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Computer Processing of Human Language

Computational linguistics involves analyzing and processing human language using computers. There are several subfields including speech recognition, speech synthesis, computational morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Speech recognition involves analyzing speech and converting it to text while speech synthesis is creating electronic signals to simulate speech. Computational morphology processes word structures and rules while syntax focuses on parsing sentences and assigning phrase structures. Semantics represents word meanings and how they combine while pragmatics considers the interaction between language and the real world.

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50% found this document useful (2 votes)
583 views2 pages

Computer Processing of Human Language

Computational linguistics involves analyzing and processing human language using computers. There are several subfields including speech recognition, speech synthesis, computational morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Speech recognition involves analyzing speech and converting it to text while speech synthesis is creating electronic signals to simulate speech. Computational morphology processes word structures and rules while syntax focuses on parsing sentences and assigning phrase structures. Semantics represents word meanings and how they combine while pragmatics considers the interaction between language and the real world.

Uploaded by

Kym Algarme
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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o Method:

Computer Processing of  Tone with same frequency as vocal


Human Language chords
 Formant synthesis – emphasizing
harmonics corresponding to the
COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS
formants required for a certain
– subfield of linguistics and computer science that is sound OR
concerned with the interactions of human language  Concatenative synthesis – recorded
and computers units phones, syllables, words,
– Includes: phrases, and sentences; what is
o analysis of written texts and spoken generally used today
discourse o Computers still have a machinelike accent
o translation of text and speech – Text-to-Speech
o use of human languages for communication o Computer program which converts written
between computers and people texts to basic units for synthesizer
o modeling and testing of linguistic theories  Formant synthesizers: translates
into phonetic representation; text
Computational phonetics and phonology to speech happens precedes
– Processing of speech electronic conversion to sound
– Converting speech to text and vice versa  Concatenative synthesis: translates
– Speech recognition input depending on what
o analyzing speech into phones and sounds/phones/words are joined
phonemes → producing a phonetic together
transcription → converting to ordinary text o Problems:
o Computers find difficulty in segmenting  Words spelled alike but read
speech b/c differently (e.g. read – computer
 its original design is to detect sound must have structural knowledge)
patterns of only certain  Inconsistent spelling (e.g. tough,
words/phrases bough, cough, dough
 it recognizes speech of only one Computational morphology
person
 of coarticulation - different ways to - Processing of word structures for the computer to
pronounce a word/phrase be able to understand and use the word
 of noise – computers do not have - Interwoven rules, exceptions, and word/morpheme
the ability to zero in on the voice of forms
the speaker (cocktail party effect) - Methods:
o Computers use statistics or pre- o Computer looks for roots and affixes
programmed words/phrases to decide o Stemming- affixes are repeatedly stripped
– Speech synthesis off
o creating electronic signals that stimulate
Computational syntax
phones and other features of speech →
assemble into words and phrases for output - Parsing (input)
to electronic speaker o Parser- computer program which tries to
o Many have attempted to create “talking replicate our “mental parser” – both use
machines” by using different materials to grammar to assign a phrase structure to a
imitate the mouth but now, we can produce string of words
these sounds electronically o 2 approaches:
 Top-down – looks at rules first then
tries to apply the sentences
 Bottom-up – it looks at the Computational Sign Language
sentence first, identifies its parts,
- Make use of a camera and visual processing
then looks for the rules
- Two purposes
o Problems
o Video dictionary
 words with different syntactic
o Enable a computer to search through ASL
categories (e.g. orange)
videos for a particular sign
 different ways to read sentences
- Generation (output)
o Assign words to the ideas or concepts
o Words must fit into phrases or sentences
which must comply with the syntax of the
language
o 2 approaches:
 Top-down- highest-lowest level
categories
 Bottom-up- words → combine
words for higher level categories
o Transition network- visualization of
grammar; uses nodes (circles) and arcs
(arrows)

Figure 1. Transition network for S -> NP VP

Computational semantics

– representation of the meaning of words and


morphemes in the computer, as well as the
meanings derived from their combinations
– Higher levels of linguistic processing
– 2 concerns:
o Produce semantic representation in the
computer
o Take semantic representation to produce
natural language output which has meaning
– Computer determines the concept it wants to
express → assembles components of meaning →
syntactic rules applied to produce grammatical
sentences

Computational pragmatics

- Pragmatics as the interaction between the real


world and the language system (e.g the switch v a
wire)
- Also used to determine meaning when two
expressions refer to the same object

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