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ENGLISH LITERATURE
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Periods of English Literature:

450 – 1066 Anglo-Saxon Period or Old English Period

1066 – 1500 Middle English Period
1066 – 1340 The Anglo Norman Period
1340 – 1400 The Age of Chaucer
1400 – 1485 Barren Age
1500 – 1660 The Renaissance Period
1500 – 1558 Preparation for The Renaissance
1558 – 1603 Elizabethan Age
1603 – 1625 Jacobean Age
1625 – 1649 Caroline Age
1649 – 1660 Commonwealth Period
1620 – 1660 Puritan Period
1660 – 1785 The Neoclassical Period
1660 – 1700 The Restoration Period
1700 – 1745 The Augustan Period / The Age of Pope
1745 – 1785 The Age of Sensibility / The Age of Johnson
1798 – 1832 The Romantic Period
1832 – 1901 The Victorian Period
1848 – 1860 The Pre-Raphaelites
1880 – 1901 Aestheticism and Decadence
1901 – 1939 The Modern Period
1901 – 1910 The Edwardian Period
1910 – 1936 The Georgian Period
1939- Present The post-Modern Period

Anglo-Saxon Period or Old English Period (450 – 1066)

 Two main poets in this age- Caedmon and Cynewulf;

 First epic of this period – “Beowulf”
 Henry-1 was famous for his literary works in this period;

Major Literary works of this period:

Beowulf, the earliest epic of English literature, was written in this period. “The Wanderer”,
“The Seafarer”, “The Husband’s Message” and “The Wife’s Lament” are among the
remarkable literary works of the age. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle written in that age is the
earliest prose of English literature.
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Middle English Period (1066 – 1500)

Major authors and their works:

Authors: Works:
Geoffrey Chaucer Troilus and Criseyde, The Canterbury Tales, The House of
(1340 - 1400) Fame, The Parliament of Fouls, The Legend of Good
Woman, The Book of the Duchess
Roger Bacon (1214-1292) Opus Maius, Opus Tertium
William Langland (1332-1386) Piers Plowman, Richard the Redeless
John Wycliffe (1324-1384) Translation of The Bible into English (prose)
John Gower (1325-1408) Confessio Amantis
William Caxton (1422-1491) Established the first English printing press in 1476 in
London.
Sir Thomas Malory Morte d Arthur (1485), the first romance in prose
(1478-1535)

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 -1400) is remembered as the author of The Canterbury Tales, which
ranks as one of the greatest epic works of world literature. Chaucer made a crucial
contribution to English literature in using English at a time when much court poetry was still
written in Anglo-Norman or Latin.

Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London. He was the son of a prosperous wine merchant and
deputy to the king's butler, and his wife Agnes. Little is known of his early education, but his
works show that he could read French, Latin, and Italian.

In 1359-1360 Chaucer went to France with Edward III's army during the Hundred Years'
War. He was captured in the Ardennes and returned to England after the treaty of Brétigny
in 1360. There is no certain information of his life from 1361 until c.1366, when he perhaps
married Philippa Roet, the sister of John Gaunt's future wife. Philippa died in 1387 and
Chaucer enjoyed Gaunt's patronage throughout his life.

Between 1367 and 1378 Chaucer made several journeys abroad on diplomatic and
commercial missions. In 1385 he lost his employment and rent-free home, and moved to
Kent where he was appointed as justice of the peace. He was also elected to Parliament.
This was a period of great creativity for Chaucer, during which he produced most of his best
poetry, among others Troilus and Cressida (c. 1385), based on a love story by Boccaccio.

Chaucer took his narrative inspiration for his works from several sources but still remained
an entirely individual poet, gradually developing his personal style and techniques. His first
narrative poem, The Book of the Duchess, was probably written shortly after the death of
Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster, first wife of John Gaunt, in September 1369. His next
important work, The House of Fame, was written between 1374 and 1385. Soon afterward
Chaucer translated The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius, and wrote the poem The
Parliament of Birds.
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Chaucer did not begin working on The Canterbury Tales until he was in his early 40s. The
book, which was left unfinished when the author died, depicts a pilgrimage by some 30
people, who are going on a spring day in April to the shrine of the martyr, St. Thomas
Becket. On the way they amuse themselves by telling stories. Among the band of pilgrims
are a knight, a monk, a prioress, a plowman, a miller, a merchant, a clerk, and an oft-
widowed wife from Bath. The stories are interlinked with interludes in which the characters
talk with each other, revealing much about them.

According to tradition, Chaucer died in London on October 25, 1400. He was buried in
Westminster Abbey, in the part of the church, which afterwards came to be called Poet's
Corner. A monument was erected to him in 1555.

The Renaissance Period (1500 – 1660)

Major authors and their works:

Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) John Webster (1580-1625)

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Robert Herrick (1592-1674)
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) George Herbert (1593-1633)
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) John Milton (1608-1674)
John Donne (1572-1631) Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)
Ben Johnson (1573-1637)

Edmund Spenser (1552-1599), one of the greatest and most influential poets of the
Elizabethan Age dedicated his longest and most famous works ‘The Faerie Queene’ (1596)
to Queen Elizabeth I; The Shepherd’s Calendar, The Ruins of Time, The Amoretti (sonnets).

John Milton (1608-1674), English poet, wrote what many consider to be one of the greatest
epic poems in the English language, Paradise Lost (1667); and Paradise Regained (1671).
Poetry and drama: Lycidas , Paradise Lost , Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes (play)

Authors Works
Francis Bacon Advancement of Learning, Novum Orgum, Of Truth, Of Death, Of
Revenge, Of Adversity, Of Parents and Children, Of Marriage and
Single Life, Of Envy, Of Love, Of Great Place, Of Studies
Christopher Marlowe Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine the Great, Edward II, The Jew of Malta,
The Massacre at Paris
John Donne The Sun Rising, The Undertaking, Canonization (poem)
Ben Johnson Comedy: Every Man in His Humour, The Silent Woman, Volpone,
The Alchemist. Tragedy: Sejanus, Catiline.
John Webster The White Devil, The Duchess of Malfi
Robert Herrick Hesperides, To Daffodils, To Anthea
George Herbert The Temple
Andrew Marvell To his coy mistress, My Vegetable love (poem)
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William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English poet, playwright and
actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-
eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His
extant works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two
long narrative poems, and a few other verses, the authorship of some of which is uncertain.
His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more
often than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he
married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and
twins Hamlet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as
an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men,
later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age
49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and
there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical
appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him
were written by others.
Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays
were mainly comedies and histories and these works remain regarded as some the best
work produced in these genres even today. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about
1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest
works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known
as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his
lifetime. In 1623, John Hemminge’s and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors of
Shakespeare, published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that
included all but two of the plays now recognized as Shakespeare's. It was prefaced with a
poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as "not of an age, but for
all time". In the 20th and 21st century, his work has been repeatedly adopted and
rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly
popular today and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural
and political contexts throughout the world.

Characters of play:

Sir Andrew Aguecheek - Twelfth Night Ophelia – Hamlet

Olivia - Twelfth Night Rosse - Macbeth
Angelo - Measure for Measure A Shakespearean play consists of five acts.
Helena - A Midsummer Night's Dream
Calliban – Tempest
Shylock – Merchant of venice
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Canonical Plays:

Comedies: Tragedies:

1. The Tempest 1. Troilus and Cressida

2. The Two Gentlemen of Verona 2. Coriolanus
3. The Merry Wives of Windsor 3. Titus Andronicus
4. Measure for Measure 4. Romeo and Juliet
5. The Comedy of Errors 5. Timon of Athens
6. Much Ado About Nothing 6. Julius Caesar
7. Love's Labor’s Lost 7. Macbeth
8. A Midsummer Night's Dream 8. Hamlet
9. The Merchant of Venice 9. King Lear
10. As You Like It 10.Othello
11.The Taming of the Shrew 11.Antony and Cleopatra
12. All's Well That Ends Well 12.Cymbeline
13.Twelfth Night
14.The Winter's Tale
15.Pericles, Prince of Tyre
16.The Two Noble Kinsmen

Histories:
Narrative poems:
1. Venus and Adonis
1. King John
2. The Rape of Lucrece
2. Richard II
3. Henry IV, Part 1
4. Henry IV, Part 2
5. Henry V
6. Henry VI, Part 1
7. Henry VI, Part 2
8. Henry VI, Part 3
9. Richard III
10.Henry VIII

English histories:
As they are in the first folio, the plays are listed here in the sequence of their action, rather
than the order of the plays' composition. Short forms of the full titles are used.
 King John  Henry V
 Edward III (not included in folio but  Henry VI, Part 1
often attributed to Shakespeare)  Henry VI, Part 2
 Richard II  Henry VI, Part 3
 Henry IV, Part 1  Richard III
 Henry IV, Part 2  Henry VIII
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Roman histories:
As noted above, the first folio groups these with the tragedies.

 Coriolanus
 Julius Caesar
 Antony and Cleopatra

Other histories:
As with the Roman plays, the first folio groups these with the tragedies. Although both are
connected with British history, and based on similar sources, they are usually not considered
part of Shakespeare's English histories.

 King Lear
 Macbeth

Quotations:

Famous Quotes from Hamlet

"To be, or not to be: that is the question".

"Neither a borrower nor a lender is; for loan oft loses both itself and friend, and borrowing
dulls the edge of husbandry".
"This above all: to think own self be true".
"Though this is madness, yet there is method in 't."
"That it should come to this!”.
"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so”.
"The lady doth protest too much, methinks".
"In my mind's eye".
"A little more than kin and less than kind".
"The play’s the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king".
""Brevity is the soul of wit".
"Doubt that the sun doth move, doubt truth to be a liar, but never doubt I love".
"Rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind".
"Do you think I am easier to be played on than a pipe?"
"I will speak daggers to her, but use none".
"When sorrows come, they come not single spies, but in battalions".

Famous Quotes from Julius Caesar

"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him".
"But, for my own part, it was Greek to me".
"A dish fit for the gods".
"Cry "Havoc," and let slip the dogs of war".
"Get to, Brute!"
"Men at some time are masters of their fates: The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but
in ourselves, that we are underlings".
"Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more". "Beware the ides of March".
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"This was the noblest Roman of them all".

"When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff".
"Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look; He thinks too much: such men are dangerous".
"For Brutus is an honorable man; so are they all, all honorable men".
"As he was valiant, I honor him; but, as he was ambitious, I slew him".
"Cowards die many times before their deaths;

Famous Quotation from Merchant of Venice

"If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we
not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?".
"The devil can cite scripture for his purpose".
"I like not fair terms and a villain's mind".
Superfluity comes sooner by white hairs, but competency lives longer.
I dote on his very absence.
The devil can cite scripture for his purpose.
It is a wise father that knows his own child.
In the twinkling of an eye.
But love is blind, and lovers cannot see the pretty follies that themselves commit. All that
glisters is not gold.

Famous Quotes from A Midsummer Night's Dream

"The course of true love never did run smooth".

"Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind, and therefore is winged Cupid painted blind".
That would hang us, every mother’s son.
My heart is true as steel.
The true beginning of our end.

Famous Quotations from Romeo and Juliet

"It is the east, and Juliet is the sun"

"Good Night, Good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, that I shall say good night till it is morrow."
"What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet".
"Wisely and slow; they stumble that run fast".
"Tempt not a desperate man"
"For you and I are past our dancing days".
"O! She doth teach the torches to burn bright"
"See, how she leans her cheek upon her hand! O that I was a glove upon that hand, that I
might touch that cheek!"
"Not stepping o'er the bounds of modesty".

Famous Quotes from King Lear

"How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child!"
"I am a man more sinned against than sinning".
"My love's richer than my tongue".
"Nothing will come of nothing."
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"Have more than thou showest, speak less than thou knowest, lend less than thou owest".
"The worst is not, So long as we can say, 'This is the worst.' "

Famous Quotes from Macbeth

"There are daggers in men's smiles".

"What’s done is done".
"I dare do all that may become a man; who dares do more is none".
"Fair is foul, and foul is fair".
"I bear a charmed life".
"Yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o' the milk of human kindness."
"Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble."
"Out, damned spot! Out, I say!".
"All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand."
When the battle’s lost and won".
"If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me".
"Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under 't."
"Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand?"

Famous Quotes from Measure for Measure

"The miserable have no other medicine but only hope"

Famous Quotes from As You Like It

"All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits
and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts"
"Can one desire too much of a good thing?”
"I like this place and willingly could waste my time in it".
"How bitter a thing it is to look into happiness through another man's eyes!".
"Blow, blow, thou winter wind! Thou art not as unkind as man's ingratitude".
"True is it that we have seen better days".
"Forever and a day".
"The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows him to be a fool".

Famous Quotes from Antony and Cleopatra

"My salad days, when I was green in judgment."
There’s beggary in the love that can be reckoned.
This grief is crowned with consolation.

Famous Quotes from Twelfth Night

"Be not afraid of greatness: some are born great, some achieve greatness and some have
greatness thrust upon them".
"Love sought is good, but given unsought is better". “Then come kiss me, sweet and twenty.
Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon ’me”.
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The Neoclassical Period (1660 – 1785)

Major authors and their works:

John Bunyan (1628-1688) Alexander Pope (1688-1744)

John Dryden (1631-1700) Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)
Daniel Defoe (1659-1731) Henry Fielding (1707-1754)
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
William Congreve (1670-1729)

Authors Works
John Bunyan The Pigrim’s Progress, the famous allegory in prose.
John Dryden English poet, literary critic, dramatist and leader in Restoration comedy
wrote the comedic play Marriage A-la-Mode (1672), and the tragedy All
for Love (1678), The Conquest of Granada, The Indian Emperor, Mac
Flecknoe, The Medal, Absalom and Achitophel, The Essay of Dramatic
Poesy.
Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders, Roxana.
Jonathan Swift Irish cleric, political pamphleteer, satirist, and author wrote Gulliver's
Travels (1726); The Battle of the Books, A Tale of a Tub.
William Congreve The way of the world, The Double Dealer, Love for Love
Alexander Pope An Essay on Criticism. The Rape of the Lock, The Dunciad, Essay on Man
Samuel Richardson Pamela or Virtue Rewarded, the first English novel
Henry Fielding Tom Jones, Joseph Andrews, Jonathan Wilde, Amelia.
Dr. Samuel Johnson He compiled the first English Dictionary in 1755, Preface to Shakespeare

The Romantic Period (1798 – 1832)

Major authors and their works:

William Blake (1757-1827) Lord Byron (1788-1824)

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) P.B. Shelley (1792-1822)
S.T. Coleridge (1772-1834) John Keats (1795-1821)
Jane Austen (1775-1817)
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William Blake (1757-1827), English artist, mystic and poet wrote Songs of Innocence (1789)
a poetry collection written from the child’s point of view, of innocent wonderment and
spontaneity in natural settings which includes “Little Boy Lost”, “Little Boy Found” and “The
Lamb”; Songs of Experience (1794) contains many poems in response to ones from
Innocence, suggesting ironic contrasts as the child matures and learns of such concepts as
fear and envy. For example, to “The Lamb” comes the predatory “The Tyger”; Later editions
would see Innocence and Experience contained in one volume. He focused his creative
efforts beyond the five senses, for, If the doors of perception were cleansed everything
would appear to man as it is, infinite. For man has closed himself up, till he sees all things
through’ narrow chinks William of his cavern.—from The Marriage of Heaven and
Hell written between 1790-93, which inspired the title of Aldous Huxley’s essay “The Doors
of Perception” (1954).

William Wordsworth (1770-1850), British poet, credited with ushering in the English
Romantic Movement with the publication of Lyrical Ballads (1798) in collaboration
with Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
William Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in Cocker mouth, Cumberland, in the Lake
District. His father was John Wordsworth, Sir James Lowther's attorney. The magnificent
landscape deeply affected Wordsworth's imagination and gave him a love of nature. He lost
his mother when he was eight and five years later his father. The domestic problems
separated Wordsworth from his beloved and neurotic sister Dorothy, who was a very
important person in his life.
Works: The Prelude, Lyrical Ballads, Tintern Abbey, The Solitary Reaper, The Daffodils (poem).

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), English lyrical poet, critic, and philosopher,
whose Lyrical Ballads (1798) written with William Wordsworth, started the English Romantic
movement.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born in Ottery St Mary, Devonshire, as the youngest son of the
vicar of Ottery St Mary. After his father's death Coleridge was sent away to Christ's Hospital
School in London. He also studied at Jesus College. In Cambridge Coleridge met the radical,
future poet laureate Robert Southey. He moved with Southey to Bristol to establish a
community, but the plan failed. In 1795 he married the sister of Southey's fiancée Sara
Fricker, whom he did not really love.

Works: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Christabel, and Kubla Khan, Ode on Dejection.

Jane Austen (1775-1817), English author wrote numerous influential works contributing to
the Western literary canon including Pride and Prejudice (1813) which starts;

Austen had rejected suitor Harris Bigg Wither at the last minute and never ended up
marrying, but still she expresses a keen grasp of the traditional female role and the ensuing
hopes and heartbreaks with her memorable protagonists including Emma Woodhouse,
Fanny Price, Catherine Morland, Anne Elliot, and Elizabeth Bennett of Pride and Prejudice.
Writing in the romantic vein, Austen was also a realist and has been lauded for her form and
structure of plot and intensely detailed characters who struggle with the issues of class-
consciousness versus individualism: self-respecting men were supposed to become lawyers
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or join the church or military, and respectable women married to improve their station in
life.
Works: Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, Mansfield Park, Emma.

Lord George Gordon Byron (1788-1824), was as famous in his lifetime for his personality
cult as for his poetry. He created the concept of the 'Byronic hero' - a defiant, melancholy
young man, brooding on some mysterious, unforgivable event in his past. Byron's influence
on European poetry, music, novel, opera, and painting has been immense, although the
poet was widely condemned on moral grounds by his contemporaries.
Works: Don Juan, Lara, Childe Harold, The Corsair, The Vision of Judgement.

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), one of the major contributors to English Romantic poetry
wrote “Ozymandias”; probably his most famous short poem, “Ozymandias” was published in
1818. The second-hand narration attempts to resurrect the once powerful king's might
while the exotic setting of Egypt and desert sands helps illuminate the struggle between
artist and subject. Shelley often attracted criticism and controversy for his outspoken
challenges to oppression, religion, and convention as in his political poem “The Masque of
Anarchy” (1819), a critical look at the Peterloo massacre; Written in terza Rima “Ode to the
West Wind” (1820) is another of Shelley’s calls for revolution and change. Other longer
visionary works by Shelley include “The Revolt of Islam” and “Prometheus Unbound” (1820).
He also expressed profound tenderness and sympathy for humankind such as in “The
Magnetic Lady to Her Patient” and deep love in poems dedicated to Mary;
Works: Adonais, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, The Revolt of Islam, Queen Mab,
Prometheus Unbound, Hellas, Alastor, A Defence of Poetry.

John Keats (1795-1821), renowned poet of the English Romantic Movement, wrote some of
the greatest English language poems including "La Belle Dame Sans Merci", "Ode to a
Nightingale", and "Ode on a Grecian Urn";
Having worked on it for many months, Keats finished his epic poem comprising four
books, Endymion: A Poetic Romance--"A thing of beauty is a joy forever"--in 1818. That
summer he travelled to the Lake District of England and on to Ireland and Scotland on a
walking tour with Brown. They visited the grave of Robert Burns and reminisced upon John
Milton's poetry. While he was not aware of the seriousness of it, Keats was suffering from
the initial stages of the deadly infectious disease tuberculosis. He cut his trip short and upon
return to Hampstead immediately tended to his brother Tom who was then in the last
stages of the disease. After Tom's death in December of 1818, Keats lived with Brown.

Around this time Keats met, fell in love with, and became engaged to eighteen year old
Frances "Fanny" Brawne (1800-1865). He wrote one of his more famous sonnets to her
titled "Bright Star, would I were steadfast as thou art". While their relationship inspired
much spiritual development for Keats, it also proved to be tempestuous, filled with the
highs and lows from jealousy and infatuation of first love. Brown was not impressed and
tried to provide some emotional stability to Keats. Many for a time were convinced that
Fanny was the cause of his illness, or, used that as an excuse to try to keep her away from
him. For a while even Keats entertained the possibility that he was merely suffering physical
manifestations of emotional anxieties--but after suffering a hemorrhage he gave Fanny
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permission to break their engagement. She would hear nothing of it and by her word
provided much comfort to Keats in his last days that she was ultimately loyal to him.

Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems (1820) include some of his best-
known and oft-quoted works: "Hyperion", "To Autumn", and "Ode to a Nightingale".
"Nightingale" evokes all the pain and suffering that Keats experienced during his short life-
time: the death of his mother; the physical anguish he saw as a young apprentice tending to
the sick and dying at St. Guy's Hospital; the death of his brother; and ultimately his own
physical and spiritual suffering in love and illness. Keats lived to see positive reviews
of Lamia, even in Blackwood's magazine. But the positivity was not to last long; Brown left
for Scotland and the ailing Keats lived with Hunt for a time. But it was unbearable to him
and only exacerbated his condition--he was unable to see Fanny, so, when he showed up at
the Brawne's residence in much emotional agitation, sick, and feverish, they could not
refuse him. He enjoyed a month with them, blissfully under the constant care of his beloved
Fanny. Possibly bolstered by his finally having unrestricted time with her, and able to
imagine a happy future with her, Keats considered his last hope of recovery of a rest cure in
the warm climes of Italy. As a parting gift Fanny gave him a piece of marble which she had
often clasped to cool her hand. In September of 1820 Keats sailed to Rome with friend and
painter Joseph Severn (1793-1879, who was unaware of his circumstances with Fanny and
the gravity of his health.

John Keats died on 23 February 1821 in Rome, Italy, and now rests in the Protestant
Cemetery in Rome, by the pyramid of Caius Cestius, near his friend Shelley. His epitaph
reads "Here lies one whose name was writ in water", inspired by the line "all your better
deeds, Shall be in water writ" from Francis Beaumont (1584-1616) and John Fletcher's
(1579-1625) five act play Philaster or: Love Lies A-bleeding. Just a year later, Shelley was
buried in the same cemetery, not long after he had written "Adonais" (1821) in tribute to his
friend;
Works: Ode to a Nightingale, Lamia, Hyperion, Ode to Autumn, The Eve of S.T. Agnes, Ode
to Psyche, Endymion.

The Victorian Period (1832 – 1901)

Major authors and their works:

Cardinal Newman (1801-1990) Robert Browning (1812-1889)

Charles Darwin (1809-1982) Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)
Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Mrs. Gaskell (1810-1865) George Eliot (1819-1880)
W.M. Thackeray (1811-1863) R.L. Stevenson (1850-1894)
Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Oscar Wilde (1856-1900)
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Authors Works
Cardinal Newman The Idea of University, Loss and Gain
Charles Darwin The Origin of Species, The Descent of Man
Alfred Tennyson Ulysses, In Memoriam, Tithonus, The Brook, The Lotos Eaters, Poem
‘Chiefly Lyrical’ in 1830, which included the popular "Mariana".
Mrs. Gaskell Mary, Cranford, Ruth, North and South, Sylvia’s Lovers.
W.M. Thackeray Vanity Fair, The Virginians.
Charles Dickens The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bleak House, A
Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, Hard Times, The Old Curiosity
Shop.
Robert Browning English playwright and master of dramatic dialogue poetry wrote “A
Death in the Desert”, “My Last Dutchess”, and “A Grammarian’s
Funeral”, Dramatic Lyrics, Men and Women, Dramatis Personae, The
Ring of the Book.
Karl Marx Das Capital, The Poverty of Philosophy, Communist Manifesto
George Eliot Romola, Adam Bede, Silas Marner, Middlemarch, Felix Holt, The Mill on
the Floss, The Spanish Gypsy.
R.L. Stevenson The Kidnapped, Treasure Island, The New Arabian Night,
Oscar Wilde Lady Windermere’s Fan, A Woman of No Importance, An Ideal
Husband, The Importance of Being Earnest.

Bronte Sisters:

Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and Anne Bronte were three sisters who were renowned as
authoress. Bronte was their family title.

Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855), English author and eldest of the famed Bronte sisters
wrote ‘Jane Eyre’ (1847); is the best known work by her. The Professor, Shirley, Villette.

Emily Bronte (1818-1849), English author and one of the famed Bronte sisters
wrote Wuthering Heights (1847); Agnes Gray, The Tenant of Wild fell Hell.

Anne Bronte (1820-1849), English author and youngest of the famed Bronte sisters
wrote The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848);

The Modern Period (1901 – 1939)

Major authors and their works:

G.B. Shaw (1856-1950) E.M. Forster (1879-1970)

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) Virginia Wolf (1882-1941)
W.B. Yeats (1865-1939) Franz Kafka (1883-1924)
H.G. Wells (1866-1946) D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) T.S. Eliot (1888-1995)
W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) George Orwell (1903-1950)
 14

George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Nobel prize-winning Irish playwright wrote dozens of
popular plays including Pygmalion (1912);

Novels: Immaturity, Cashel Byron's Profession, An Unsocial Socialist, The Irrational Knot,
Love Among the Artists.

Plays: Arms and the Man, The Man of Destiny, You Never Can Tell , The Devil's Disciple,
Caesar and Cleopatra, The Admirable Bash Ville, Man and Superman , Major Barbara , The
Doctor's Dilemma, The Dark Lady of the Sonnets, Androcles and the Lion, Pygmalion ,
Heartbreak House, Back to Methuselah , Candida , Saint Joan, The Apple Cart, The
Millionaires, In Good King Charles's Golden Days ,

William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), Nobel Prize winning Irish dramatist, author and poet
wrote The Celtic Twilight (1893);
At the age of seventy-three William Butler Yeats died, on 28 January 1939, in Roquebrune-
Cap-Martin, France. He was first buried there then as were his wishes, in 1948 re-interred
“under bare Ben Bulben’s head” in Drumcliff churchyard, County Sligo, Ireland. His
gravestone is inscribed with the epitaph Cast a cold Eye, On Life, On Death. Horseman, pass
by! A bronze sculpture of Yeats by Rowan Gillespie stands on Stephen Street overlooking
Sligo town and features snippets from his poetry. His last poem written was “The Black
Tower” in 1939.
Works: The second Coming, A Full Moon in March, A Prayer for my Daughter, Land of
Heart’s Desire, The Wild Swans at Coole, The Tower, The Cate and The Moon, The Secret
Rose, The Winding Stair and Other Poems.

Authors Works
Rudyard Kipling The Jungle Book, Kim, Departmental Ditties, Plain Tales from The Hills,
Soldiers Three
H.G. Wells The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, The Time Machine.
Bertrand Russell Marriage and Morals, Human Knowledge, Road to Freedom, authority
the Individual, Mysticism and Logic, The Analysis of Mind.
W. Somerset English playwright and author wrote Of Human Bondage (1915); The
Maugham Sacred Flame, Cakes and Ale, The Razor’s Edge, The Moon and
Sixpence, The Luncheon, liza of Lambeth.
E.M. Forster A Passage to India, Where Angels fear to Tread, Howards End, A Room
with a View, The Longest Journey, Aspects of Novel, The Eternal
Moment.
Virginia Wolf The Voyage out, Mrs. Dalloway, To The Light House, The Waves, A
Room of one’s own, Flush, The Years.
Franz Kafka The Metamorphosis, The Trial, The Castle, Amerika.
D.H. Lawrence Kangaroo, The Rainbow, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, Women in Love, Sons
and lovers, The white Peacock, Touch and Go, The Lost Girl.
T.S. Eliot His theory of ‘objective co-relative’ is very famous. The Waste land, The
Cocktail Party, The Love Song of Alfred Prufrock, Four Quartets, Murder
in the Cathedral, The Family Reunion.
George Orwell The Animal Farm, Nineteen Eighty Four.
 15

Important authors and their works:

Authors Types Works

APJ Abdul Kalam Wings of Fire, Ignited Minds, Inspiring Thoughts, My
……….. Journey, Indomitable Spirit, Beyond 2020, Spirit of
India, You are Unique, Turning Points.
Abul Kalam Azad Autobiography India Wins Freedom
Abul Fazal Law Book, Ain-i-Akbari, Akbar Nama
Biography
Adlof Hitler German Fiejrer Mein Kampt,
Aristotle Greek Philosopher “Politics”
Andrew Maevell English poet The Garden
Arnald Toynbee Historical One World and India
Arundhuty Roy Novel God of Small Things
Barak Obama President of Dreams from My Father, La audacia de la esperanza,
USA The Essential Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope,
Change We Can Believe In, Of Thee I Sing, Words That
Changed A Nation
Congrve comedy Way of the World
Dostoevsky Russian A Little Hero, The House of Dead, Crime and
punishment (novel), The Idiot, The Eternal.
Dr. Samuel EL writer Vanity of the Human Wishes, Dictionary
Johnson
E.M. Hemingway American The Old Man and the Sea, A Farewell to Arm, For
Whom The Bell Tolls, The Sun Also Rises
Gunnar Myrdal Play Asian Drama, An American Dilemma
Henrik Ibsen Social Drama A Doll’s House
Henry James American Daisy Miller
Homer Greek The Iliad, Odyssey
H.G. Wells Science Fiction Time Machine
J.M. Barrie Play A Kiss for Cinderella
Leo Tolstoy Russian War and Peace, Anna Karenina, Regeneration
Malala Pakistani I Am Malala
Mark Twain American Life on Mississipi, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Mathew Arnold English poet Sohrab and Rustom, The Scholar Gypsy, Dover Beach
Maxim Gorky Russian The Mother, My Childhood, The Little Boy
Nelson Mandela President Long Walk to Freedom
Plato Greek The Republic, The Statesman, The Laws
Pearl S. Buck American The Good Earth
Rajendra Prasad Autobiography Indian Divided
 16

Rousseau French, The Social Contact

Salman Rushdie Fic. Story Satanic Verses

Stephen W. History A Brief History of Time

Hawking
Sir Philip Sidney poet Apology for Poetry
Sir Richard Burton Fairy Tales Arabian Nights
Sir Winston Politician The Gathering Storm, The Second World War
Churchill
Sir Walter Scott Novel Lady of the Lake
Thomas Carlyle English writer Past and Present
Thomas Gray English poet Ode to Adversity
Thomas Kyd Play write The Spanish Tragedy
Tomas More Irish poet The La Rose of Summer, The Epicurean, The Minstrel
Boy
Voltaire French, Candid
Virgil Greek The Aeneid

Name and Title:

Name Title
Venerable Bade Father of English learning
Alfred the Great The founder of English prose
Geoffrey Chaucer Father of English poetry
John Wycliffe Father of English prose
Sir Thomas Wyatt First Sonneter in English literature
Edmund Spencer The poet of poets
William Shakespeare Bard of Avon
Ben Johnson’s comedy Comedy of Humours
John Donne Poet of Love / Metaphysical poet
John Milton The great master of verse / Epic poet
John Dryden Father of Modern English Criticism
Alexander Pope Mock Heroic Poet
Henry Fielding Father of English Novel
William Wordsworth Poet of Nature / Lake poet / poet of Children
William Blake Poet & Painter
Lord Byron Rebel Poet
P.B. Shelley Revolutionary poet / Poet of Hope and Regeneration
John Keats Poet of Beauty
 17

Nobel Prize in Literature winners:

 Rudyard Kipling (1907): UK  William Golding (1983): UK

 Rabindranath Tagore (1913): India  Wole Soyinka (1986): Nigeria
 W. B. Yeats (1923): Ireland  Joseph Brodsky (1987): US
 George Bernard Shaw (1925): Ireland  (born in Russia)
 Sinclair Lewis (1930): US  Nadine Gordimer (1991): South Africa
 John Galsworthy (1932): UK  Derek Walcott (1992): St Lucia, West
 Eugene O'Neill (1936): US Indies
 Pearl S. Buck (1938): US  Toni Morrison (1993): US
 T. S. Eliot (1948): UK (born in the US)  Seamus Heaney (1995): Ireland
 William Faulkner (1949): US  V. S. Naipaul (2001): UK (born
 Bertrand Russell (1950): UK in Trinidad)
 Winston Churchill (1953): UK  J. M. Coetzee (2003): South Africa
 Ernest Hemingway (1954): US  Harold Pinter (2005): UK
 John Steinbeck (1962): US  Doris Lessing (2007): UK (grew-up
 Samuel Beckett (1969): Ireland in Zimbabwe)
(lived in France much of his life)  Alice Munro (2013): Canada
 Patrick White (1973): Australia  Patrick Modiano (2014): Friance
 Saul Bellow (1976): US
 Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978): US
(born in Poland)
 18

QUOTATIONS

Read! In the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created-?

(Holy Quran: 96. Al-Alaq)

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) Sixteenth President of the USA

 A Government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not
perish from the earth.
 A woman is the only thing I am afraid of that I know will not hurt me.
 Avoid popularity if you would have peace.

Alexander Pope (1688-1744) British Poet, Critic, Translator

 A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
 All looks yellow to a jaundiced eye.
 All nature is but art unknown to thee.
 An excuse is worse than a lie, for an excuse is a lie, guarded.
 Fools rush in where Angels fear to tread.
 To err is human, to forgive is divine.

Alexander The Great

 There is nothing impossible to him who will try.

Aristotle (384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher

 A true friend is one soul in two bodies.
 All men by nature desire to know.
 Education is an ornament in prosperity and a refuge in adversity.
 Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies.
 Man is by nature a political animal.
 The law is reason, free from passion.
 The soul never thinks without a picture.
 Well begun is half done?

Charles Dickens (1812-1870) British Novelist

 A loving heart is the truest wisdom.

Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) British Dramatist, Poet

 All places are alike, and every earth is fit for burial.
 Come live with me, and be my love, and we will all the pleasures prove.
 Whoever loved that loved not at first sight?

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Swiss Political Philosopher, Educationist, Essayist

 Every man has the right to risk his own life in order to save it.
 Man is born free, yet he is everywhere in chains.
 Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.
 19

John Keats (1795-1821) British Poet

 A thing of beauty is a joy forever.
 Beauty is truth, truth beauty -- that is all ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) British Poet, Playwright, Actor

 Cowards die many times before their deaths.
 To be or not to be; that is the question.
 Brevity is the soul of wit.
 Fair is foul, and foul is fair.
 Sweet are the uses of adversity.

Neil Armstrong
American Astronaut, First Man Stepped on the Moon
 That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.

Socrates, Greek Philosopher of Athens

 Know thyself.
 To find yourself, think for yourself.
 The beginning of wisdom is a definition of terms.

Destiny is not a matter of chance; it is a matter of choice. It is not a thing to be waited for; it
is a thing to be achieved.
William Jennings Bryan
I cannot do everything, but I can do something. I must not fail to do the something that I can
do.
Helen Keller
Always bear in mind that your own resolution to success is more important than any other
one thing.
Abraham Lincoln
The future depends on what we do in the present.
Mahatma Gandhi

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