Mathematical Analysis - Exercises

Felipe Guerra

November 29, 2017

 In the context of the following exercise we equip X with the topology that is the weakest
topology associated to the collection {i }iI , where i : X Yi and {i }iI are a family of
topological spaces.
Exercise 1. Let Z be a topological space and let be a map from Z into X , then the next
sentences are equivalent:
i) is continuous.
ii) For all i I , i is a continuous map.
Proof. First suppose that is continuous, then i is the composition of continuous functions.
After that, suppose that i is continuous, for all i I , and let A be an open set in X , in
that case A can be written like: [\
A= 1
j (wj ) ,
iI jFi

where wj is an open set in Yi and Fj I nite. Then

!
[\ [\
[\
1 (A) = 1 1
j (wj ) = 1 1
j (w j ) = ( )1 (wj ) ,
iI jFi iI jFi iI jFi

which is open in Z since every map i is continuous.

Exercise 2. Let (X, ) be a topological space where X is compact. Show that

X 1
d (x, y) = |fn (x) fn (y) | , (x, y) X X ,
n=1
2n

denes a metric over X , where {fn }nN are continuous functions that separate points.
Proof. The meaning of a family of functions that separate points is:

x 6= y n0 N , fn0 (x) 6= fn0 (y) .

Let x, z , y X then:
i) Notice that, d (x, y) 0, for all x, y X , because each term of the series is no negative.
ii) If x = y . It's known that fn is a function that separate points, for all n N, thus

fn (x) = fn (y) |fn (x) fn (y) | = 0 , n N ,

which implies d (x, y) = 0. Conversely, if d (x, y) = 0, suppose x 6= y . As

X 1
|f (x) fn (y) | = 0 ,
n n
n=1
2

after i), each term of the series is no negative and the series converge to zero, which means
1
|f
2n n
(x) fn (y) | = 0 fn (x) = fn (y) , n N .

But {fn }nN separate points, thus x = y .

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iii) The symmetry is done in view of the symmetry of absolute value, indeed

X 1 X 1
d (x, y) = n
|fn (x) fn (y) | = |fn (y) fn (x) | = d (y, x) .
n=1
2 n=1
2n

iv) Consider:
m
1
where when
X
Sn = |f (x) fn (z) | ,
n n
Sn d (x, z) , m + .
n=1
2

Then
m
X 1
Sn = |fn (x) fn (z) | ,
n=1
2n
m
X 1
= |fn (x) fn (y) + fn (y) fn (z) | ,
n=1
2n
m
X 1h i
n
|f n (x) f n (y) | + |f n (y) f n (z) | ,
n=1
2
m m
X 1 X 1
= n
|fn (x) fn (y) | + |fn (y) fn (z) | ,
n=1
2 n=1
2n

thus, making m +, the result is d (x, z) d (x, y) + d (y, z).

Exercise 3. Let (X, d) be a metric space such X is complete, precompact and sequentially
compact. Then X is compact.
Proof. Let {Oi }iI be an open set collection in (X, d) such cover X . Before proving the state-
ment we shall prove the following auxiliary result.
Claim 1: Exist > 0, such for all x X , exist i I where B (x, ) Oi .

Proof. Proceeding by absurd, suppose

x X , x X , B (x, ) 6 Oi , i I .
Thus, for
= 1 , x1 X , B (x, 1) 6 Oi , i I ,
then take  
1 1
= , x2 X , B x, 6 Oi , i I .
2 2
Inductively, it can dene a sequence (xn )n1 in X , suchlike
 
1
B xn , 6 Oi , i I .

n
As X is sequentially compact, exist a sub sequence (xnk )k1 convergent to x in X , i.e.
xnk x. Furthermore, exist i I , where x Oi - since {Oi }iI is a covering of X -
even more x is a interior point, i.e., exist r > 0, such B (x, r) Oi . By the denition
of convergence, to K N, large enough, for all k K , xnk lie in B (x, r) which means
xnk Oi , contradiction because (xn )n1 6 Oi , for all i I , much less the sub sequence
(xnk )k1 .

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After that, suppose X is precompact, then exists {y1 , ..., yn } such
n
[
X= B (yp , ) .
p=1

By the claim, for all yp E , exist ip I , where B (yp , ) Oip , implying

n
[
X Oip .
p=1

That prove X is compact.

Exercise 4. Let E be a Banach space, the the canonical injection
J : (E, (E, E 0 )) (E 00 , (E 00 , E 0 ))
is an isomorphism from E , equipped with the weak topology (E, E 0 ), to J (E), equipped with
the weak* topology (E 00 , E 0 ).
Proof. It's suces to show J and J 1 are continuous on each topology associate, since J is
bijective on J (E). Remind, the weak topology, (E, E 0 ), makes all the maps g : E R
continuous, and the weak* topology, (E 00 , E 0 ), makes all the maps
g : E 00 R
7 h, giE 00 ,E 0 ,
continuous, for all g E 0 . Besides, J has the property hJx , giE 00 ,E 0 = hg, xiE 0 ,E .
Moreover, if x E and g E 0 , then we have
(g J) (x) = hJx , giE 00 ,E 0 = hg, xiE 0 ,E = g (x) ,
i.e, (g J g) (x) = 0, from where g J = g . Since g is continuous then g J es continuous,
using Exercise 1 we can deduce J is continuous from weak topology, (E, E 0 ), over E to weak*
topology, (E 00 , E 0 ), over E 00 .
Conversely, g = g J 1 as the same reasoning as before g J 1 is continuous since g
is continuous by denition of weak* topology and using Exercise 1, i.e., J 1 is continuous
from weak* topology, (E 00 , E 0 ), over E 00 to weak topology, (E, E 0 ), over E . Thus J is an
isomorphism from E to J (E) with de weak and weak* topologies respectively.
Exercise 5. Let E be a Banach space. Then E is reexive if and only if E 0 is reexive.
Proof. We need an auxiliary result, which the following is:
Claim 2: Let E , F be Banach spaces and suppose that exists : E F an isomor-
phism from E to F . Then E is reexive if only if F is reexive.

Proof. Indeed, as is bijective bounded linear operator then : F E - the adjoint

0 0

operator - is well dened, moreover is bijective bounded linear operator. Proceeding

as before : E F is bijective bounded linear operator.
00 00

Using this, the following diagram commutes:

E - F

JE JF
? ?
00 00
E
-
F

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 If E is reexive, then JF = JE 1 , since , JE and 1 are surjective then
JF (F ) = F which implies F is reexive. As the same did as before, if F is reexive,
then JE = ( )1 JF , i.e., E is reexive.

First, suppose E is reexive and notice that weak and weak* topologies coincide, just because
h, f iE 00 ,E 0 = hf, yiE 0 ,E is fullled, i.e, in E 00 has a representative y on E . By the Banach-
Alaoglu theorem B E 0 = {f E 0 : kf k 1} is compact to the weak* topology, (E 0 , E),
furthermore B E 0 is compact to weak topology, (E 0 , E 00 ), since both coincide. By Kakutani
theorem E 0 is reexive.
Conversely, suppose E is reexive. By the previously proof E is reexive, notice that J (E)
0 00

is a sub space closed of E , J (E) is a Banach space reexive. Using the isomorphism isometric,
00

J 1 : J (E) E , given by the canonical injection and the claim 2, E is reexive.