Thermodynamics of Solids: Harmonic and

Quasi-harmonic Approximations

Torino, Italy, September 4-9, 2016

Alessandro Erba

Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit di Torino (Italy)

alessandro.erba@unito.it

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Outline

- Classical value of the heat capacity of solids (Dulong-Petit law, equipartition of

the energy)

- Quick recap of Statistical Thermodynamics (canonical ensamble, partition

function, independent degrees of freedom)

- The Harmonic Approximation for molecular vibrations

- Vibrations in solids: phonon dispersion

- Quantum models for the heat capacity of solids (Einstein's and Debye's models)

- Harmonic thermodynamic properties (convergence and limitations)

- The Quasi-harmonic Approximation (thermal expansion, P-V-T equation-of-state,

constant-pressure properties, isothermal bulk modulus)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Outline

- Classical value of the heat capacity of solids (Dulong-Petit law, equipartition of

the energy)

- Quick recap of Statistical Thermodynamics (canonical ensamble, partition

function, independent degrees of freedom)

- The Harmonic Approximation for molecular vibrations

- Vibrations in solids: phonon dispersion

- Quantum models for the heat capacity of solids (Einstein's and Debye's models)

- Harmonic thermodynamic properties (convergence and limitations)

- The Quasi-harmonic Approximation (thermal expansion, P-V-T equation-of-state,

constant-pressure properties, isothermal bulk modulus)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Dulong-Petit Law (1)

In 1819, Dulong and Petit noted that the molar specific heat of all elementary solids
is very nearly 6.

In 1831 Neumann extended this law to say that each atom in the solid contributes 6
cal/g mol K to the specific heat of the solid.

If diamond is heated to relatively high temperatures, its specific heat also

approaches 6 cal/g mol K.

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Dulong-Petit Law (2)

Although these laws are by no means exact, they strongly suggest that some
underlying physical principle might be responsible for the degree of success they
enjoy.

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Dulong-Petit Law (3)

In 1871, Boltzmann showed how a classical model for a crystal based on the
equipartition of the energy could provide a simple explanation to the Dulong-Petit
law.

Equipartition of the energy:

The original idea of equipartition was that, in thermal equilibrium, energy is shared
equally among all of its various forms.

Each degree of freedom contributes with kBT to the thermal internal energy of the
system.

For a classical harmonic oscillator, the total energy would be

Equipartition therefore implies that in thermal equilibrium, the oscillator has average
energy

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Dulong-Petit Law (4)

In 1871, Boltzmann showed how a classical model for a crystal based on the
equipartition of the energy could provide a simple explanation to the Dulong-Petit
law.
Each atom in the solid can oscillate in three
independent directions, so the solid can be viewed
as a system of 3N independent simple harmonic
oscillators, where N denotes the number of atoms
in the lattice. Since each harmonic oscillator has
average energy kBT,
the average total energy of the solid is U = 3NkBT.

By taking N to be the Avogadro number NA, and

using the relation R = NakB, U = 3RT.

The constant volume specific heat is just the temepreature derivative of the internal
energy:
3R = 5.972 cal/mol K

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Dulong-Petit Law (5)

In 1871, Boltzmann showed how a classical model for a crystal based on the
equipartition of the energy could provide a simple explanation to the Dulong-Petit
law.

3R = 5.972 cal/mol K

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Dulong-Petit Law (5)

In 1871, Boltzmann showed how a classical model for a crystal based on the
equipartition of the energy could provide a simple explanation to the Dulong-Petit
law.

3R = 5.972 cal/mol K

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Dulong-Petit Law (5)

In 1871, Boltzmann showed how a classical model for a crystal based on the
equipartition of the energy could provide a simple explanation to the Dulong-Petit
law.

However, this law is inaccurate at lower

temperatures, due to quantum effects.

3R = 5.972 cal/mol K

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Outline

- Classical value of the heat capacity of solids (Dulong-Petit law, equipartition of

the energy)

- Quick recap of Statistical Thermodynamics (canonical ensamble, partition

function, independent degrees of freedom)

- The Harmonic Approximation for molecular vibrations

- Vibrations in solids: phonon dispersion

- Quantum models for the heat capacity of solids (Einstein's and Debye's models)

- Harmonic thermodynamic properties (convergence and limitations)

- The Quasi-harmonic Approximation (thermal expansion, P-V-T equation-of-state,

constant-pressure properties, isothermal bulk modulus)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (1)

Statistical Thermodynamics provides a link between a quantum-mechanical

description of the microscopic states accessible to the fundamental constituents
of matter and the thermodynamic properties of the macroscopic system.

It answers the following question:

If particles (atoms, molecules, or electrons and nuclei) obey certain microscopic

laws, what are the observable properties of a system containing a very large number
of such particles?

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (2)

Any macroscopic thermodynamic measurment takes a finite time, which is much

longer than the typical relaxation times of microscopic events and thus
measures a dynamical time average over a multitude of accessible microscopic
states.

Two possible approaches to model such average macroscopic thermodynamic

properties:

Solve the dynamics of the system Build an Ensamble of system replicas

(time-dependent) (time-independent)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (2)

Any macroscopic thermodynamic measurment takes a finite time, which is much

longer than the typical relaxation times of microscopic events and thus
measures a dynamical time average over a multitude of accessible microscopic
states.

Two possible approaches to model such average macroscopic thermodynamic

properties:

Solve the dynamics of the system Build an Ensamble of system replicas

(time-dependent) (time-independent)

OFTEN IMPRACTICAL

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (3)

The ensamble approach is valid under the Ergodic Hypothesis (EH), which
assumes that this system exhibits the same average properties in space as a single
system exhibits in time:

The EH implies that in its dynamical evolution during a very long time, the system
explores all possible states:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (4)
Different kinds of ensambles can be defined:

MICRO-CANONICAL ENSAMBLE

This ensamble is not very simply applicable to the systems we usually study in the
laboratory, which are in thermal equilibrium with their surroundings, but it is centrally
involved in molecular dynamics simulations.

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (4)
Different kinds of ensambles can be defined:

GRAND-CANONICAL ENSAMBLE

Useful for treating interacting particles.

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (4)
Different kinds of ensambles can be defined:

CANONICAL ENSAMBLE

It often provides the simplest theoretical treatment of systems of non-interacting

partcicles and it is central to Monte Carlo simulations.

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (5)
The Canonical Partition Function

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (5)
The Canonical Partition Function

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (5)
The Canonical Partition Function

F Helmholtz free energy

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (5)
The Canonical Partition Function

F Helmholtz free energy

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (6)
Different Degrees of Freedom

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (6)
Different Degrees of Freedom

By considering the electronic, rotational, translational and vibrational degrees of

freedom as independent, the canonical partition function can be factorized as:

So that

For an ideal solid, there are no translational and rotational degrees of freedom, so
the partition function reduces to:

Let us briefly discuss the electronic degrees of freedom.

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Statistical Thermodynamics (6)
Different Degrees of Freedom

Given that the energy separation among electronic energy levels is much larger than
the thermal energy, the electronic contribution to the partition function is negligible:

And thus:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Outline

- Classical value of the heat capacity of solids (Dulong-Petit law, equipartition of

the energy)

- Quick recap of Statistical Thermodynamics (canonical ensamble, partition

function, independent degrees of freedom)

- The Harmonic Approximation for molecular vibrations

- Vibrations in solids: phonon dispersion

- Quantum models for the heat capacity of solids (Einstein's and Debye's models)

- Harmonic thermodynamic properties (convergence and limitations)

- The Quasi-harmonic Approximation (thermal expansion, P-V-T equation-of-state,

constant-pressure properties, isothermal bulk modulus)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Molecular Vibrations (Harmonic)
The Harmonic Approximation assumes a truncation of the nuclear potential at
second-order (quadratic form) and implies that the nuclear motion can be
described in terms of 3N -6(5) independent quantum harmonic oscillators:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Outline

- Classical value of the heat capacity of solids (Dulong-Petit law, equipartition of

the energy)

- Quick recap of Statistical Thermodynamics (canonical ensamble, partition

function, independent degrees of freedom)

- The Harmonic Approximation for molecular vibrations

- Vibrations in solids: phonon dispersion

- Quantum models for the heat capacity of solids (Einstein's and Debye's models)

- Harmonic thermodynamic properties (convergence and limitations)

- The Quasi-harmonic Approximation (thermal expansion, P-V-T equation-of-state,

constant-pressure properties, isothermal bulk modulus)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Vibrations in Solids (Harmonic)
Crystals contain a huge number of atoms, which implies a huge number of
vibrational degrees of freedom.

3N vibrational DOF

but now N

It seems impractical...

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Vibrations in Solids (Harmonic)
We can start by describing the relative motion of atoms in the reference cell:

By translational invariance we would have (all lattice cells in phase):

We will see that this corresponds to fully neglecting phonon dispersion.

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Vibrations in Solids (Harmonic)
Atoms in different lattice cells can vibrate with a certain phase shift with
respect to each other (phonon dispersion).

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Vibrations in Solids (Harmonic)
Atoms in different lattice cells can vibrate with a certain phase shift with
respect to each other (phonon dispersion).

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Vibrations in Solids (Harmonic)
Atoms in different lattice cells can vibrate with a certain phase shift with
respect to each other (phonon dispersion).

Wave-vector k = 2/

or equivalently

A point in the
first Brollouin zone
A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016
Outline

- Classical value of the heat capacity of solids (Dulong-Petit law, equipartition of

the energy)

- Quick recap of Statistical Thermodynamics (canonical ensamble, partition

function, independent degrees of freedom)

- The Harmonic Approximation for molecular vibrations

- Vibrations in solids: phonon dispersion

- Quantum models for the heat capacity of solids (Einstein's and Debye's models)

- Harmonic thermodynamic properties (convergence and limitations)

- The Quasi-harmonic Approximation (thermal expansion, P-V-T equation-of-state,

constant-pressure properties, isothermal bulk modulus)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Einstein's Model for the Specific Heat
In 1907, Einstein showed how the quantization concept that explained Planck's
distribution law for blackbody radiation also explained the low-temperature behavior
of the heat capacities of the solid elements:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Einstein's Model for the Specific Heat
In 1907, Einstein showed how the quantization concept that explained Planck's
distribution law for blackbody radiation also explained the low-temperature behavior
of the heat capacities of the solid elements:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Einstein's Model for the Specific Heat
In 1907, Einstein showed how the quantization concept that explained Planck's
distribution law for blackbody radiation also explained the low-temperature behavior
of the heat capacities of the solid elements:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Debye's Model for the Specific Heat
In 1912, Debye develops his model for estimating the phonon contribution to the
specific heat in solids. He basically assumes a linear dependence of phonon
frequencies on wave-vector k:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Debye's Model for the Specific Heat
In 1912, Debye develops his model for estimating the phonon contribution to the
specific heat in solids. He basically assumes a linear dependence of phonon
frequencies on wave-vector k:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Debye's Model for the Specific Heat
In 1912, Debye develops his model for estimating the phonon contribution to the
specific heat in solids. He basically assumes a linear dependence of phonon
frequencies on wave-vector k:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Outline

- Classical value of the heat capacity of solids (Dulong-Petit law, equipartition of

the energy)

- Quick recap of Statistical Thermodynamics (canonical ensamble, partition

function, independent degrees of freedom)

- The Harmonic Approximation for molecular vibrations

- Vibrations in solids: phonon dispersion

- Quantum models for the heat capacity of solids (Einstein's and Debye's models)

- Harmonic thermodynamic properties (convergence and limitations)

- The Quasi-harmonic Approximation (thermal expansion, P-V-T equation-of-state,

constant-pressure properties, isothermal bulk modulus)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Direct Space Approach to Phonon Dispersion
How can we compute the actual phonon dispersion? We follow a direct space
approach:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Direct Space Approach to Phonon Dispersion
How can we compute the actual phonon dispersion? We follow a direct space
approach:

How large should the supercell be?

The larger the better, until convergence is reached.

The Hessian of the supercell is built: V

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Direct Space Approach to Phonon Dispersion

We need to solve the harmonic Schrdinger equation for the nuclear motions. The
usual way is to factorize it into separate ones, each associated to a wavevector k.
The Hessian matrix is Fourier transformed into a set of dynamical matrices:

that are then diagonalized:

The elements of the diagonal matrix provide the vibrational frequencies of the
phonons with wavevector k, while the columns of the eigenvectors matrix give the
corresponding normal coordinates:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Direct Space Approach to Phonon Dispersion

According to standard lattice dynamics, the total harmonic Hamiltonian of a crystal

is then expressed as:

The solutions of the partial harmonic oscillator Schrdinger equation are:

Eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the total harmonic Schrdinger equation for

the nuclear motion are then completely characterized:

where M assigns the level of excitation of all vibrational modes (phonons):

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Direct Space Approach to Phonon Dispersion
The partition function takes the form:

Q or, equivalently Q Q Q
By substituting this expression into the statistical-thermodynamic definitions of the
thermodynamic functions we get:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Harmonic Thermodynamic Properties
HARMONIC

Specific Heat
108 k points
MgO
64 k points
8 k points
4 k points

1 k point

Entropy AE, M. Shahrokhi, R. Moradian and R. Dovesi,

J. Chem. Phys., 142, 044114 (2015)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

 Harmonic Thermodynamic Properties

Specific Heat

Specific Heat

AE, J. Chem. Phys., 141,

Entropy 124115 (2014)
Diamond

AE, J. Maul, R. Demichelis and R. Dovesi, Corundum

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 11670-11677 (2015)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Drawbacks of the Harmonic Approximation

Within standard quantum-chemical techniques, one has to describe the Lattice

Dynamics of the system:

HARMONIC APPROXIMATION
- Spectroscopic properties (IR and Raman spectra);
- From phonon density of states, Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) spectra;
- Thermodynamic properties such as Entropy and constant-volume Specific Heat;
- Anisotropic Displacement Parameters (ADPs) and EXAFS Mean Square Relative
Displacements (MSRD)
- Debye-Waller and Dynamic X-ray Structure Factors
- ....

BUT...

- No lattice thermal expansion;

- Elastic constants independent of temperature;
- Equality of constant-pressure and constant-volume specific heats;
- Infinite thermal conductivity;
- ...

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Beyond the Harmonic Approximation

Within standard quantum-chemical techniques, one has to describe the Lattice

Dynamics of the system:

EXPLICIT ANHARMONIC TREATMENT

- Phonon-phonon couplings explicitly computed;

- VSCF, VPT, VCI, TOSH, ...

QUASI-HARMONIC APPROXIMATION

- Introduces an explicit dependence of phonon frequencies on volume;

- Allows to evaluate thermal expansion;
- Allows to compute constant-pressure specific heat;
- Allows to compute isothermal and adiabatic bulk moduli;
- ...

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Beyond the Harmonic Approximation

Within standard quantum-chemical techniques, one has to describe the Lattice

Dynamics of the system:

EXPLICIT ANHARMONIC TREATMENT

- Phonon-phonon couplings explicitly computed;

- VSCF, VPT, VCI, TOSH, ...

QUASI-HARMONIC APPROXIMATION

- Introduces an explicit dependence of phonon frequencies on volume;

- Allows to evaluate thermal expansion;
- Allows to compute constant-pressure specific heat;
- Allows to compute isothermal and adiabatic bulk moduli;
- ...

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Outline

- Classical value of the heat capacity of solids (Dulong-Petit law, equipartition of

the energy)

- Quick recap of Statistical Thermodynamics (canonical ensamble, partition

function, independent degrees of freedom)

- The Harmonic Approximation for molecular vibrations

- Vibrations in solids: phonon dispersion

- Quantum models for the heat capacity of solids (Einstein's and Debye's models)

- Harmonic thermodynamic properties (convergence and limitations)

- The Quasi-harmonic Approximation (thermal expansion, P-V-T equation-of-state,

constant-pressure properties, isothermal bulk modulus)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

QHA

The harmonic expression for the Helmholtz free energy is retained and an explicit
dependence of vibration frequencies on volume is introduced:

The equilibrium volume V(T) at any temperature T is obtained by minimizing F. A thermal

expansion coefficient is defined as:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

QHA: Validity Domain
Is the QHA valid at all temperatures? Generally NOT. It depends on the system and on
pressure.
AE, M. Shahrokhi, R. Moradian and R. Dovesi,
J. Chem. Phys., 142, 044114 (2015)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

QHA: Validity Domain
Is the QHA valid at all temperatures? Generally NOT. It depends on the system and on
pressure.
AE, M. Shahrokhi, R. Moradian and R. Dovesi,
J. Chem. Phys., 142, 044114 (2015)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

QHA: Validity Domain
Is the QHA valid at all temperatures? Generally NOT. It depends on the system and on
pressure.
AE, M. Shahrokhi, R. Moradian and R. Dovesi,
J. Chem. Phys., 142, 044114 (2015)

EXPLICIT
QHA ANHARMONIC
TERMS

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Structural and Elastic Properties
AE, M. Shahrokhi, R. Moradian and R. Dovesi,
J. Chem. Phys., 142, 044114 (2015)

MgO
Isothermal bulk modulus:

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Structural and Elastic Properties
AE, J. Chem. Phys., 141, 124115 (2014)

Diamond

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Structural and Elastic Properties

AE, J. Maul, R. Demichelis and R. Dovesi,

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 11670-11677 (2015)

Corundum Al2O3

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Anisotropic Thermal Expansion
AE, J. Maul, M. De la Pierre and R. Dovesi,
J. Chem. Phys., 142, 204502 (2015)

Forsterite Mg2SiO4

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Combining Temperature and Pressure

2900 km
depth

In The Earth's Mantle:

Pressures up to
~140 GPa

Temperatures between
~800 K and 1200 K

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Combining Temperature and Pressure

Corundum Al2O3 Forsterite Mg2SiO4

AE, J. Maul, R. Demichelis and R. Dovesi, AE, J. Maul, M. De la Pierre and
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 11670-11677 (2015) R. Dovesi, J. Chem. Phys., 142,
204502 (2015)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Combining Temperature and Pressure

Adiabatic bulk modulus

Corundum Al2O3 Forsterite Mg2SiO4

AE, J. Maul, R. Demichelis and R. Dovesi, AE, J. Maul, M. De la Pierre and
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 11670-11677 (2015) R. Dovesi, J. Chem. Phys., 142,
204502 (2015)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

P-V-T Relation

P-V-T

Corundum Al2O3

AE, J. Maul, R. Demichelis and R. Dovesi,

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 11670-11677 (2015)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

P-V-T Relation
In situ X-ray diffraction:
P-V-T
T. Katsura, A. Shatskiy, M. G. M. Manthilake, S.
Zhai, H. Fukui, D. Yamazaki, T. Matsuzaki, A.
Yoneda, E. Ito, A. Kuwata et al., Phys. Earth Planet.
Inter. 174, 86 (2009).

Forsterite Mg2SiO4

AE, J. Maul, M. De la Pierre and R. Dovesi,

J. Chem. Phys., 142, 204502 (2015)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Constant-pressure Specific Heat
The QHA allows to compute constant-pressure thermodynamic quantities:

constant-P
constant-V

J. Maul, I. M. G. Santos, J. R. Sambrano and AE

Theor. Chem. Acc. - Special Issue Chitel2015, 135, 36 (2016)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Constant-pressure Specific Heat

QHA

Specific Heat
216 atoms

128 atoms
16 atoms
8 atoms MgO
2 atoms

Entropy AE, M. Shahrokhi, R. Moradian and R. Dovesi,

J. Chem. Phys., 142, 044114 (2015)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

 Constant-pressure Specific Heat

Specific Heat

Specific Heat

AE, J. Chem. Phys., 141,

Entropy 124115 (2014)

AE, J. Maul, R. Demichelis and R. Dovesi, Corundum Diamond

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 11670-11677 (2015)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

 Department of Chemistry
University of Torino

Thank you for

your kind attention.
Thermal Features of Molecular Crystals

Active pharmaceutical ingredients Molecular crystals still

High energy-density materials represent a challenge to Urea:
Materials for non-linear optics state-of-the-art quantum- Intra-molecular
chemical methods covalent interactions
Intra-chain
electrostatic
interactions
Inter-/Intra-chain
H-bonds
Grimme's DFT-D3
Dispersive
TZVP basis sets
interactions

Anisotropic thermal expansion via quasi-harmonic calculations

Anisotropic thermo-elasticity via quasi-static calculations
Thermodynamic properties via harmonic and quasi-harmonic calculations

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Thermal Expansion

a,b c

AE, J. Maul and B. Civalleri Chem. Commun., 52, 1820-1823 (2016)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Anisotropic Thermal Expansion

a,b c

AE, J. Maul and B. Civalleri Chem. Commun., 52, 1820-1823 (2016)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Thermodynamics

Specific Heat Entropy

a,b c

AE, J. Maul and B. Civalleri Chem. Commun., 52, 1820-1823 (2016)

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Thermo-elasticity
HARMONIC

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Thermo-elasticity
HARMONIC

CORRECT

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Thermo-elasticity
HARMONIC

QUASI-STATIC

CORRECT

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Thermo-elasticity
HARMONIC

QUASI-STATIC

CORRECT

ADIABATIC CORRECTION

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Thermo-elasticity
HARMONIC

QUASI-STATIC

CORRECT

AE, J. Maul and B. Civalleri Chem.

Commun., 52, 1820-1823 (2016)
ADIABATIC CORRECTION

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Thermo-elasticity
HARMONIC

QUASI-STATIC

CORRECT

AE, J. Maul and B. Civalleri Chem.

Commun., 52, 1820-1823 (2016)
ADIABATIC CORRECTION

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Thermo-elasticity
HARMONIC

QUASI-STATIC

CORRECT

AE, J. Maul and B. Civalleri Chem.

Commun., 52, 1820-1823 (2016)
ADIABATIC CORRECTION

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

Thermo-elasticity
HARMONIC

QUASI-STATIC

CORRECT

AE, J. Maul and B. Civalleri Chem.

Commun., 52, 1820-1823 (2016)
ADIABATIC CORRECTION

A. Erba MSSC2016 Torino (Italy), September 2016

 Department of Chemistry
University of Torino

Thank you for

your kind attention.