Designation: D 1894 01

Standard Test Method for

Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and
Sheeting1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope * D 3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSlab,

1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficients Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams3
of starting and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-
sliding over itself or other substances at specified test condi- rials3
tions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both Determine the Precision of a Test Method4
procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a G 143 Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Fric-
given sample. tion Characteristics5
2.2 ISO/DIS Standard:
NOTE 1For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially ISO/DIS 829519946
wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G 143 under the
jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50. 3. Terminology
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and 3.1 Definitions:
appropriate for use in engineering design. 3.1.1 friction, nresistance to relative motion between two
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be bodies in contact.
run at temperatures other than 23C by heating only the plane 3.1.1.1 coeffcient of frictionthe ratio of the force required
while the sled is at ambient temperature. to move one surface over another to the total force applied
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the normal to those surfaces.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 3.1.1.2 kinetic coeffcient of frictionthe ratio of the force
only. required to move one surface over another to the total force
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the applied normal to those surfaces, once that motion is in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the progress.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.1.3 static coeffcient of frictionthe ratio of the force
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- required to move one surface over another to the total force
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific applied normal to those surfaces, at the instant motion starts.
precautionary statement, see Note 7. D 996, D10
NOTE 2This test method and ISO/DIS 82951994 are not technically 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
equivalent. 3.2.1 slipin plastic films, lubricity of two surfaces sliding
in contact with each other.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4. Significance and Use
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical 4.1 Measurements of frictional properties may be made on a
Insulating Materials for Testing2 film or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics2 another substance. The coefficients of friction are related to the

1 3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
4
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
5
Current edition approved March 10, 2001. Published June 2001. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
6
published as D 1894 61 T. Last previous edition D 1894 00. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. Floor, New York, NY 10036.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 1894
slip properties of plastic films that are of wide interest in The foam shall also have a high hysteresis when deformed.7
packaging applications. These methods yield empirical data for The rubber shall be wrapped snugly around the sled and held
control purposes in film production. Correlation of test results in place against the bottom and top of the sled with double-
with actual performance can usually be established. faced masking tape. When a sheet (see 6.3) is to be attached,
4.1.1 This test method includes testing at temperatures other double-faced tape shall be used to attach the specimen. The
than 23C by heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient total weight of the (wrapped) sled and specimen shall be 200 6
temperature. 5 g.
4.2 Slip properties are generated by additives in some NOTE 3Round-robin testing8 has shown that the physical properties
plastic films, for example, polyethylene. These additives have of the backing can drastically affect both the coefficient of friction and
varying degrees of compatibility with the film matrix. Some of stick-slip behavior of the film.
them bloom, or exude to the surface, lubricating it and making 5.2 PlaneA polished plastic, wood, or metal sheet,9 ap-
it more slippery. Because this blooming action may not always proximately 150 by 300 by 1 mm (6 by 12 by 0.040 in.). A
be uniform on all areas of the film surface, values from these smooth, flat piece of glass may cover the upper surface of the
tests may be limited in reproducibility. plane. This provides a smooth support for the specimen.
4.3 The frictional properties of plastic film and sheeting 5.2.1 When it is desirable to run tests at temperatures above
may be dependent on the uniformity of the rate of motion 23C, a heating unit shall be provided that is capable of
between the two surfaces. Care should be exercised to ensure maintaining the temperature of the plane within 62C of the
that the rate of motion of the equipment is as carefully desired temperature. The temperature should be maintained
controlled as possible. within 62C of the desired temperature over the entire traverse
4.4 Data obtained by these procedures may be extremely of the sled (that is, over the full surface of the plane).
sensitive to the age of the film or sheet and the condition of the NOTE 4If the equipment has a plane with a heater, a cover may be
surfaces. The blooming action of many slip additives is used to help maintain the temperature of the plane within 62C of the
time-dependent. For this reason, it is sometimes meaningless to desired temperature.
compare slip and friction properties of films or sheets produced 5.3 Scissors or Cutter, suitable for cutting specimens to the
at different times, unless it is desired to study this effect. desired dimensions.
4.5 Frictional and slip properties of plastic film and sheeting 5.4 Adhesive Tape, cellophane or pressure-sensitive.
are based on measurements of surface phenomena. Where 5.5 Adhesive Tape, double-faced.
products have been made by different processes, or even on 5.6 Nylon Monofilament, having a 0.33 6 0.05-mm (0.013
different machines by the same process, their surfaces may be 6 0.002-in.) diameter and capable of supporting a 3.6-kg (8-lb)
dependent on the equipment or its running conditions. Such load.
factors must be weighed in evaluating data from these meth- 5.7 Beaded Chain, flexible metal cable, or equivalent,
ods. having a spring rate no less than 600 lbs per inch of stretch per
4.6 The measurement of the static coefficient of friction is inch of length (40 lbs/in. (7000 N/m) for a 15-in. chain) in the
highly dependent on the rate of loading and on the amount of range of 50 to 150 g of tension (such as beaded lampswitch pull
blocking occurring between the loaded sled and the platform chain).
due to variation in time before motion is initiated. 5.8 Low-Friction PulleysA phenolic type pulley mounted
4.7 Care should be exercised to make certain that the speed in hardened steel cone bearings on a metal fork. A ball-bearing
of response of the recorder, either electronic or mechanical, is type pulley may also be used.
not exceeded. 5.9 Force-Measuring Device, capable of measuring the
4.8 For many materials, there may be a specification that frictional force to 65 % of its value. A spring gage10 (Note 3),
requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural universal testing machine, or strain gage may be used.
modifications that take precedence when adhering to the NOTE 5The capacity of the spring gage (Fig. 1( a and b)) needed will
specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material depend upon the range of values to be measured. For most plastic, a 500-g
specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classi- capacity gage with 10-g or smaller subdivisions will be satisfactory. This
fication System D 4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that spring will measure coefficients of friction up to and including 2.5.
currently exist. 5.10 Supporting BaseA smooth wood or metal base
approximately 200 by 380 mm (8 by 15 in.) is necessary to
5. Apparatus support the plane. The supporting base may be a simple
rectangular box. If a universal testing machine is used to pull
5.1 SledA metal block 63.5 mm (212 in.) square by
approximately 6 mm (0.25 in.) thick with a suitable eye screw
fastened in one end. When a flexible film (see 6.2) is to be 7
Sheet stock, available from Greene Rubber Co., 59 Broadway, North Haven,
attached, the block shall be wrapped with a sponge rubber 63.5 CT 06473, has been found satisfactory.
mm (2 12in.) in width and 3.2 mm (18in.) in thickness. The 8
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: D20-
foam shall be flexible, smooth-faced, and have a nominal 1065.
9
Acrylic or rigid poly(vinyl chloride) sheeting has been found satisfactory for
density of 0.25 g/cm3 when measured in accordance with the this purpose.
Density Test of Methods D 3574. The pressure required to 10
Model L-500, available from Hunter Spring Co., Lansdale, PA, has been found
compress the foam 25 % shall be 85 6 15 kPa (12.5 6 2.5 psi). satisfactory for this purpose.

2
 D 1894

A. Sled H. Constant-speed drive rolls

B. Plane I. Nylon monofilament
C. Supporting base J. Low-friction pulley
D. Gage K. Worm screw
E. Spring gage L. Half nut
F. Constant-speed chain drive M. Hysteresis, synchronous motor
G. Constant-speed tensile tester crosshead
FIG. 1 Five Methods of Assembly of Apparatus for Determination of Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film

a moving plane, a supporting base of sufficient structural used to pull the moving plane through a pulley system (Fig. 1(d)), the
strength and rigidity to maintain a firm position between the strain gage load cell, or other load-sensing instrument in the testing
moving crosshead and the force-measuring device will be machine, acts as the force-measuring device.
necessary.
6. Test Specimens
5.11 Driving or Pulling Device for Sled or PlaneThe
plane may be pulled by a driven pair of rubber-coated rolls not 6.1 The test specimen that is to be attached to the plane shall
less than 200 mm (8 in.) long, capable of maintaining a be cut approximately 250 mm (10 in.) in the machine direction
uniform surface speed 150 6 30 mm/min (0.5 6 0.1 ft/min) and 130 mm (5 in.) in the transverse direction when such
(Fig. 1(b)), by the crosshead of a universal testing machine extrusion directions exist and are identifiable.
(Fig. 1(d)) (Note 7), or a worm drive driven with a synchronous 6.2 A film specimen that is to be attached to the sled shall be
motor (Fig. 1(e)). A constant-speed chain drive system has also cut approximately 120 mm (412in.) square. Film is defined as
been found satisfactory (Fig. 1(a)). A power-operated source sheeting having a nominal thickness of not greater than 0.254
may be used for pulling the sled over the horizontally-mounted mm as indicated in Terminology D 883.
specimen at a uniform speed of 150 6 30 mm/min (0.5 6 0.1 6.3 A sheeting specimen (greater than 0.254 mm nominal
ft/min). A universal testing machine equipped with a load cell thickness) or another substance that is to be attached to the sled
in its upper crosshead and a constant rate-of-motion lower shall be cut 63.5 mm (212 in.) square.
crosshead has been found satisfactory (see Fig. 1(c)).
6.4 Sheeting specimens shall be flat and free of warpage.
NOTE 6Where the moving crosshead of a universal testing machine is Edges of specimens shall be rounded smooth.

3
 D 1894
6.5 Five specimens shall be tested for each sample unless conditioning requirements cannot be met and the data still may
otherwise specified. be of direct assistance to the operation, other conditioning
procedures may be used and recorded in the report. Frictional
NOTE 7Plastic films and sheeting may exhibit different frictional
properties in their respective principal directions due to anisotropy or properties should be measured only after sufficient time has
extrusion effects. Specimens may be tested with their long dimension in been allowed for the specimens to reach essential equilibrium
either the machine or transverse direction of the sample, but it is more with the ambient atmosphere.
common practice to test the specimen as described in 6.1 with its long
dimension parallel to the machine direction. 9. Procedure
NOTE 8Caution: Extreme care must be taken in handling the speci-
mens. The test surface must be kept free of all dust, lint, finger prints, or 9.1 Tape the 250 by 130-mm (10 by 5-in.) film or sheet
any foreign matter that might change the surface characteristics of the specimen to the plane with the machine direction of the
specimens. specimen in the 250-mm direction. Smooth the film specimen
to eliminate wrinkles if necessary, taking care not to alter the
7. Preparation of Apparatus specimen surface through finger oils, etc.
7.1 Fig. 1 shows five ways in which the apparatus may be
NOTE 10For some samples it has been found necessary to tape only
assembled. The support bases for all apparatus assemblies shall the leading edge of the specimen to the plane. In some cases the specimen
be level. has been pulled through the nip rolls apparatus of Fig. 1(b) without the
7.2 If the apparatus of Fig. 1(a) or (b) is used, calibrate the plane. However, should any dispute arise, taping of all four edges will be
scale of the spring gage as follows: the referee method.
7.2.1 Mount the low-friction pulley in front of the spring NOTE 11For the sake of uniformity and later comparison when testing
gage. a specimen sliding over itself, the specimens shall be mounted so that the
7.2.2 Fasten one end of the nylon filament to the spring same side of the specimen shall be used as the contact surface for both the
moving and stationary specimens.
gage, bring the filament over the pulley, and suspend a known
NOTE 12Coefficient of friction measurements may be made on a film
weight on the lower end of the filament to act downward. or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over other substance
NOTE 9The reading on the scale shall correspond to the known surfaces wherein the movement is made in the transverse direction of the
weight within6 5 %. The weight used for this calibration shall be between specimen. However, the methods described here will be confined to
50 and 75 % of the scale range on the gage. movements in the machine direction of the specimens.

7.3 The drive speed for the apparatus of Fig. 1(a and b) shall 9.2 For film specimens, tape the edges of the 120-mm
be adjusted to 150 6 30 mm/min (6.0 6 1.2 in./min). This (412-in.) square film specimen to the back of the sled, using
speed may be checked by marking off a 150-mm (6.0 in.) adhesive tape and pulling the specimen tight to eliminate
section beside the plane and determining the time required for wrinkles without stretching it. For sheet specimens, tape the
the plane to travel 150 mm. 63.5-mm (212-in.) square sheet specimen or second substrate to
7.4 If the apparatus of Fig. 1(c and d) employing a universal the sled face with double faced tape. Keep the machine
testing machine is used, select the proper speed setting for a direction of the specimen parallel to the length of the sled
crosshead motion of 150 6 30 mm/min (6.0 6 1.2 in./min). A (where such a direction exists and is identifiable).
similar speed for the load-displacement recorder is desirable. 9.3 Attach the specimen-covered sled through its eye screw
However, the speed of the recorder can be adjusted to give the to the nylon filament. If a universal testing machine is used
desired accuracy in reading the pen trace. (Fig. 1(c and d)), pass the filament through pulley(s) and
7.5 When the apparatus of Fig. 1(c) (moving sled-stationary upward to the bottom of the load-sensing device and attach
plane) is used, wipe the support base free of foreign matter and securely. If a spring gage is used (Fig. 1(a and b)), securely
lay down two strips of double-faced adhesive tape along the attach the filament to it. The nylon filament shall be of
length of the supporting base so that they are approximately sufficient length to allow maximum sled or plane travel. With
100 mm (4 in.) between centers. some slack in the nylon filament, lightly place the sled in
7.6 Fix the plane in position on the tape strips and firmly position on the horizontal plane (Note 12). The positioning of
press in place. the sled shall be such that the length of the sled, the adjacent
length of nylon filament, and the long dimension (machine
8. Conditioning direction) of the plane-mounted specimen are parallel. For
8.1 ConditioningCondition the test specimens at 23 6 material combinations found to have an excessive stick-slip
2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less tendency, wherein the kinetic portion of the test degenerates
than 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of into a series of static tests interspersed by rapid jumps of the
Practice D 618, for those tests where conditioning is required. sled, it is advisable but not mandatory to substitute the metal
In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be6 1C tow line (5.7) for the nylon tow line to make kinetic measure-
(61.8F) and 62 % relative humidity. ments. This will necessitate making separate measurements for
8.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in the standard labora- static and kinetic friction coefficients. Each laboratory will
tory atmosphere of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 5 % determine what level of stick-slip is considered excessive for
relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the test meth- its materials. In case of disagreement between testing labora-
ods or in this test method. In cases of disagreement, the tories, the nylon tow line remains the referee procedure.
tolerances shall be 61C (61.8F) and 62 % relative humid- NOTE 13The purpose of using a nylon filament for the static friction
ity. In specific cases, such as control testing, where the and sometimes a metallic tow line for kinetic friction is to avoid a faster

4
 D 1894
force buildup in the static measurement than the recorder can respond to, Ak = average scale reading obtained during uniform sliding
and to allow time for the recorder to separate the buildup of static friction
of the film surfaces, g, and
force in the nylon filament from the mass acceleration force as the sled
B = sled weight, g.
breaks loose. The opposite effect is needed from the metallic tow line
during kinetic friction measurement to prevent the occurrence of repeated 10.3 Calculate the arithmetic mean of each set of observa-
stick-slips instead of steady motion. tions and report these values to three significant figures.
NOTE 14The sled must be placed very lightly and gently on the plane 10.4 Calculate the standard deviation (estimated to be6
to prevent any unnatural bond from developing. A high starting coefficient 15 % of the value of the coefficient of friction) as follows, and
of friction may be caused by undue pressure on the sled when mounting report it to two significant figures:
it onto the plane.
s 5 =~ (X 2 2 n X 2!/~n 2 1! (3)
9.4 Start the driving mechanism (which has been adjusted
previously to provide a speed of 150 6 30 mm/min (6.0 6 1.2 where:
in./min)). As a result of the frictional force between the s = sample standard deviation,
contacting surfaces, no immediate relative motion may take X = value of a single observation,
place between the sled and the moving plane until the pull on n = number of observations, and
the sled is equal to, or exceeds, the static frictional force acting X = arithmetic mean of the set of observations.
at the contact surfaces. Record this initial, maximum reading as 11. Report
the force component of the static coefficient of friction.
11.1 Report the following information:
9.4.1 If conducting the test at temperatures above 23C (the
11.1.1 Complete description of the plastic sample, including
temperature of the plane), ensure that sufficient time for the
manufacturers code designation, thickness, method of produc-
interface to reach the temperature of the plane has elapsed
tion, surfaces tested, principal directions tested, and approxi-
before starting the driving mechanism.
mate age of sample after manufacture,
9.5 Record the visual average reading during a run of 11.1.2 Description of second substance if used,
approximately 130 mm (5 in.) while the surfaces are sliding 11.1.3 Apparatus used,
uniformly over one another. This is equivalent to the kinetic 11.1.4 Average static and kinetic coefficients of friction,
force required to sustain motion between the surfaces and together with the standard deviation,
normally is lower than the static force required to initiate 11.1.5 Number of specimens tested for each coefficient of
motion. After the sled has traveled over 130 mm (5 in.) stop the friction, and
apparatus and return to the starting position. 11.1.6 The temperature of the plane at which the test was
9.6 If a strain gage and load-displacement recorder are used, conducted.
either draw the best straight line midway between the maxi-
mum points and minimum points shown on the chart while the 12. Precision and Bias 11
sled is in motion, or obtain the average load by integration of 12.1 PrecisionTable 1 is based on a round robin con-
the recorder trace. The mean load is the kinetic friction force
required to sustain motion on the sled.
9.7 Remove the film or sheeting specimen from the sled and 11
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: D20-
the horizontal plane. The apparatus is now ready for the next 1131.
set of specimens. A new set of specimens shall be used for each
run. No specimen surface(s) shall be tested more than once TABLE 1 Precision Data at 23C
unless such tests constitute one of the variables to be studied. Static Coefficient of Friction at 23C
Material Avg SrA SRB IrC IRD
NOTE 15The maximum point at which initial motion takes place Polyethylene, 0.18 0.018 0.066 0.050 0.186
between the sled and the horizontal plane should be carefully examined (M3)
with reference to the rate of loading and the speed of response of the Polyethylene, 0.19 0.027 0.135 0.077 0.383
sensing device. Failure to consider this factor can lead to meaningless (M4)
results for the value of the static coefficient of friction. Polyester, 0.20 0.009 0.037 0.025 0.104
(M1)
Polyester, 0.70 0.066 0.094 0.186 0.265
10. Calculation (M2)

10.1 Calculate the static coefficient of friction s, as follows: Kinetic Coefficient of Friction at 23C
Material Avg SrA SRB IrC IRD
s 5 As/B (1)
Polyethylene, 0.19 0.007 0.046 0.019 0.131
(M3)
where: Polyethylene, 0.12 0.007 0.025 0.021 0.071
As = initial motion scale reading, g, and (M4)
B = sled weight, g. Polyester, 0.17 0.005 0.021 0.015 0.059
(M1)
10.2 Calculate the kinetic coefficient of friction, k, as Polyester, 0.66 0.054 0.123 0.154 0.349
follows: (M2)

k 5 Ak/B (2) A
Sr = within-laboratory standard deviation of the average,
B
SR = between-laboratories standard deviation of the average,
C
where: Ir = 2.83 Sr, and
D
IR = 2.83 SR.

5
 D 1894
ducted in 1986 in accordance with Practice E 691, involving material tested by one laboratory. The average is based upon 18
four materials tested by seven laboratories. For each material, specimens tested by one operator using one instrument in
all of the samples were prepared at one source. Each laboratory accordance with this test method.
obtained seven test results for each material. Each test result 12.3 Concept of Ir and IRIf Sr and SR were calculated
was one determination per each material. Sr and SR are based from a large enough body of data, and for test results that were
on five determinations for five materials in accordance with the averages from the number of determinations stated in 12.1.
test method. The temperature of the plane was 23C for all of 12.3.1 Repeatability, Ir (Comparing two test results for the
the tests. same material, obtained by the same operator using the same
NOTE 16Caution: The following explanations of Ir and IR (12.3- equipment on the same day)The samples represented by the
12.3.3 ) are only intended to present a meaningful way of considering the two results should be regarded as not having equivalent friction
approximate precision of this test method. The data in Table 1 should not if they differ by more than the Ir value for that material and
be rigorously applied to acceptance or rejection of material, as those data condition.
are specific to the round robin and may not be representative of other lots, 12.3.2 Reproducibility, IR (Comparing two test results for
conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of this test method should the same material, obtained by different operators using differ-
apply the principles outlined in Practice E 691 to generate data specific to
their laboratory and materials, or between specific laboratories. The
ent equipment on different days)The samples represented by
principles of 12.3-12.3.3 would then be valid for such data. the two test results should be regarded as not having equivalent
friction if they differ by more than the IR value for that material
12.2 Table 2 presents repeatability data at 38C for one
and condition.
12.3.3 Any judgment in accordance with 12.3.1 and 12.3.2
TABLE 2 Repeatability Data at 38C
would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being
Static Coefficient of Friction at 38C
Material Average SrA IrB
correct.
12.4 BiasThere are no recognized standards on which to
Polyethylene 0.330 0.023 0.064
base an estimate of bias for this test method.
Kinetic Coefficient of Friction at 38C
Material Average SrA IrB
13. Keywords
Polyethylene 0.246 0.014 0.041
A
Sr = within-laboratory standard deviation of the average. 13.1 friction; kinetic coefficient of friction; plastic film;
B
Ir = 2.83 Sr. plastic sheeting; slip; static coefficient of friction

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This section identifies the location of selected changes to this test method. For the convenience of the user,
Committee D20 has highlighted those changes that may impact the use of this test method. This section may also
include descriptions of the changes or reasons for the changes, or both.

D 189499: D 189401:
(1) Added Note 2. (1) Revised 1.2, 4.1, 5.2, and 9.4 to include testing at
D 189400: temperatures above 23C.
(1) Revised Section 3, Terminology. (2) Added Table 2.

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