40 MPa, h <
600 mm, and Vu 0.17 f cbw d
Value of fc is not limited, but the value of fc
is limited to a maximum of 8.3 MPa unless
minimum transverse reinforcement is used
Maximum stirrup spacing s
s d/2 (0.75h for prestressed concrete)
600 mm
These values are reduced by 50% where
Vs 4 fcbw d
Critical section
Maximum Vu for sections closer than d (h/2
for prestressed concrete) from the face of a
support may be taken as the value at d (or
h/2) provided that three conditions are met:
(a) Support reaction introduces compression
into the end region
(b) Loads applied at or near top of member
(c) No concentrated load placed between
critical section at d (or h/2) and the face
of the support
Stirrup design
Prestressed concrete
Vcw Vci
Vc for prestressed concrete
dp taken as distance from extreme compressive
fiber to centroid of prestressing steel but need
not be taken < 0.8h for shear design
d taken as distance from extreme compressive
fiber to centroid of prestressing steel and
nonprestressed steel (if any) but need not be
taken < 0.8h for shear design
Vc = lesser of Vci and Vcw
1.7 fcbw d
Mmax and Vi computed from load combination of

factored superimposed dead and live load
causing maximum factored moment at section
Vc = lesser of Vci and Vcw
1.7 fcbw d
Vd = shear due to unfactored self weight of beam

yt = distance from centroid to tension face
fpe = compression at tension face due to Pe alone
fd = stress due to unfactored beam self weight at
extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is
cause by external load
fpc = compressive stress at concrete centroid
under Pe
Vp = vertical component of effective
prestress force Pe
Simplified design
11.3.4 and 11.3.5 address conditions near

the ends of pretensioned beams
Other provisions (not covered today)
Effect of axial loads
Torsion
Tn Tu
Equilibrium torsion
Equilibrium torsion
Compatibility torsion
Compatibility torsion
Edge beam:
Torsionally stiff Torsionally flexible

Stresses caused
by torsion
=
Thin-walled tube under torsion
Shear flow q, N/m

q
q T

t aAot
principal tensile stress
ft 0.33 f c
cr cracking shear stress 0.33 f c
Tcr 0.33 f c 2 Aot
Acp area inside full outside perimeter pcp
Acp 2
t ; Ao Acp
pcp 3
Acp2
T cr 0.33 f c kN-m
pcp
Torsion in reinforced concrete member
Torque vs. twist

After cracking, area enclosed by shear path is defined
by xo and yo measured to centerline of outermost
closed transverse reinforcement
Aoh = xoyo
ph = 2(xo + yo)
Torque supplied by side 4:
Force in axial direction
Longitudinal steel to resist torsion
Torsion plus shear
Hollow section Solid section

ACI provisions
= 0.75
Tu Tn
where Ao = 0.85Aoh
= 30 to 60, 45 recommended
Minimal torsion
Neglect torsional effects if Tu cracking
torque =
Equilibrium vs. Compatibility Torsion
For members subjected to compatibility torsion,
member is assumed to crack in torsion, reducing
its rotational stiffness, and Tu may be reduced to
cracking torque =
Redistributed bending moments and resulting

shears must be used to design adjoining members
Limitations on shear stress
Under combined shear and torsion, total shear
stress v is limited to
Limitations on shear stress
Hollow sections
Solid sections
Reinforcement for Shear and Torsion
for single leg, fyt 420 MPa
Combined shear and torsion

Minimum transverse reinforcement
Maximum spacing of transverse

reinforcement
s ph/8, 300 mm
Spacing requirements for shear also apply

Longitudinal reinforcement for torsion
Use longitudinal bars at perimeter of section

spaced at 300 mm, at every corner of
stirrups, and no smaller than No. 10 bar. Must
be anchored to develop fy at face of supports.
Effect of axial loads
Some details of hollow sections
P n P u
M n M u
= 0.75 for spiral columns
= 0.65 for tied columns

Theoretical maximum axial capacity
Po 0.85 f c Ag Ast f y Ast
Ag = gross (total) area of concrete

Ast = total area of steel reinforcement
Maximum axial loads permitted by ACI 318
Spirally reinforced columns
Tied columns
Transverse reinforcement - ties
At least No. 10 for longitudinal bars up to No. 32
and at least No. 13 for No. 36, 43, and 57
Spacing s along the length of the column

16 diameter of longitudinal bars
48 diameter of tie bars
least dimension of column
Transverse reinforcement - ties
Every corner and alternate longitudinal bar
shall have lateral support provided by the
corner of a tie with an included angle 135
degrees and no bar shall be farther than
150 mm clear on each side along the tie
from such a laterally supported bar
Transverse reinforcement ties
Transverse reinforcement spirals
Transverse reinforcement spirals
Volumetric reinforcing ratio
Ag = gross area of column

Ach = core area of column measured to the outside
diameter of the spiral
fyt = yield strength of spiral reinforcement 700 MPa
Strain compatibility analysis and
interaction diagrams
Eccentricity e
Example
Example
Interaction diagrams
Balanced failure
Design aids and generalized interaction
diagrams e/h
Pn Pu

Kn
fcAg fcAg
Mn Pe Pe
Rn n u
fcAg h fcAg h fcAg h
Applying -factors and limits on maximum
loads
Slenderness
Summary
Analysis and design for

Flexure
Shear
Torsion
Tomorrow morning
Design of slender columns

Design of wall structures
112
Duplication authorized for use with this presentation only.



2142 Learned Hall
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Design of Slender Columns by ACI 318
David Darwin
Technology (IBST)

This morning
Slender columns
Walls
Slender columns
Notation
Effective length factors and effect of
slenderness on strength
Moment magnification
ACI design criteria
Design procedures
Nonlinear second order analysis
Linear second order analysis
Moment magnification procedure
Notation
I = moment of inertia
A = area of cross section
r = radius of gyration = I A
, l = column length
k = slenderness ratio = k /r
Et I
2
Pc critical buckling load
k
2
Et = tangential modulus of elasticity

Braced columns: effective length factor k 1
Unbraced columns: effective length factor k 1
Effect of slenderness on column strength
2E t I 2E t A
Pc
k k r
2 2
Frames
k (braced) < k (unbraced)
Braced frame Unbraced frame

Pc2 << Pc1
Moment magnification the P- effect
For a column in single curvature:
1
y y0
1 P Pc
and
1
Mmax M0
1 P Pc
For a column in double curvature with
equal end moments:
1
y y0
1 P 4Pc
More generally, when the end moments
are not equal:
Cm
Mmax M0
1 P Pc
where
M1
Cm 0.6 0.4 0.4, M2 M1
M2
Define: M1 M2 0 for single curvature
0 for double curvature
ACI design criteria
Braced (nonsway):
Neglect slenderness when
k u/r 34 12M1/M2
40
where u = unsupported length (clear distance)
Unbraced (sway):
Neglect slenderness when
k u/r 22
Alignment charts to determine k
Alignment charts to determine k
= ratio of (EI/ c) of compression members to

(EI/ ) of flexural members in a plane at one
end of a compression member
c, = span length of column or flexural

member center-to-center of joints
Design procedures
Nonlinear second-order analysis
Linear second-order analysis
Moment magnifier procedure

Nonlinear second-order analysis
Section properties
Moments of inertia:
Beams 0.35Ig
Columns 0.70Ig
Walls uncracked 0.70Ig
cracked 0.35Ig
Flat plates and flat slabs 0.25Ig
Area 1.0Ag
Modulus of elasticity Ec next slide

Modulus of elasticity Ec
Sustained load
For members under sustained lateral load,
divide I by (1 + ds), where
maximum factored sustained shear within story
ds 1 .0
maximum factored shear within story
Mmax = M0
Nonsway versus sway structures
Nonsway if
Pu o
Q 0.05
Vus c
where
Pu sum of factored vertical loads in a story
Vus factored horizontal shear in a story
o 1st-order relative story deflection
c column length, center-to-center of joints
Note:
Q P Pc
Thus, for Q 0.05, Mmax 1.05M0

Nonsway frames
Mc ns M2 ; M2,min Pu 15 0.03h
Cm
ns 1 .0
1 Pu 0.75Pc
2EI
Pc Stiffness reduction
ku
2
factor
M1
Cm 0.6 0.4 0 .4
M2
EI
EI
0.2E I c g EsIse
1 dns
or
0.4EcIg
EI
1 dns
maximum factored axial sustained load

dns 1 .0
maximum factored axial load for same load combination
Sway frames
Moments M1 and M2 at ends of member
M1 M1ns s M1s
M2 M2ns s M2s
1
s 1; if s 1.5, use second-order
1 Q
elastic analysis or
1
s 1
1 Pu 0.75Pc
When calculating s
k 1.0
ds is substituted for dns when calculating EI
maximum factored sustained shear within story

ds 1 .0
maximum factored shear within story
ds is most often = 0
Pu and Pc summed for all columns on floor

Summary
Notation
Effective length factors and effect of
slenderness on strength
ACI design criteria
Design procedures
Nonlinear second order analysis
29




2142 Learned Hall
(785) 864-3827 Fax: (785) 864-5631
daved@ku.edu
Slender columns
Design of Wall Structures by ACI 318
David Darwin
Technology (IBST)

This morning
Slender columns
Walls
Walls (Chapters 14, 10, and 11)
Outline
Overview
Notation
General design requirements
Reinforcement around openings
Design of bearing walls (3 methods)
Design of shear walls
Walls can be categorized based on
Construction Design
method loading
Cast-in-place Axial load, flexure,
Precast and out-of-plane shear
Tilt-up In-plane shear
Types of Walls
Cast-in-place
Precast
Tilt-up
Walls can be categorized based on
Construction Design
method loading
Cast-in-place Axial load, flexure,
Precast and out-of-plane shear
Tilt-up In-plane shear
Bearing walls*
Shear walls*
Notation and Abbreviation
l = Vertical reinforcement ratio
t = Horizontal reinforcement ratio
c = Height of wall measured center-to-center of
supports
h = Wall thickness
hw = Total height of wall
w = Length of wall
Mcr = Cracking moment
WWR = welded wire reinforcement
General design requirements in ACI 318
Design for axial, eccentric, lateral, shear and
other loads to which the wall is subjected
Walls must be anchored to intersecting

structural elements (floors, roofs, columns)
Horizontal length of a wall considered effective

for each concentrated load
center-to center spacing of loads
bearing width + 4 wall thickness h
Outer limits of compression member built
integrally with a wall 40 mm from outside
of spiral or ties
Minimum reinforcement and reinforcement

based on the Empirical Method may be
waived if analysis shows adequate strength
and stability
Transfer force to footing at base of wall in

accordance with Chapter 15 (Footings)
Vertical reinforcement ratio l 0.0015
Reduce to 0.0012 for bar sizes No. 16 and
fy 420 MPa
or for WWR reinforcement sizes 16 mm
Horizontal reinforcement ratio t 0.0025

Reduce to 0.0020 for bar sizes No. 16 and
fy 420 MPa
or for WWR reinforcement sizes 16 mm
Walls more than 250 mm thick (except
basement walls):
Must have two layers of reinforcement parallel
with the faces
(a) 1/2 to 2/3 of reinforcement in each direction

located between 50 mm and 1/3 of wall
thickness from exterior surface
(b) balance of reinforcement in each direction

located between 20 mm and 1/3 of wall
thickness from interior surface
Vertical and horizontal reinforcement spaced
3h
450 mm
Ties not required around vertical reinforcement

when l 0.01
At least 2 No. 16 bars
in walls with 2 layers
of reinforcement in
both directions
At least 1 No. 16 bar

in walls with 1 layer of
reinforcement in both
directions
Anchored to develop fy
Design of bearing walls
Axial load and flexure

Shear perpendicular to the wall
Design of walls for axial load and flexure
Design options:
Wall Designed as Compression Members

(subjected to P & M design as columns)
Empirical Design Method (some limitations)
Alternative Design of Slender Walls (some

limitations)
Walls designed as compression members
Design as column, including slenderness

requirements
Also meet general and minimum reinforcement
requirements for walls
Empirical Design Method
Limitations
Thickness of solid rectangular cross section
h ( c or w between supports)/25
100 mm for bearing walls
190 mm for exterior basement and foundation
walls
Resultant of all factored loads
Pu
must be located within the
e h/6
middle third of the overall
wall thickness
h/6
Wall cross section
h
Design axial strength
k c 2
Pn 0.55 fcAg 1 Pu
32h
= 0.65
Effective length factor, k
Walls braced at top and bottom against lateral
translation
Restrained against rotation at one or both
ends
k = 0.8
Unrestrained against rotation at both ends
k = 1.0
Walls not braced against lateral translation

k = 2.0
Alternative Design of Slender Walls
When flexural tension controls the out-of-plane
design, the requirements of this procedure are
considered to satisfy the slenderness requirements
for compression members
P Pu/Ag 0.06fc at
midheight
Lateral Load Wall must be

tension-controlled
Mn Mcr
Distribution of load within wall
Provisions cover
Factored moment Mu
Out-of-plane service load deflection s

Factored moment Mu P
By iteration e
By direct solution
wu
c u
Factored moment Mu by iteration
Mu Mua Pu u
e Pu
w 2

Mu Pe Pu u
u c
8
u Mua Puu
= + 5Mu 2c
u
0.75 48EcIcr
Solve by iteration
Icr = moment of inertia of cracked
section
Es Pu h wc 3
d c
2
Icr As
Ec fy 2d 3
Es
not taken < 6
Ec
Factored moment Mu by direct solution
e Pu
Mua
Mu
5Pu 2c
u Mua Puu 1
= + 0.75 48EcIcr
Out-of-plane service load deflection
P Service Deflection Limit
e s c / 150
Loading
D + 0.5L + Wa or
c s D + 0.5L + 0.7E
(per ACI Commentary and
ASCE 7-10)
Service Load Deflections
Mn
Ma
Mcr
(2/3)Mcr
Ma
s cr s n
(2/3)cr
35
Service load deflections for Ma (2/3)Mcr
P
Ma
e s cr
Ma = Service Mcr
load moment 2
at midheight 5Mcr c
cr
including P- 48EcIcr
c s
Service deflection
Find Ma by iteration
Service load deflections for Ma > (2/3)Mcr
P
e
M 2 / 3 M
s 2 / 3 cr
a cr
2 / 3
M 2 / 3 M
n cr
n cr
5Mn 2c
n
48Ec Icr
c s
Service deflection
Find Ma and Icr by iteration
Shear parallel to the wall in-plane shear
Shear wall
Design loading
Design for bending, axial load, and in-plane
shear
Bending and axial load: design as

beam or column
If hw 2 w, design is permitted using a

strut-and-tie model (Appendix A)
Shear design
Vu Vn
Vn Vc Vs
Vn 0.83 fchd
Effective depth d
d 0.8hw
Larger value equal to the distance from

extreme compression fiber to center of
force of all reinforcement in tension permitted
when determined by strain compatibility
For walls subject to vertical compression,
Vc 0.17 fchd
For walls subject to vertical tension Nu ,

0.29Nu
Vc 0.17 1
fchd
Ag
Nu is negative for tension

lightweight concrete factor
Alternatively, use the lesser of
Nu d
Vc 0.27 fchd
4 w
or

Vc 0.05 fc

w 0.1 fc 0.2Nu w h
hd
Mu Vu w 2

When Mu Vu w 2 is negative, second

equation is not applicable
First equation corresponds to a principal tensile
stress of about 0.33 fc at centroid of shear-wall
cross section.
Second equation corresponds to a flexural tensile

stress of about 0.50 fc at a section w 2 above
the section being investigated
Horizontal sections closer to the wall base
than w /2 or hw/2, whichever is less, may
be designed for the same Vc as
computed at w /2 or hw/2
Where Vu Vc/2, minimum wall

reinforcement may be used
Where Vu Vc/2, wall reinforcement
must meet the requirements described
next
Horizontal shear reinforcement
Vs
Av fy d
Av
Vu Vc s
s fy d
Av
t 0.0025
hs
s w 5, 3h, 450 mm
Vertical shear reinforcement
Ah hw
0.0025 0.5 2.5 t 0.0025
hs1 w
0.0025
s1 w 3, 3h, 450 mm
Summary
Design of walls
Notation
General design requirements
Design of bearing walls (3 methods)
50
Photographs and figures on bearing wall design provided

courtesy of the Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois,
USA


2142 Learned Hall
(785) 864-3827 Fax: (785) 864-5631
daved@ku.edu
Design of Structures with High-Strength
Concrete by ACI 318
David Darwin
Technology (IBST)

This morning
Slender columns
Walls
Background
ACI 318 provisions that apply to high-strength
concrete
Background
High strength concrete = ?
1920s fc > 20 MPa
1950s > 35 MPa
1990s > 60 MPa

> 70 MPa
100 135 MPa
Small %
Important
Columns in high-rise buildings
The tallest building in the world is
constructed of reinforced concrete
Compressive behavior
cylinder size
100 x 200 mm vs.

150 x 300 mm molds
f'c(4x8 in.) = 1.016f'c(6x12 in.)
f'c(100x200 mm) = 1.016f'c(150x300 mm)
End condition
Stress-strain curves
Behavior in compression tests
Strength versus age
Strength gain - example
28 days 91 days % gain absolute
gain
20 MPa 35 MPa 75 % 15 MPa
64 MPa 92 MPa 44 % 28 MPa

Tensile and fracture behavior
Relationship between tensile and compressive
strength

fc vs. fc23
Fracture
The energy required to open a crack once

the tensile strength has been reached
Fracture energy vs. compressive strength
250
225
200
Fracture Energy (N/m)
175
150
Basalt
125 Basalt
Limestone
Linear (Limestone)
Linear (Basalt)
100
75
50 Limestone
25
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Compressive Strength (MPa)
Structural behavior
Bond
Shear
Bond
1.83 m
4.88 m
Splices w/o confining reinforcement
Splices w/ confining reinforcement
Asfs/fc1/2 (Test), in.2
Asfs/fc1/2 (Prediction), in.2

Asfs/fc1/4 (Test), in.2
Asfs/fc1/4 (Prediction), in.2

Shear
Creep and shrinkage
Specific creep
Creep coefficient
Shrinkage
ACI 318 provisions that apply to high-
strength concrete
Required average strength
Evaluation and acceptance of concrete
Stress block parameter
Limits that apply to shear, torsion, and bond
Transmission of column loads through floor
systems
Required average strength
fcr required average strength

ss standard deviation of test results
Evaluation and acceptance of concrete
(a) Arithmetic average of all sets of three
consecutive strength tests* equals or
exceeds fc
(b) No strength test* falls below fc by more than

3.5 MPa when fc is 35 MPa or less; or by
more than 0.10fc when fc is more than 35
MPa
*Test = average strength of three 100 200 mm

cylinders or of two 150 300 mm cylinders

increase in fc

Limits that apply to shear, torsion, and
bond
Shear and torsion
The value of fc is limited to a maximum

of 8.3 MPa unless minimum transverse
reinforcement is used
Bond
Development and lap splice lengths of

bars are inversely proportional to fc
The value of fc is limited to a maximum

of 8.3 MPa
Transmission of column loads through floor
systems
Concrete in a floor system

often has a compressive strength
below that that of the columns,
especially for high-rise buildings
If fc for column 1.4fc for floor system
(fcc 1.4fcs ), one of three requirements
must be satisfied:
1. Place concrete with fcc in the floor out to 600 mm

from column faces and integrate with floor concrete
2. Treat column as if its strength fcs within the

depth of the floor
3. Treat column strength as 0.75fcc 0.35fcs
fcc fcs must not be taken 2 .5
Summary
Background
ACI 318 provisions that apply to high-strength
concrete
51
Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ USA





2142 Learned Hall
(785) 864-3827 Fax: (785) 864-5631
daved@ku.edu

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Building Code Requirements for

Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-11)

Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

December 12-16, 2011

Overview of ACI 318M-11

Design of Prestressed Concrete

Strength Evaluation of Existing

Analysis and design of

Design of slender columns

Serves as the legal structural concrete

ACI 318M consists of 22 chapters and 6

2. NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS

18. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

22. STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE

E. STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Details of other cases covered in the Code

Tension-controlled sections 0.90

Ig = moment of inertia of gross (uncracked)

1. The live load applied only to the floor or roof

(b) loading condition giving maximum ratio of

For gravity load, far ends of columns built integrally

At any floor or roof level, distribute the moment

Beams, col stiffnesses

fpy (stress at 1% extension) 85% (for stress-

fpu = ultimate strength

fpy (at 1% extension) 85% of fpu

High-strength steel bars: fpu 1035 MPa

fpy based on either 0.2% offset or 0.7% strain

Post-tensioning tendons, at anchorage devices

Elastic flexural analysis

Note: fc = concrete compressive strength

T transition between uncracked and

C cracked ft > 1.0 fc

Md = superimposed dead load moment

Ml = live load moment

* Add tensile reinforcement if exceeded

(a) Extreme fiber stress in compression due to

(b) Extreme fiber stress in compression due to

1 0.85 for 17 MPa fc 28 MPa

For fc between 28 and 56 MPa, 1

1 0.65 for fc 56 MPa

p = Aps/bdp = reinforcement ratio

Total amount of prestressed and nonprestressed

Distribute As between lines 1.5h on outside

Code includes spacing and length requirements

Photo courtesy of Portland Cement Association

Pj = maximum jacking force

When we use analysis and when perform a load test

When core testing is sufficient

If the effect of the strength deficiency is well

1. Dimensions established at critical sections

Tension-controlled 0.90 1.0

In (b), load factor for L may be reduced to 0.45,

Remove total test load immediately after all

Take a set of final measurements 24 hours

t MIN(distance between supports, clear span + h )

2 maximum deflection of second test relative to