Official Soap and Detergent Production
Official Soap and Detergent Production
Official Soap and Detergent Production
SOAP AND
DETERGENT
Submission dateline: 25th November 2016
Section III:
Environmental Protection.39
Section IV
Safety Process Bow Tie Diagram..40
Appendix..47
Section VI:
Citations & References..49
Woo Pak Jie (016889) Distillation Column
1.1) Introduction:
Feed is first introduced into the column. Feed overflows the distillation
plate and goes over each one until they settle at the bottom of the
column. The bottom-settled feed goes to the reboiler, where heating is
done. Components with higher boiling point are collected as a bottom
product. During the process of reboiling, vapor is produced. This
component with lower boiling point rises up and enters the condenser
where it is cooled down and stored in the reflux drum in liquid form. The
condensed liquid is also known as reflux. Some of the reflux proceeds to
be pumped back into the distillation column while the rest becomes an
overhead product. This process continues.
2) Distillation Plate
4) Condenser
The condenser is used to condense hot vapor leaving the top of the
distillation column. Normally, cooling water is used as a cooling medium.
Occasionally, some of the vapor may be partially condensed. As a result,
the partially condensed liquid is returned to the distillation column and it
is also known as reflux. A pump may be used to return the reflux liquid
back to the column.
5) Reflux Drum
The reflux drum is a tank used to hold the condensed vapor from the top
of the column so that liquid can be recycled back to it.
1.4) Supplier
Our supplier is from a company situated in China, Shandong and has its
own port based in Tianjin. (East of Shandong)
In the reboiler, if too much heat is produced, this may cause the tubes in
the reboiler to expand unevenly. Thickness in the pipes that lead to the
reboiler are thicker in order to withstand the high temperature. Problems
commonly found in condensers are improper valve settings and also pump
problems.
Cross-section View:
D D
----Pump
Top View:
C C
Bottom View:
B B
DRAWN
Woo Pak Jie 21/11/2016 The University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus
CHECKED
TITLE
A QA
A
MFG
Distillation Column Drawn by Autodesk
Inventor
APPROVED
2.5m
C =4m C
Bottom View:
20m 1m
6m
B B
=4m
2.5m
DRAWN
Woo Pak Jie 21/11/2016 The University Of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus
CHECKED
TITLE
A QA
A
MFG
Distillation Column Drawn by Autodesk
Inventor
APPROVED
DWG NO REV
SIZE
2.1) Additional Information Regarding Equipment
Steam
58.7 tonnes
Feed
391.6 tonnes
Glycerin
Figure 2:
332.9 tonnes
Flow
Diagram
For
Distillation Column
From the following figure above, it can be acknowledged that 58.7 tonnes
of steam and 332.9 tonnes of glycerin can be produced in one day. With
the information given, we can calculate the flow rate for steam and
glycerin respectively.
Tray 0.5m - 3m
Condenser 7m - 2m
Reboiler 8.25m - 2m
INTRODUCTION
In manufacturing soap and detergent, there are saponification
reaction, separation, washing, neutralizing, drying and packaging
processes involved. The saponification is a chemical reaction that
occurred between vegetable oil/ animal fat and Alkali in the reactor
vessel.
Saponification Reaction:
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
The AEU U Tube Heat Exchanger is a type of shell and tube heat
exchanger in manufacturing industry. The soap mixture is directed
onto tubes containing cooling fluid in the heat exchanger. The both
soap mixture and the cooling fluid passes without mixing together
or direct contact.
Initially soap and glycerine molecules are hot and they have high
kinetic energy than the molecules of the cooled tubes by the cooling
fluid. The kinetic energy is then transferred each other during the
collision. The cooled tubes have high conductivity of heat and
transfers heat easily between the hot soap mixture and the cooling
fluid. Therefore, the soap mixture is cooled from 130C to 95C by
convective heat transfer in the AEU U Tube Heat Exchanger.
1. Tube
This component plays the main role in the heat exchanger to
transfer heat of the soap mixture and the cooling fluid. There are
hundreds of tubes in the heat exchanger.
2. Baffles
Baffles is a vertical obstructing panel used in the heat exchanger,
which creates turbulence flow in the fluid to increase maximum
efficiency of heat transfer rate between the soap mixture and the
tubes.
3. Shell
Shell is a cylindrical layer containing bundles of tube and baffles in
it. The soap mixture flows in the shell through baffles and tubes for
the heat transfer process.
4. Tube sheet
Tube sheet is circular flat metal with drilled holes to hold tubes. It
prevents the soap mixture from mixing with the cooling fluid.
KEY FEATURES
TUBES
The tubes are 1-inch diameter and made from 90/10 Copper-
Nickel instead of 316 Stainless Steel.
BAFFLES
TUBESHEET
SHELL
E-type shell.
U-tube bundle
1. Minimizes Foul
Baffles Thickness rate of biological
= growth.
90/10 2 Baffles 2. Same type of alloy
3-inch Copper- used as the tubes
Nickel 3. A stable heat
Diameter = transfer rate
16- inch
16.5-
inch
Shell
Length = 1. The shell not easily
316 E type rust.
63-inch Stainless single phase 2. Strong outer layer
Steel
Diameter =
16.5-
inch
Diameter =
16.5-inch
1. Foul
2. Seal
3. A constant
i. flow rate of inlet/outlet streams.
ii. pressure and temperature in inlet/outlet of the soap
mixture.
iii. pressure and temperature of cooling fluid into the tubes.
iv. turbulence flow of soap mixture from shell onto the
tubes and baffles.
v. pressure drop of the soap mixture.
vi. physical property (viscosity, density, specific heat) of
the soap and glycerin molecule.
TOTAL 4272(USD)
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
= 1 1 (
)
= 2 2 ( )
=
[ ( 1 )(
(2 1 2 )
)
1 2
=
( 1
2)
ACCREDITATION
Introduction
In the industry that chemical based usually have reactor come with vary
in size from a few cm3 to the vast structures that are often depicted in
photographs of industrial plants. Kilns that produce lime from limestone may
be over 25 meters high and hold, at any one time, well over 400 tonnes of
materials are some example of the sizes of reactor. The design of the reactor
is determined by many factors but of particular importance are the
thermodynamics and kinetics of the chemical reactions being carried out.
There is various type of reactor. Design of reactors based on features like
operation mode or phases present types or the reactors geometry. They know
as:
2 Phases present
i. Homogeneous
ii. Heterogeneous
1 Tubular Reactor
depending upon the flow pattern and manner in which the phases make contact
with each other. Table 3 is tabulated in order to show the comparison between
various chemical reactors in details.
Table 3: Comparison of Chemical Reactors
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Therefore, the design of an industrial chemical reactor must satisfy the following
requirements:
Table 5 : Requirement for Chemical Reactor Design
Design Procedure and Reactor Designing
In choosing the reactor conditions, and optimizing the design, the interaction of
the reactor design with the other process operations must not be overlooked.
The degree of conversion of raw materials in the reactor will determine the size
and the cost of any equipment needed to separate and recycle unreacted
materials. In these circumstances the reactor and associated equipment must be
optimized as a unit.
2) Engineering Equipment Drawing
CROSS SECTION
TENGKU FAIQ MUIZZUDDIN BIN TENGKU SHAHRIMAN 017567
Introduction
One of the key components in the process of producing soap is the filter press.
The filter press is an economical and efficient machine which basically separates
liquids and solids using pressure filtration. There are 3 types of filter press
available, which is the plate and frame filter press, the automatic filter press and
the recessed plate filter press. For production of soap, the plate and frame filter
press is used. This is due to its ability to accumulate complete filter cakes in the
filter frames in between the chambers, unlike the other filter press where it may
cause the cakes to be uneven.
Its main use in the soap production is to separate sludge from glycerin. To
specify, the filter press consist of filter plates, forming chambers to trap and
collect solids. Filter cloths of two filter plates are used to separate each
chambers. A conveying pump is used to transfer the liquid transport the
products by pumping pressure from chamber to chamber and to filter out the
liquids and leftover solids. The sludge is accumulated after the glycerine is
pressured out of the chambers after separating chamber is filled. The glycerine is
then transferred to the glycerine storage tank whilst the sludge is removed from
the machine.
Operation Process
The operation begins when slurry of unfiltered glycerine taken from the soap is
pumped into the filter press from the second glycerine treatment vessel. The
slurry then goes through the filter plates, causing some of the solids to be
trapped by the filter cloth. The filter plates are then pressed by the hydraulic
press, thus trapping the remaining solids on the filter cloth. The filtered slurry
then exits the filter press through the filtrate outlet to the double vacuum
evaporator as 70% of pure glycerine. The solids trapped in the filter cloth then
forms filter cake. The filter cake is then removed by pulling the filter plates apart.
Filter cake will drop from the plates then collected.
Specifications
One of the key components in the filter press is the filter plates. There are 3
types of filter plates, which is the plate and frame filter plates, recessed
chambers filter plates and the diaphragm squeeze filter plates. As mentioned in
the introduction, the filter plates used are the plate and frame filter plates. Using
a 20 plate filter press, and using 614 x 614 mm sized plates, the filter plates are
used to accumulate the filter cakes of the sludge when the slurry is pumped
through the chambers. The size of the filter plates can be chosen depending on
the size of filter press and and the number of filter plates used.
A conveying pump is also present in the filter press. Controlled by the
hydraulic control panel, the pump is used to ensure the remaining solids are
removed from the equipment, and to transfer the slurry through the chambers.
Its capability to create instantaneous vacuum flow and high velocity allows the
slurry to flow at high speed without any interference or lagging. With its
efficiency in the function and its reliability, it is a useful and important feature in
the filter press.
Another key feature in the filter press is the filter cloth, which is also known
as the filter media. Its function is to separate the debris and particles from the
slurry when it is pumped against the filter cloth, and thus causes the forming of
filter cakes. It is basically where the solids are separated from the liquid of the
slurry. The filter cloth is held together by the filter frame, along with the filter
plates. There are 3 types of filter cloth which is the head cloth, tail cloth and
intermediate cloth. The head cloth is for the first plate with a single cloth with a
small hole whilst the tail cloth is the last plate but it does not contain any hole.
Meanwhile, the intermediate cloth is for the plates in between the first plate and
last plate. Its uses double cloth, with one on each side of a plate, and contains a
hole in the centre of each side which is connected by a short cloth tube.
The hydraulic press plays an essential part of the operations of filter press.
Its main use is that it presses the plates after slurry is pumped into the chamber
to trap the unwanted solids. The pressure used for the hydraulic can be
controlled, using the hydraulic control panel. A cylinder-shaped object, it keeps
its balance between squeezing the plates and the filling pressure induced by the
conveying pump throughout the filtration process.
2) Engineering Equipment Drawing
CROSS SECTION
Environmental Protection and Safety Process
i) Environmental Protection
In the process of making soap and detergents, careful and preventive measures have to
be taken care into, when discharging waste from the plant. Most soap and detergents are
formulated to be used with water and go into wastewater treatment plants.
Impacts of the products ingredients have to be evaluated before releasing to natural flowing
resources. From our research above in Site Study. Pasir Gudang has been chosen as the
location in building the plant.
As Pasir Gudang is close to the sea, precautions are to be taken into discharging waste
products. The usage of surfactant plays an important role in soap and detergent making, as it
increases cleaning power. With great power, comes great responsibility.
Surfactants can be harmful to fish and aquatic life. Before discharging, the waste products in our
plant go through a process known as electro flotation. The following process is based on water
electrolysis. The process results the surfactant to foam at the top of the solution, making it
easier to be collected and then discharged.
Phosphates are also used in the process of soap and detergent making. When phosphates
detergents are used, the disposal of wastewater is an issue. If untreated wastewater flows into
the sea, phosphates cause an imbalance of the aquatic ecosystem.
This issue encourages the growth of algae, since no sunlight can reach the sea; this causes the
algae to die. Decomposition will take place on the algae, during this process, bacteria will
deplete the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. Because of this, living organisms in the sea
will die.
A hazop study is carried out for the reactor since it has the highest probability of causing
a fatal incident compared to the rest of the equipment. The study is done by considering
parameters of process variables and possible situation that can occur. Solutions are suggested
to overcome, avoid or prevent each type of failure.
A bow- tie diagram for the methanol reactor is also constructed, choosing the major
incident as an explosion in the reactor. Causes which lead to the incident,
preventive barriers, counter-measure, post-incident handling procedures are
suggested.
Bow-Tie Diagram
Discharge Eutrophicatio
Leakage of Untreated
of phosphates go
n
vessels
untreated into the sea
wastewater and
encourages
into the sea plant growth
Give proper
training and Aquatic life may Fishermen
Poor explaining about consume catch
handling of the plant harmful polluted
equipment substances and fishes and
by workers become they are
poisoned consumed by
There is always a risk in the production of a chemical plant. A lot of incidents and
accidents may happen due to the lack of knowledge, especially in the safety aspect.
Safety is the most important thing in producing a plant, regardless of whether its a
small production plant or not. So, we must learn the proper way to control the plant and
know the hazards that might occur. The bow-tie diagram above summarizes the safety
process, showing the hazards and ways to prevent it and also the consequences if safety
measures are not taken into consideration. The main incident that may happen to our
chemical plant is the discharge of untreated wastewater into the sea, which may lead to
pollution thus causing damage to the environment and to living things.
The sustainability of a chemical plant must always be ensured. A malfunction of the
chemical plant may cause serious damage to the not only the equipments, but also the
chemical plant as a whole. As a precaution, a weekly condition check-up of the plant
must be done. Workers must always check on the equipments, ensuring the
maintenance is up to date and the repairs to be done immediately when needed.
Supervisors must present daily or weekly reports to ensure the operations of the plant
consistently run smoothly and to give a clear overview of the operations. By doing these
few steps, malfunctions and damages to the plant may be avoidable.
Workers with no experience in this line of business may cause trouble. It is not as
easy as it looks to control and maintain a chemical plant, many procedures and rules
must be obliged to ensure smooth flowing of the operations. Thus, workers must
undergo professional training before being given the job. All aspects of the plant
regarding the operations and equipments and how they must be handled must be
briefed to the workers, before and after getting the job. Supervisors play an important
part in these situations, as they must ensure workers follow the rules and protocols, to
avoid accidents or damage from occurring.
Leakage of pipe vessels is also a hazard that must be avoided. Leakage of the pipe
vessel may cause serious injuries to the workers as chemicals are being exposed. Pipe
vessels can be leaked due to numerous reasons, which includes the mishandling of the
pressure that is pumped in and its condition. Thus, workers must know how to handle
the pressure being pumped into the pipe, so that the materials can be transferred
smoothly and quick. Extremely high pressure may cause the pipe vessel to be blocked,
and may cause a small explosion of the pipe vessel and causing the surrounding to be
exposed to the chemicals. Workers must also check on the wear and tear of the pipes,
ensuring that they are safe to use and still able to operate. Other than that, valves can
also be installed at the end of every pipeline. This is to control the ins and outs of the
materials, ensuring that when there is a leakage or blockage, the valves can be closed
so that other materials in other equipments are not affected.
If issues regarding the hazards are not taken seriously, the major incident that may
occur is the discharge of untreated wastewater into the sea. It may become a
complication to the environment including human lives. Toxins and hazardous chemical
substances from the process of the soap production may be exposed to surroundings. If
the substances are exposed, it may seep into soils thus directly causing land and sea
pollution. This will undoubtedly affect human lives, as water is used as a necessity.
Phosphorus is one of the chemicals obtained during the process. When untreated
phosphorus is released into the sea, it pollutes the water as it encourages growth of
algae. The rise of the amount of algae causes the occurrence of eutrophication, which is
the decrease of oxygen in water hence resulting in death to aquatic life. The polluted
water is harmful to humans as bacteria may be present.
Not only eutrophication affects aquatic life, but it also affects the people on land. Fish
is consumed as food, but if fishes are exposed to the harmful substances, it may cause
them to become poisoned. Nonetheless, fishermen may unknowingly catch the polluted
fishes and sell them to markets. According to research, toxicity remains and increases
up the food chain. This is a perfect example of how disruption of an ecosystem can
come back to hurt humans in many ways.
As a precaution to avoid these tragedies from happening, a proper drainage system
lined up with catalysts may be built alongside with the factory. Should any leakage
happen, the spilled chemicals could be treated before entering the sea using the drain.
If we chose not to treat the waste products ourselves, another great alternative
would be to store our waste products initially. We could then pay a different company
whose specialization is in treating the waste products.
HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
Health Effects: Eye and skin irritation.
FIRST AID MEASURES
Eye Contact: Flush with plenty of water for 1 minutes. CONTACT A PHYSICIAN
FIRE AND EXPLOSION
Flammability: Flammable
Auto-ignition Temperature: Not Applicable
Flash Points: Not Applicable
Flammability Limits: Not Applicable
Products of Combustion: Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen
Dioxide
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not Applicable
Explosion Harzards in Presence of Various Substances: Not Applicable
Fire Fighting Media: Water Spray or Class B extinguisher
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Wear breathing apparatus and
protective clothing to prevent
chemicals onto skin contact
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Small Spill: Wipe and clean up any excess residue
Large Spill: Create a perimeter, contact head authorities
TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Routes of Entry: Eye contact, ingestion, skin absorption
Toxicity to Animals: Ionic & anionic surfactants
Chronic Effects on Animals: When ingested in small
Amounts, cause GI upset (excessive drooling,
Vomiting or diarrhea.)
Toxicity to Humans: Damaging or corrosive acids
Chronic Effects on Humans: Severe change in acid level pH of blood,
Vomiting, Low blood pressure that develops
Rapidly, skin burns and irritation
TRANSPORT INFORMATION
Protective Equipment: Gloves, Goggles, Protective Clothing
Extended Summary done by Woo Pak Jie
A distillation column is an equipment where liquids are separated into different fractions
due to their difference in chemistry. Liquids with higher boiling component tend to be collected
at the bottom of the column and liquids with lower boiling component are collected at the top of
the column. Inside a distillation column, there are distillation plates. They are used to enhance
component separations. Few examples are such as bubble cap trays, sieve trays and valve
trays. A condenser and a reboiler are connected to a distillation column. A condenser condenses
hot vapor and collects it as a overhead product while a reboiler provides the necessary
vaporization for the distillation process. Lastly, a reflux drum is to hold condensed water and the
water is either recycled back into the column or collected back as an overhead product.
Bubble cap trays have a price range from USD 10,000 to USD 900,000. A condenser has
a price range from USD 1,000 to USD 10,000 and a reboiler has a price range from USD 6,000
to USD 150,000. Assuming the overall assembly equipment has a base range of USD 1,000,000
and each of the main equipment has a minimum price itself. An estimated calculated cost in
building the equipment from scratch would be relatively cheaper compared to buying in bulk
from suppliers. This is because suppliers who supply the bulk goods may charge higher as they
would want to get profit.
Areas of uncertainties regarding the equipment lie in the dimensions of the equipment.
The designed equipment may not necessarily fit in order to function well, according to the
dimensions given. Input and output pipes are an uncertainty as well. It is rather hard to
determine whether the rate of flow may apply with the given pipe dimensions. There may be a
possibility where over flooding may occur. A walkway may be built for every 5 meters along the
column. This is convenient to maintenance workers as it would ease them walking up along the
walkway instead of climbing the column.
In this coursework, I learnt to design a chemical equipment. It was highly knowledgeable
as I could do research regarding my equipment and its relatively specifications. This enables me
a better vision of what I am supposed to come in contact with and what I am supposed to do in
the working field.
Analysis:
The AEU Heat Exchanger is equipped by 2 main component,
1. 90/10 Copper-Nickel.
2. 316 Stainless Steel.
A) The tube, baffle, tubesheet is made of 90/10 Copper-Nickel, shell and front head is
made of 316 Stainless Steel.
B) The 90/10 Copper-Nickel is 41700USD per cubic meter and 316 Stainless Steel is
20400USD.
C) The total surface area used
1. 90/10 Copper-Nickel = 0.0824 cubic meter.
2. 316 Stainless Steel = 0.0274 cubic meter.
D) 90/10 Copper-Nickel metal component cost total of 3713USD.
316 Stainless Steel metal component cost total of 559USD.
Therefore, the AEU Heat Exchanger costs 4272USD.
E) The maintenance criteria of this equipment,
1. Time taken to clean: 2hr
2. Labours needed: 2people (RM18/hr)
3. Water Consumed : RM 20
The total maintenance cost of this equipment is less RM150.
Reason:
1. Since 75% of the equipment is 90/10 Copper-Nickel it is more costly than 316 Stainless
Steel.
Therefore, the cost of the AEU Heat Exchanger is high.
Area of Uncertainty
Uncertainties:
1. The properties of the soap and glycerine/spent lye is hard to obtain and it varies with the
raw material condition.
2. The soap mixture pumped to AEU Heat Exchanger does not have a constant phase.
3. The turbulence of the soap mixture is not constant throughout the heat exchanging
process.
4. The flow rate, pressure, temperature of the soap mixture into the shells and the flowrate,
pressure, temperature of water into the tubes varies.
Equipment Design to be Improved
1. A graphical monitoring should be made on the properties of the soap mixture. This can
obtain an average properties of the mixture. This can improve the calculation to design
the equipment.
2. A valve should be placed and controlled before the mixture is being pumped to the AEU
Heat Exchanger, this to ensure a constant flow rate.
Conclusion
All our Group member
1. Contribute equally on completing the task given.
2. Learned how to brief search to design the equipment.
3. Learned to design an equipment for a manufacturing process.
4. Get to know the importance of standardization on the equipment by the Association.
5. Get to know the importance of Environmental protection.
EXTENDED SUMMARY (PRAKKASH RAJANTHERAN 016895) ~ TUBULAR REACTOR
Equipment Features
This coursework is main about the production of soap and detergent. The major
equipment inside the plant is the tubular reactor. Tubular reactor is chosen as part of the
equipment because this type of reactor having less maintenance cost and enhance the
production of soap to be carry out more efficiently. The most significant and noticeable features
inside this tubular equipment is the heat exchange part. The tubes using boiler feed water is
mainly use to remove the excess heat produce during the reaction. Heat is absorbed and turn
into steam by the boiler feed water.
Stainless steel material is used mainly in the reactor. As the production of soap and
detergent chemical based plant, stainless steel material is suitable material to be used because
it resists high chemical damage cause the NaOH. NaOH is highly flammable and volatile. By
using stainless steel material, sudden increase in temperature can be avoided. Stainless steel
material is expensive though long lasting compare to other materials and compatible for soap
and detergent producing plant.
i. Reactor core
745 closely packed locations with fuel at the centre, nickel surrounding reflectors, thoria
blankets and steel reflectors are found at the core. The shape of subassemblies is hexagon.
The core was rated for 40 MW t and had 65 fuel subassemblies, three test steel
subassemblies,143 nickel reflector,342 thoria blanket, six control rods and 163 steel reflector
subassemblies as the initial design. In the outermost steel row, there are 23 storage
locations.
Area of Uncertainty
The volume of the reactor and the volume of each tubes are the area of uncertainties in
this equipment design. The volume of reactor is estimated larger than the volume of input tubes
into the reactor. On the other hand, the uncertainties in this design are the volumes of the tube
and number of the tube remains.
Conclusion
Further study and researches should be carry out to obtain more accurate data in
this design project to reach the desired output of the soap and detergent and also improve
the equipment for long term of production. the project drawing is confident and satisfaction, the
further improvement and challenge will be in the 3-dimension equipment design which
could make the indication more clearly. On the other hand, people can have a
better visual understanding on the detail.
Tengku Faiq Muizzuddin bin Tengku Shahriman 017567
The main component of the filter press is the hydraulic press. The hydraulic press is an
automatic system controlled by the hydraulic control panel. Two types of hydraulic press are
available, which are the automated hydraulic press and the manual hydraulic press. The
automated hydraulic press is preferred, as it is less time consuming. It plays an important part
of the filtration as it presses the filter plates together after the slurry is pumped in, causing the
filter cloth which is connected to the filter frame to collect the unwanted solids.
Upon research and study of the equipment, the average price of a plate and frame filter press
is 10,000.00 USD. Its cost is not too hefty and it is very beneficial as it enables the filtration of
glycerine so that it can be sold. At the end of the filtration process of glycerine, a total of 332.9
ton per day is produced. With the price of glycerine being 600.00 USD per ton, glycerine can be
sold as a secondary product and a huge amount of profit can be made thus the investment
made on the filter press can be easily be reclaimed.
There are still certain uncertainties regarding the filter press. The best example of the
uncertainty is the pressure used during the squeezing of the filter plates. Uncontrolled pressure
may cause the filter plates and filter frames to break, and cause major damage to the
equipment. Workers must have knowledge on the equipment and how to use it properly to
ensure the efficiency of the production.
To improve the design of the filter press, an improvement on the filter cloth can be done.
Using a plate and frame filter cloth, a latex edging can be done on the cloth to improve the seal
and to decrease the possibility of a leakage from occurring. This will help with the filtration as
well, as the well-covered cloth on the filter plates will collect the more solids and thus produce a
clearer filtrate.
Overall, design of the filter press can be considered good and well measured but if a complete
study on a real-life version of the equipment is conducted, the design can be improved. There
are minor issues and uncertainties about the equipment due to a lack of knowledge about it, and
this can be solved by a full research.
Appendix
Regulator
malfunction Explosion/fire/ Routine check up
of gas meltdown on gas burner
burner
Pressure Less Decrease in Reactor Implementing a
pressure Insufficient implodes vacuum break
supply of valve
reactants