Human Comm

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The key takeaways are that interpersonal communication involves the exchange of information between two or more people through both verbal and non-verbal means. It also discusses the elements, principles, and impacts of interpersonal communication.

According to DeVito, the elements of interpersonal communication are source, receiver, encoding, decoding, messages, channels, noise and context.

The 4 principles of interpersonal communication according to Orbe & Bruess (2005) are: 1) Irreversible 2) Inevitable 3) Affected by culture and power 4) Always changing in technology.

SCCA 2023 HUMAN COMMUNICATION GROUP A

FIRST SEMESTER SESSION 2017/2018 (A171)


INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

Submitted to:

DR. JOYCE CHEAH LYNN SZE

Prepared by:

NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI PANUT 238529

Submitted date
28th SEPTEMBER 2017

SCHOOL OF MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGIES AND


COMMUNICATION
UUM COLLEGE OF ART AND SCIENCE
UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
SCCA 2023
HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal communication is the process by which people exchange information and


feelings both verbally and non-verbally. In this communication, it involves face-to-face meeting
between two individuals or more when they are close in proximity. It includes what takes place
between a son and his father, an employer and an employee, two sisters, a teacher and a student,
two lovers, two friends, and so on (Hartley, 1999). People may engage in some form of
interpersonal communication and it can be used to measure how well they can communicate with
each other’s. Other than that, there are many uses of interpersonal communication such as it can
influence the attitudes and behavior of others, form contact and relationships and express personal
needs and understand the needs of others.

According to Orbe & Bruess (2005), there are 4 principles in interpersonal communication.
First is irreversible which means, individuals cannot ever take back something they have said. For
instance, if an individual says something hurtful or rude to someone, he/she can apologize later,
but still they cannot undo the fact that he/she said it. Interpersonal communication also is
inevitable. This means that people cannot avoid communicate to each other. Whether it is through
talking, facial expressions, or body language. For instance, a person who yawning is a message
that he is sleepy. Next, interpersonal of communication is always affected by culture and power.
This principle show that different cultures have different ways to expressing themselves. For
instance, teenagers will communicate politely to their parents as a symbol of respect but with
friends they will communicate differently compare to their parents. Lastly, in interpersonal
communication, there will always changing in technology. As we can see nowadays there various
gadget that can be use in order to communicate to others, such as, cell phones, instant messaging
and email.

In interpersonal communication, it involves verbal and nonverbal messages that we use to


exchange information between two persons or more. For example, to deliver a message a person
will speak along with the movement of body, eye contact and more. There is a great myth in
communication, which is nonverbal communication accounts for more than 90 percent of the
meaning of any message. There is some situation that the nonverbal signals will indeed carry more
of your meaning than the words you use, perhaps in expressing strong emotions. In other situations,
however, the verbal signals will communicate more information (DeVito, 2013).

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According to DeVito, there is a few elements in interpersonal communication which is


source receiver, encoding-decoding, messages, channels, noise and context. In interpersonal
communication, it involves at least two people which they will perform as a receiver functions and
source functions. The term of source-receiver emphasizes that both functions are performed by
everyone in interpersonal communication. Next is encoding-decoding, which encoding refer to
process of producing messages such as speaking or writing. Meanwhile decoding is the reverse
and refers to the act of understanding messages for example listening or reading. Message is an
information that the sender wants to deliver to the receiver. It can be emotion, feeling, or idea that
the sender wants to share to the receiver.

There are two forms of message, it can be either verbal or non-verbal. Verbal is something
that can be defined as the words in a language meanwhile, non-verbal is a way we communicate
without using words; they include posture, appearance, gesture or facial expression. Channel is the
medium through which messages pass. The medium to send the message may be through electronic
tools, such as smartphone, radio or television or the use print media such as newspaper and
magazine. The choice of the medium depends on the message itself whether it is a message for a
specific person or it is a message that should be known to the public. Noise is anything that prevent
the receiver from receiving the message. There are 4 types of noise which is physical noise,
physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Last but not least is context, it is
something that can influence the form and content of your messages. For example, there is
difference among communicating in a funeral home, football stadium or in a hospital.

As we can see, nowadays in this 21st century, the use of social media is one of the important
things in human daily life that growing rapidly throughout the world. Social media is a term used
to describe the interaction between groups or individuals where they share produce and change
ideas using internet in virtual communities. It also can be used as an interpersonal communication
which it involves two or more participants in a conversation. More adults and teenagers have their
own social media account such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram that they use to interact with
each other whether stranger or someone they already know.

In addition, the exposure of social media has changed the world in many ways where it can
be used as a tool that can facilitates other people, but at the same time social media can cause such

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conflicts which can negatively impact a person. Other than that, social media has the power which
it can transform the way young people interact with their parents, peers and their teachers. So,
from this we can see that the effects of social media are twofold which is, on the positive side it
can use to find new pals without boundaries. On the negative side, it may impact human
relationship between parents and children, friends and others.

A new study has found teenagers who engage with social media during the night could be
damaging their sleep and increasing the risk of anxiety and depression. Teenagers spoke about the
pressure they felt to make themselves available 24/7, and the resulting anxiety if they did not
respond immediately to texts or posts. Teens are so emotionally invested in social media that a
fifth of secondary school pupils will wake up at night and log on, just to make sure they don’t miss
out (Udorie, 2015).

Other than that, the rapidly growth of social media today have changed the way of human
communicate. It became the source of change in different fields supplemented traditional social
interactions and even discussion of common interest or we can say that it has revolutionized
people’s interaction, communication and even the way of thinking. As social media become a part
of teenage life, so it has become central gathering spaces for teenagers to develop media literacy
skills. Researchers have found that teenagers use creative ways to gain access to new technologies,
participate in various online communities that help them learn new skills and delve into deep
learning on topics that are personally interesting to them (Waigumo, 2013).

Generally, youths use technology such as social media to keep in touch with friends,
mediate romantic relationships, organize into social groups, support each other and develop their
own identities. They adapt these new technologies to continue improving and sustaining their
relationships because their lives have become so busy and full of activities that their time to interact
with friends is becoming more limited. With the help of social media, the teens can be more
connected to their social groups and maintain relations as they also expand their networks of
friends.

According to Waigumo 2013, the continuous action of using social media as our
communication will lead to the development of two types of interpersonal relationship which is

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stronger interpersonal relationship and weaker interpersonal relationship. The stronger


interpersonal relationship is when they are always update their status at social media to show to
their friends, teachers or even their parents that are in the friend list of the social networking sites
and it is easier for them to keep in touch with their friends even if they are apart with less time and
effort (Waigumo, 2013).

Waigumo 2013, also adds that, students also tend to develop weaker interpersonal
relationship with their friends, teachers and parents. This is due to the excessive uses of the internet
and computer as a medium of communication with their friends, teachers and parents. Sometimes,
student only use their social media to express how they feel by post a status through Facebook,
twitter or anything. It will become into a habit if they do this repeatedly and until the time comes
they will only depend on the internet and computer to telling them what they want.

Through this, a person cannot express his/her emotions well and that will result to an
unhealthy relationship with other people. For instance, teenager will lack of confidence in deliver
message face to face to develop a new relationship with a new person, because they feel that they
have many deficiencies to face others and they afraid to speak up. Because of the excessive uses
of social media as their medium of communication, it is hard for them to develop interpersonal
skills where they need to communicate to others so that it is nor easier for the teenagers to deliver
the message they want to send (Waigumo, 2013). As teenager, they should be aware that the
excessive uses of social media will lead them to be a passive and taciturn person and this will
affect their self-development. Parents also should play the important role by monitoring the usage
of social media of their children. Other than that parent also can set the limit of the internet usage
in their house, so that their children will use the internet wisely.

Nowadays social media usage has increased drastically in this modern years.
Communication that once was in person or by telephone can be done online without physical
contact or connection. People nowadays willing to spend countless hours of their time just for
devices with the intent to communicate with others, sharing their daily activities and to gain
information. Research has shown that many accidents occur daily from drivers who are distracted
by texting, checking their Facebook account, takin pictures and others. Many people use social
media as an outlet to overcome frustrations and connect with others in similar situations throughout

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the world. For these reasons, mobile devices such as cell phones and tablets have become a needed
to each person everywhere (Contreras, 2016).

According to Contreas 2016, the excessive uses of social media may lead to a decrease in
the many communication processes necessary to create strong bond between a parent and a child.
For instance, there are certain parents that no longer have conversations face to face but rather will
text to each other, even when they are only a short distance away or within in the same house. This
is not to say that parents are neglectful for using social media necessarily, but as we can see parents
are more distracted and less in tune with their children if they are constantly focusing attention on
their devices.

Some researcher even describes that distracted parenting as being a direct threat to child
welfare as parent are often more engaged in their devices as opposed to supervising their own
children closely. Healthy attachments are particularly critical for young children, where attachment
is easily formed through eye contact, talking to each other’s and skin to skin contact. While a
parent who spends excessive amount of time checking their phone may be physically present and
providing that needed skin to skin contact, but there may be less of focus on the necessary eye
contact and communication needed to acquire health attachment at a young age.

Children of a young age may be less likely to think how their parents’ social media usage
may be impacting their relationship, but still they will be affected by the lack of attention.
Meanwhile, older children may be understood that their parents are ignoring them or always busy
and therefore this may affect the relationship more obviously. So, as we can see here, social media
usage significantly affects human relation in the way families communicate and spend time
together. A negative parent and child attachment could lead the child to further development or
emotional problems later in life related to attachment at a young age. Contreas (2016) states that,
the quality interactions between infant and caregiver, beginning at birth, motivated specifically by
the child’s need for safety and protection, are central life span development. Other than that, for a
child to be able to explore his world with confidence, he must be able to trust in the availability
and security of their primary caretaker.

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Based on the prevalence of social media usage in new parents and the increasing amount
of time individuals spend using their device, understanding negative consequently of its usage will
benefits families in learning to focus their time and attention on their children. Excessive use of
social media can also potentially be a social issue in terms of increased number of distractions and
cuts in face to face interaction. On the opposite realm, if social media usage is shown to be positive
for parent-child relationships, parents can use these resources of social support and bonding to
improving their own moods and behaviors of their children.

As a parent, they should set the limit on the usage of the social media and spend more time
for their children. Children need more attention because they are in growth and learning process.
Hence, they need their own parents to teach them about what is good and what is bad for them. By
doing that it can help the development of the children. Other than that, by giving more attention to
the children we can create a positive human relationship which is it is a strong bonding between
parents and their own children. Parents who give their children more attention may make the
children feel safer and they will not be afraid to their own parents. Parents, should play the
important role in creating the bond with their children by put aside their gadget and give more
focus to their children.

Since the beginning of time, people have created ways to communicate, evolving from
primitive language and markings to more latest technologies including telephones and computers.
Today’s systems of communication allow people to interact with each other without face-to-face
because the use of telephones and computers has paved the way for the most recent addition to
communication. Nowadays, social media have tried to re-create face-to-face interactions on the
web by allowing people to interact publicly or privately. As we can see, most people use social
media to stay in contact, while others use the medium as a way to develop new connections. A
benefit of social networking websites is that they allow people to develop or maintain relationships
with individuals who may not be close to themselves geographically. When it comes to location,
social networking websites allow families, couples, and friends to stay connected using a simple
click of a button (Farrugia, 2013).

According to Farrugia (2013), Social media allows individuals to have an interactive


exchange of communication through technological devices. It is a way which individuals are

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developing relationships online, without the visual and oral cues that face-to-face communication
would deliver. Farrugia (2013) add, social media might be a better way for people to communicate,
because individuals are more likely to be their true self online. Social media can also use as tools
to express romantic relationships, the most apparent illustration of romantic relationships can be
found through the profile picture. In general, couples tend to display their relationship by putting
the photo of themselves and their partner as default profile photo, or as a photo that is displayed
on their main profile page. Farrugia (2013) stated that people judged newly acquainted friends by
their uploaded and tagged pictures online, tagging picture is a Facebook function where the
program uses facial recognition to identify the individuals within the picture. Once a picture is
tagged, that image will show up on an individual’s page.

From the explanation above, we can see that social media may be adding to the complexity
of romantic relationship worldwide. But still, the social media have negative impact in romantic
relationship where it will create jealousy in every individual who have partner. According to
Farrugia (2013), there is a scenario in which an observer saw a picture on Facebook of their partner
with his arm around a member of a opposite sex. He explained that because of the picture available
for so many eyes to see online, it was a public self-threat to a relationship. When other people
could see the picture online, it was anticipated there could be a jealous reaction, even though, the
type of pictures are innocent. These forms of jealousy and relationship distrust of a partner can
develop from fear of betrayal, so this is proven that Facebook as an environment that can promote
jealous feelings associated with negative outcomes on the relationship and directly causing
addictive behaviors like surveillance.

The popular social networks such as the Facebook and WhatsApp that have contributed to
many marriage breakdowns with the families. For instance, Lumpkin (2012) stated that 33% of
divorce cases mentioned Facebook in 2011 and involved inappropriate messages to individuals of
the opposite sex. Social networks such as the Facebook introduce a potential to misinterpret
messages on another’s profile. Some make some comments on another’s photograph, can send
private messages and chat online. If this information is misinterpreted with a partner, it may lead
to some disagreements within the household.

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Other than that, research states that social media has introduces a potential to misinterpret
messages between partners in relationships and marriages. This may create barriers in problem
solving and intimacy development. There are also complaints of poor attention partners because
one may concentrate with the social media at the expense of his/her partner.

What we can conclude from the act, it may lead many problems in relationship because
there is no trust in the relationship. To maintain the relationship, they should be able to trust each
other and solve the problem by doing interpersonal communication. It is more convincing by doing
interpersonal communication in maintaining the relationship.

The advances in technology are transforming the way we communicate with friends and
family and how we make new friends. Social network sites “satisfy the need for escape, for
exploring, for interaction and socialization”. Social media describes a suite of sites, including
social networks that provide the user with the ability to post content quickly and easily to a network
of individuals online. Excessive social media use can have a detrimental effect on family, leading
to mistrust, breakdown of relationships. The research presented here is concerned with quantifying
the impact that social media has on human relationships as a first step to developing a model for
managing the impact of social media use on family life, human relationships and partnership
breakdowns.

Other than that, the excessive uses of social media show more signs of psychological
disorders, including anti-social behaviors. This will make the teenagers do not want to interact
with their parents or share about their activities in school and it will lead to the occur of a
misunderstanding if one party does not explain his/herself clearly. The daily overuse of social
media also has a negative effect on the health of all children, preteens and teenagers by making
them more exposed to anxiety and other depression issues.

Teenagers with anxiety and depression issue tend to react to certain minor issues drastically
and it will lead to the worsen of the illness. In addition to being a source of depression and anxiety,
social media is also a common source of stress to its users. Another survey performed on 7,000
mothers, found that 42% of mothers using the photo-sharing site Pinterest, reported occasionally
suffering from Pinterest Stress.

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According to Jacobs (2014) there is two ways social media can cause anxiety. First, being
constantly alert for new social media messages, to your instinctive fight or flight limbic system, is
the same as being on continuous alert for predators, which causes a release of the stress hormone
cortisol. The second way social media causes depression anxiety is from the stress produced from
constantly trying to project an unrealistic and unachievable perception of perfection within your
social network.

The social anxiety of stress is associated with trying to project a perfect self all times. The
constant stress from constantly trying to project an image of perfection leads to the constant release
of the stress hormone cortisol, and just like social media usage, leads to depression anxiety. The
constant release of the stress hormone cortisol, from heavy social media usage, over time causes
damage to your gastrointestinal tract (gut), which opens the door to an immuno-inflammatory
response in the body and brain, leading to depression anxiety

On the other hand, the positive impact of social media on family relationship is it can
strengthen relationship ties by sharing something through social media. For instance, a family
member can share a candid family photo, so that everybody in the family can comment on that
photo. From the acts, it can strengthen the bond between family members. Other than that, children
who future his/her study abroad or family that separated by migration can continue keep in touch
and take care for one another through the social media such as, Skype and video call. Back then
migrant family and those who study abroad only communicate through occasional letter and phone
calls only.

In a nutshell, interpersonal communication is very important in human life to have a better


life and it is more better if we can communicate face to face because the message that we want to
deliver will be easier for receiver to understand. Other than that, peoples should always
communicate to each other because it is a one way to improve your communication skills and it
can help them in their future. In interpersonal communication, there are 4 principles that we should
know, which is irreversible, inevitable, affected by culture and power and always changing in
technology. Interpersonal communication also can be done through social media and as we can
see nowadays there are various level of ages using social as a platform to communicate to each
other. Social media is a technology that give us easier way to keep in touch with our friends, to

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send and receive information and to gain knowledge. Although social media has brought many
benefits for us such as allowing us to easily connect with friends and family, interact to new pal
by break down international borders and cultural barriers but still social media has its own negative
impact such as it have distracted the parents, cause psychological orders among children, can ruin
a relationship and it has turning ourselves into the anti-social generation. So, everybody must be
aware about the negative impact of the social media by slowly reduce the uses of social media in
our life and try make a first step to interact or communicate to others without using social media.

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Reference

Contreras, D. A. (2016). How Social Media Affects Parent-Child Attachment. Distracted


Parenting, 61.
DeVito, J. A. (2013). The Interpersonal Communication Book (13rd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson.
Farrugia, R. C. (2013). A Study of How Social Media Use is Affecting Long-Term Relationship.
Facebook and Relationship, 49.
Hartley, P. (1999). Interpersonal Communication. New York: Routledge.
Udorie, J. E. (2015, September 16). The Guardian. Retrieved from The Guardian:
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/social-media-mental-health-
teenagers-government-pshe-lessons
Waigumo, M. A. (2013). Impact Of Social Networking SitesOn Interpersonal Relationship
Among Teenagers. 61.

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