Safe Work Practices for Handling

Asbestos

3
About the WCB
Preventing on-the-job injury and disease is the first priority of the Workers’
Compensation Board (WCB) of British Columbia. WCB officers inspect worksites
in B.C. to make sure they comply with the Occupational Health and Safety
Regulation, which sets out minimum workplace standards for health and safety.
The WCB also investigates serious workplace accidents and consults with
employers, supervisors, and workers to promote health and safety in the
workplace.
Under the requirements of the Workers Compensation Act, a worker must report
an injury or a disabling occupational disease as soon as possible to the employer.
The employer must report work-related injuries, occupational diseases, and work-
related deaths to the WCB within three days. A worker may not make an
agreement with the employer to give up WCB benefits.
If a worker suffers a work-related injury or illness, the WCB provides fair
compensation that may include medical costs, loss of earnings, physical
rehabilitation, and pensions. The WCB also works with employers to help injured
workers return to work. If a worker is killed on the job, counselling and financial
help are made available to the victim’s family. For more information on
requirements or eligibility for WCB coverage, contact the WCB office nearest you.

WCB Prevention Information Line

The WCB Prevention Information Line can answer your questions about
workplace health and safety, worker and employer responsibilities, and reporting a
workplace accident or incident. The Prevention Information Line accepts
anonymous calls.
Phone 604 276-3100 in the Lower Mainland, or call 1 888 621-7233 (621-SAFE)
toll-free in British Columbia.
To report after-hours and weekend accidents and emergencies, call 604 273-7711
in the Lower Mainland, or call 1 866 922-4357 (WCB-HELP) toll-free in British
Columbia.

Acknowledgments
The WCB thanks the many people and organizations who generously donated
their time and knowledge to reviewing this edition of Safe Work Practices for
Handling Asbestos. A special thanks is also due to the organizations and their
representatives who contributed to discussions about low-risk, moderate-risk, and
high-risk work activities.
Safe Work Practices for Handling

Asbestos

1
 WCB publications
This publication and other WCB publications are available on the
WCB web site:
www.worksafebc.com
© 2001, 2002 Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia.
All rights reserved. The Workers’ Compensation Board of B.C.
encourages the copying, reproduction, and distribution of this
document to promote health and safety in the workplace,
provided that the Workers’ Compensation Board of B.C. is
acknowledged. However, no part of this publication may be
copied, reproduced, or distributed for profit or other commercial
enterprise, nor may any part be incorporated into any other
publication, without written permission of the Workers’
Compensation Board of B.C.

2002 Edition
National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Safe work practices for handling asbestos. -- [1996] -

Annual.
ISSN 1497-2956 = Safe work practices for handling
asbestos

1. Asbestos industry - British Columbia - Safety

measures. 2. Asbestos abatement industry - British
Columbia - Safety measures. 3. Industrial hygiene -
British Columbia. I. Workers’ Compensation Board of
British Columbia.

TA455.A6S23 363.17'91 C00-960297-6

 Contents

Introduction .................................................................................... 1
Who should read this manual? .............................................. 1
What does regular mean? ................................................... 2
ALARA ............................................................................. 2
Use this manual as a starting point ......................................... 3

Part 1: About asbestos

What is asbestos? .......................................................................... 7
Health hazards of asbestos .......................................................... 8
Industry terms ................................................................................ 9

Part 2: Employer’s responsibilities

Health and safety programs ....................................................... 15
Asbestos management programs ............................................. 16
Written safe work procedures .................................................... 17
Exposure control plan ...................................................... 17
Respiratory protection program
(personal protective equipment) ......................................... 18
Written emergency procedures .......................................... 18
Training, instruction, and supervision ....................................... 19
Thermal stress .............................................................................. 20
Heat stress ..................................................................... 20
Cold stress ..................................................................... 21
Inspection and testing ................................................................. 22
Record keeping ............................................................................ 22
Notice of Project (NOP) ............................................................... 23
Contracting out projects .................................................... 24

3
Part 3: Safe work procedures
Procedures for low-risk work activities ..................................... 27
Procedures for moderate-risk work activities .......................... 27
Moderate-risk activities ..................................................... 28
Moderate-risk procedures ................................................. 30
Procedures for high-risk work activities .................................... 32
High-risk activities ............................................................ 32
Procedure: Isolating the asbestos work area ......................... 33
Procedure: Decontaminating workers ................................. 36
Procedure: Controlling airborne asbestos fibres .................... 38
Procedure: Laundering contaminated clothing ...................... 40
Procedure: Disposing of asbestos waste materials ................. 40
Procedure: Inspecting and monitoring the work environment ... 41
Collecting bulk samples of materials suspected of
containing asbestos .................................................................... 43
Removing asbestos-containing pipe insulation ....................... 45

Part 4: Personal protective equipment

Protective clothing ....................................................................... 49
Respiratory protection ................................................................ 50
Air-purifying respirators (APRs and PAPRs) ........................... 51
Air-supplying respirators (SARs and SCBAs) ......................... 52
Choosing the right respirator .............................................. 52
Checking for proper operation and fit ................................... 54

Part 5: Emergencies and incidents

Preparing for emergencies ......................................................... 57
Medical emergency procedures ......................................... 57
Investigating incidents ................................................................ 58
Emergency information .............................................................. 60
 Introduction
Asbestos is a fibrous material used in many products because it
adds strength, heat-resistance, and chemical-resistance. Despite its
many uses, asbestos is a hazardous material. If employers and
workers do not take proper precautions for work around
asbestos, workers may develop serious chronic health problems.
To prevent these health problems, the WCB has developed
requirements detailed in the Occupational Health and Safety
Regulation.

Who should read this manual?

This manual is mainly for two groups: employers whose
operations may require workers to handle or work in an
environment with asbestos or asbestos-containing materials; and
workers who work with asbestos (removing and cleaning up
asbestos waste materials or, very occasionally, installing asbestos).
Employers will find information to help them comply with the
Occupational Health and Safety Regulation and to ensure a safe
environment for workers and others who may be affected by
asbestos removal or clean-up. Workers will find information to
help them work safely with asbestos products or waste materials.
This manual provides information about asbestos and assists
employers in developing suitable work procedures. For company
owners who are required to have asbestos abatement carried out
on their premises, the sections in this manual describing
procedures for low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk work
activities will provide an idea of the scope of such a project. These
sections will also give company owners and those who are not
experienced with asbestos a better idea of the type of work done
by asbestos abatement contractors.

Introduction 1
What does regular mean?
In some places in this manual, the term regular is used (for
example, “regular worksite inspections,” “regular health and
safety meetings”). The word is used in these cases because
circumstances vary with each worksite and it is not possible to
provide more specific requirements.
Some employers may find it necessary to conduct inspections
every work shift (during a continuous, high-risk removal), while
other employers may only need to do monthly inspections (on
sites where circumstances do not change very often). Some
employers may need to hold safety meetings daily (if the
workforce changes every day), while other employers may hold
meetings monthly (in usual circumstances). A qualified health and
safety professional must decide what regular means in each
particular circumstance involving asbestos.

ALARA
The ALARA principle governs worker exposure to asbestos — all
exposures must be kept as low as reasonably achievable.
Although the Regulation specifies exposure limits and action
levels, every employer must further reduce worker exposure if it
can reasonably be done. If a new technology that will reduce
worker exposure is available and is not unreasonable to apply (for
example, it is not too expensive), it must be used, even if exposure
limits are not being exceeded without the use of the new
technology.
Improvements in technology, and new work practices and
procedures will help employers to decrease worker exposures and
move closer to the ultimate goal of zero exposure to designated
(in other words, very hazardous) substances.

2 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

Use this manual as a starting point
The note at the end of Section 6.8 of the Regulation implies that
this manual contains specific procedures that will be acceptable to This manual does
the WCB for use at individual worksites. This is not the case.
Rather, this manual provides generic information that employers not replace the
can use to develop their own site-specific procedures. Occupational Health
The word must used in this manual means that a particular safety and Safety
step is required by the Occupational Health and Safety
Regulation. The word should indicates that a particular action, Regulation. It
although not specified in the Regulation, will improve safety in complements the
the workplace. Please note also that the word worker includes
supervisors, managers, and workers. Regulation and is a

The WCB has produced a number of related safe practices tool to help industry
manuals, such as Breathe Safer, a respirator manual. For copies, work safely.
please contact the Publications and Videos Section (listed at the
front of this manual).

Introduction 3
 1
About asbestos
 What is asbestos?
Asbestos is the term used to describe a group of naturally
occurring fibrous mineral silicates. Three types of asbestos have
been used commercially:
Chrysotile (white asbestos) is the most commonly used form of
asbestos.
Amosite (brown asbestos) has been used in sprayed coatings, in
heat insulation products, and in asbestos cement products where
greater structural strength is required.
Crocidolite (blue asbestos) is no longer used in B.C. and is rarely
found. Before 1973 it was commonly used in sprayed coatings on
structural steelwork for fire protection and for heat or noise
insulation. It was also used in gasket materials and asbestos
cement pipe.
Other types of asbestos are actinolite, anthophyllite, and
tremolite. These usually have had little commercial value or use.

Defining asbestos

The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation defines

asbestos as any fibre longer than 5 micrometres with a
diameter less than 3 micrometres and an aspect ratio
greater than 3:1 as determined by the membrane filter
method at 400 to 450x magnification (4 mm objective)
phase contrast illumination, and counted in accordance
with procedures acceptable to the WCB.

Part 1: About asbestos 7

 Health hazards of asbestos
Asbestos is a hazardous material. Its fibres are extremely fine and
can stay in the air for hours; workers exposed to asbestos-
contaminated air can inhale the fibres. If handled without caution,
asbestos may cause serious chronic health problems.
Asbestosis is a chronic lung disease resulting from prolonged
exposure to asbestos dust. The fibres gradually cause the lung to
become scarred and stiff, making breathing difficult.
Lung cancer may be caused by asbestos fibres in the lung. No
one knows exactly how asbestos causes lung cancer. Researchers
have shown, however, that the combination of smoking tobacco
and inhaling asbestos fibres greatly increases the risk of lung
cancer.
Mesothelioma is a rare but very malignant form of cancer
affecting the lining of the chest or the abdominal cavity. There is a
strong link between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma.

Asbestos fibres magnified many times.

8 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 Industry terms
This manual uses some words and phrases specific to the asbestos
industry.
Asbestos-containing materials
Any manufactured articles or other materials that contain 1% or
more asbestos by weight at the time of manufacture, or 1% or
more asbestos as determined by WCB Method 0205 (dispersion
staining, polarized light microscope), X-ray diffraction, or other
analytical technique acceptable to the WCB.
Asbestos management program
A workplace program that includes inventory and identification of
asbestos-containing materials, hazard control, exposure control,
risk assessment, and worker education and training. Program
components are detailed further on page 16.
Containment
An isolation system designed to effectively contain asbestos fibres
within a designated work area where asbestos-containing
materials are handled, removed, encapsulated, or enclosed. Glove
bags are a type of containment.
Encapsulation
A process in which a friable material containing asbestos is
treated with a product that penetrates the material and binds all
the fibres together.
Enclosure
A physical barrier made of materials such as gyproc, plywood,
metal, or polyethylene (poly) sheeting used to separate a friable
material containing asbestos from the habitable environment.
Friable materials
Materials that, when dry, can be easily crumbled or powdered by
hand. This term may also refer to materials that are already
crumbled and powdered. Some non-friable materials, such as
vinyl-asbestos floor tile or asbestos cement products have the
potential to become friable if handled in an aggressive manner
(for example, sanded with a power sander) or dropped from a
height.

Part 1: About asbestos 9

 Friable materials containing asbestos may appear:
• Fluffy or spongy (usually applied by spraying)
• Irregular, with a soft surface (usually applied by spraying)
• Textured, dense, with a fairly firm surface (usually applied by
trowelling)
• Chalky, with a firm surface in preformed, fitted sections (placed
around pipes as an insulation)
HEPA filter
Defined in the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation as a
high efficiency particulate air filter that is at least 99.97% efficient
When used for in collecting an aerosol particle 0.3 micrometre in size. Any HEPA
respiratory filters used for asbestos applications must be at least 99.97%
efficient. When used for respiratory protection, HEPA filters are
protection, HEPA now referred to as NIOSH 100 series filters, or “100” filters for
filters are now short.

referred to as Negative air unit

A cabinet, usually portable, that contains a fan and several HEPA
NIOSH 100 series filters. Negative air units are used to exhaust air from an
filters, or “100” enclosure, reducing the risk of contaminated air escaping into the
workplace through a leak in the enclosure. Negative air unit
filters for short. efficiency is tested using a dioctyl phthalate (DOP) aerosol.
NIOSH 100 series filter
A high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter used for respiratory
protection. These HEPA filters, called “100” filters for short, are at
least 99.97% efficient in collecting an aerosol particle 0.3
micrometre in size, and carry an N, R, or P designation that
specifies where and for how long the filter can be used.

10 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 Filter For use in… Time-use limitations
designation

N = No oil Oil-free atmospheres May be re-used only after

only (atmospheres considering cleanliness,
containing no oil mist) filter damage, and increased
breathing resistance
R = Oil-resistant Oily atmospheres A single shift only
(or eight hours of continuous
or intermittent use)
P = Oil-proof Oily atmospheres Check the manufacturer’s
specified time-use limitations
for each P-type filter

Qualified person
An occupational health and safety professional with experience in
the practice of occupational hygiene as it relates to asbestos
management. According to the Occupational Health and Safety
Regulation, a qualified person must be the individual who:
• Decides what constitutes a low-risk, moderate-risk, or high-risk
asbestos work activity
• Assists in the preparation of site-specific work procedures
• Collects bulk samples of materials suspected of containing
asbestos
Respirator
A device worn to prevent the inhalation of hazardous airborne For more
substances. There are two basic types of respirators: air-purifying
and air-supplying. So-called “single-use” or “disposable” information on
respirators are not acceptable for working with asbestos. respirators and
Risk of exposure to asbestos fibres respirator
The likelihood of being exposed to airborne asbestos fibres when
using or handling materials containing asbestos. There is a much programs, see the
greater risk of exposure to asbestos fibres when handling friable WCB manual
asbestos materials than when handling hard, well-bonded
asbestos materials such as vinyl-asbestos floor tile or asbestos Breathe Safer.
cement products.

Part 1: About asbestos 11

 2 Employer’s
responsibilities
 Health and safety programs
According to the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation,
employers must develop and implement an effective health and
safety program for their workplace, and train workers and
supervisors in relevant sections of the program.
A health and safety program helps ensure a safe, productive
workplace by describing specific tasks and responsibilities for
many different aspects of an employer’s operation. An effective
health and safety program for any workplace in which asbestos is
handled or present must include:
• A written occupational health and safety policy that:
– States the employer’s commitment to health and safety
– States the program’s objectives
– Defines the responsibilities and roles of the employer,
supervisors, and workers
• Written safe work procedures and emergency response
procedures
• Training for supervisors and workers
• Regular worksite inspections (the definition of “regular”
depends on the conditions and number of shifts for each
individual site)
• Regular health and safety meetings
• Accident investigation
• Records and statistics
• A joint health and safety committee or representative, if
required
It is important to remember that every worksite is different.
Although these general elements may be common to health and
safety programs across the province, employers cannot expect to
copy a program from another worksite. Instead, they must
develop and implement a health and safety program unique to
their own operation.

Part 2: Employer’s responsibilities 15

 Asbestos management
programs
An effective asbestos management program consists of several
elements. Employers or building owners must:
• Keep an up-to-date inventory of all asbestos-containing
materials in the workplace
• Ensure that all asbestos-containing materials are clearly
identified
• Conduct a risk assessment of the potential for exposure to any
of the asbestos-containing materials
• Develop safe work procedures, including the correct use of
personal protective equipment, for workers who may work near
asbestos-containing materials
• Instruct all workers who could be exposed in all aspects of the
asbestos management program
• Make manufacturers’ manuals and instructions available to
workers
• Prepare written work procedures specific to each job site and
make them available to all workers required to follow the
procedures
• Ensure that work is carried out under the supervision of
experienced and qualified supervisors
• Keep accurate and complete records regarding asbestos
management
In addition to implementing an asbestos management program,
employers or building owners must ensure that all friable
asbestos-containing materials are either removed from the
workplace (using procedures similar to those outlined in this
manual), encapsulated, or enclosed. Asbestos-containing materials
that are hidden from view but still accessible (such as materials
above a T-bar ceiling) are not considered to be enclosed.

16 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 Written safe work
procedures
A health and safety program is an overall program that describes,
in writing, a number of individual safe work procedures and
specific smaller programs. Written safe work procedures and
programs tell workers how to perform their duties safely.
Employers must ensure that all workers understand these
procedures well enough to perform their duties competently.
Employers and workers must jointly review all written safe work
and emergency procedures at the start of each new job.

Exposure control plan

Written exposure control plans explain the work procedures and
other controls that will be used to reduce workers’ risk of
exposure to asbestos. Exposure control plans must be used if
workers are or may be exposed to airborne asbestos fibres above
0.05 fibres per millilitre.
Exposure control plans must detail steps to eliminate risk or to
control and reduce risk by either:
• Substituting with safer materials, where feasible
or
• Using engineering controls, administrative controls, or personal
protective equipment
Strict adherence to the ALARA principle as well as exposure
limits and appropriate respiratory and skin protection are
essential elements of exposure control plans. Employers must also
ensure that qualified persons perform a formal risk assessment to
determine which workers may be exposed to asbestos and the
extent of any exposure. Risk assessment applies not only to the
asbestos itself, but also to the methods used to remove or handle
it. For more information about the elements of exposure control
plans, see Section 5.54 of the Regulation.
For more detailed information on controlling exposure by using
respiratory, eye, and skin protection, see Part 4 of this manual,
“Personal Protective Equipment.”

Part 2: Employer’s responsibilities 17

Respiratory protection program
(personal protective equipment)
Providing protective equipment and ensuring that workers use it
are essential to any effective occupational health and safety
program. Employers must develop and implement a written
respiratory protection program that is acceptable to the WCB and
that meets the requirements of the Regulation. For more
information on personal protective equipment and clothing, see
Part 8 of the Regulation.
Employers must ensure that workers are trained in proper use
and care of respirators. Employers must also provide fit-testing
(using a WCB-accepted protocol, such as described in CSA
Standard Z94.4-93) when a worker is first fitted with a respirator,
and once a year thereafter.
Fit-test kits are available from respirator suppliers. One type of
test, the qualitative fit-test, determines if the worker can detect
any amount of a test compound leaking through the respirator.
Employers must keep records of these tests and the fit-test
program.
For more detailed information on respiratory protection, see
“Respiratory Protection,” page 50. You can also find more
information on respiratory protection programs in other WCB
safe practices guides, available through the WCB Publications
and Videos Section (listed at the front of this manual).

Written emergency procedures

Employers must conduct a risk assessment and prepare for
emergencies. Written emergency procedures must describe what
to do in the event of any likely incident (for example, what to do if
a worker’s air supply fails, how to avoid contamination if a fire
breaks out, how to deal with an injury). For more information on
written emergency procedures, see “Preparing for Emergencies,”
page 57.

18 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 Safe handling of asbestos:
Where to look in the Regulation

Employers can include information about the safe handling

of asbestos in several elements of their health and safety
program. For asbestos-specific requirements, see Sections
6.1–6.32. Other key elements (and their location in the
Regulation) are:
• Exposure control (Part 5)
• Respiratory protection (Part 8)
• Emergency preparedness (Parts 4–6)

Training, instruction, and

supervision
Although workers may have special certification or other external
training, employers are responsible for providing them with
thorough, site-specific training and continued instruction in the
programs and procedures outlined above. Written safe work
procedures must form the basis of an employer’s ongoing training
program. Employers must also document training and instruction
and ensure effective supervision on all worksites.
Employers must ensure:
• Workers are trained and instructed in the safe handling, use,
and disposal of any substances used in working with asbestos
• Workers are provided with Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDSs) for these substances
• Workers are informed of the health hazards associated with
exposure to asbestos fibres and other materials used in the
workplace
• Workers can demonstrate competency in doing their work
according to the safe work procedures

Part 2: Employer’s responsibilities 19

 Thermal stress
The human body naturally maintains temperatures between 36°C
and 38°C. Thermal stress can occur when the body’s core
temperature rises above or falls below this range.
Any worker who shows or reports signs or symptoms of thermal
stress (heat or cold) must be removed from further exposure and
examined by either a physician or a Level 2 or 3 first aid
attendant. Employers must ensure adequate access to this level of
care.

Heat stress
When a person’s body temperature rises above the normal range,
the body will try to get rid of the excess heat. However, if the body
continues to gain heat faster than it can get rid of it, the body
temperature will increase and the person will experience heat
stress. Health problems that result from heat stress are known as
heat-related disorders.
The tight-fitting, impervious nature of protective clothing used
when working with asbestos may make workers susceptible to
heat stress and heat-related disorders such as heat stroke or heat
exhaustion.

20 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

On all jobs, employers must assess the risk of workers being
exposed to conditions that exceed the heat action levels or the
clothing correction values specified in Tables 7–2 and 7–3 of the
Regulation. If the risk assessment indicates the possibility of
workers being exposed to unacceptable heat action levels,
employers must implement an exposure control plan. The plan
must include measuring the thermal index, keeping records of the
results, and ensuring that workers are informed of the results.
Employers must also ensure that workers know how to recognize
the signs and symptoms of heat-related disorders and how to
prevent them.

Cold stress
Similar requirements exist when a worker may be exposed to
conditions that could cause the body’s core temperature to drop
below 36°C, which can result in cold stress. Health problems that
can result from cold stress include hypothermia and cold-related
injuries such as frostbite.
The requirements for risk assessment, implementation of an
exposure control plan, and instruction and training of workers are
the same as for heat stress. In addition, if the thermal
environment has an equivalent chill temperature below –7°C, a
heated shelter must be provided. This may be necessary when
workers are working on the exterior of a building or in an
unheated building during winter.

Part 2: Employer’s responsibilities 21

 Inspection and testing
Employers must ensure:
• Equipment is inspected before being used in the work process
• HEPA filters in vacuum cleaners or negative air systems are
assessed using DOP testing

Record keeping
Work that involves the handling of asbestos-containing materials
can range from major (a large friable-asbestos removal project) to
minor (the replacement of a gasket). But whatever the size of the
project, employers need to keep records of the actions taken to
prevent exposure to asbestos fibres. Employers must:
• Keep records of asbestos inventories, risk assessments,
inspections, and air-monitoring results for at least 10 years
• Keep records of corrective actions, Notices of Project (NOPs),
and training and instruction of workers for at least 3 years
Note Despite the 10-year and 3-year time limits identified in the
Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, employers are
advised to keep all records for as long as the company
exists because a WCB officer may ask to see records at any
time. If employers cannot produce records proving, for
example, that they have trained workers or conducted risk
assessments in the past, they may have to retrain workers
or redo risk assessments.

22 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 Notice of Project (NOP)
The owner or prime contractor must ensure that the WCB
Prevention Division receives a Notice of Project (NOP) at least 24
hours before starting any of the construction projects outlined in
Section 20.2 (1) (c) of the Regulation. A copy of the completed
form must be posted at the worksite.
If the work needs to be done immediately, as in the case of
emergency repair or clean-up, work may start immediately, but the
NOP must be filed as soon after as possible. Every reasonable
effort must be made to contact the local Prevention Division
office if the NOP cannot be filed before the work starts.
A NOP must be filed if the construction activity includes:
• The removal, encapsulation, or enclosure of friable asbestos
materials
or
• The demolition, dismantling, or repair of any part of a building
or structure in which insulating materials containing asbestos
have been used, or in which asbestos products have been
manufactured
The NOP must include:
• The name and address of the owner and the prime contractor
(if any)
• The municipal address of the project
• The starting date and anticipated duration of the project
• The estimated total cost of labour and materials for the project
• Detailed written work procedures, specific to the task and to
the worksite, that will be used to minimize the risk of asbestos
exposure to workers

Part 2: Employer’s responsibilities 23

Contracting out projects
An employer or the owner of a firm or building may contract out
a project involving asbestos-containing materials. When a project
involves the services of two or more contractors and their
workers, the prime contractor (or owner if there is no prime
contractor) must co-ordinate the work activities of subcontractors
on the worksite if those work activities may affect workers of
more than one company. The prime contractor or owner must
ensure:
• There is a written agreement between the prime contractor or
owner and the other contractors that clearly establishes the
responsibilities for the health and safety of workers, instruction
and training of workers, supervision of work on the project, and
any necessary air sampling and testing
• The project is adequately planned and all contractors know and
understand their responsibilities
• Each contractor complies with the requirements of the
Occupational Health and Safety Regulation as they apply to the
project
• The work of contractors is carried out in such a way that it does
not cause undue risk of injury or occupational disease to
workers who are not involved in the project but are working
nearby or are affected by the project

24 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 3
Safe work procedures
 Procedures for low-risk work
activities
Low-risk work activities include working near undisturbed friable
asbestos-containing materials. Another example is moving
asbestos-containing waste material that is contained within a All decisions about
cleaned, sealed bag and then double-bagged (as described on page what constitutes a
40.) Workers involved in such activities should have some
knowledge of the hazards of asbestos and the location of the low-risk, moderate-
materials. risk, or high-risk
Employers must clearly identify all locations of asbestos- work activity must
containing materials, and ensure that all workers have been
instructed in any work procedure restrictions needed to prevent be made by a
contact with asbestos-containing materials. qualified person.
For a definition of
qualified person,
Procedures for moderate-risk see “Industry
work activities Terms,” page 11.

Moderate-risk work activities require specific procedures to

ensure the safety of workers and others who may be affected by
the activities.

Increased risks require upgraded controls

If the risk assessment performed by a qualified person

identifies increased risks in activities normally considered
moderate-risk, employers must upgrade controls to
effectively address these risks. This may include
implementing high-risk controls.

Part 3: Safe work procedures 27

Moderate-risk activities
Activities that carry a moderate risk of exposure to airborne
asbestos fibres include:
• Using hand tools to cut, shape, drill, grind, or remove non-friable
manufactured products containing asbestos, e.g., asbestos
cement pipe
• Drilling (with wetting agents, or with local exhaust ventilation)
through non-friable asbestos-containing materials
• Backing mounting screws out of asbestos cement products and
removing the boards or tiles intact
• Buffing floor tiles with a coarse disc
• Collecting asbestos samples for laboratory analysis (see
“Collecting Bulk Samples of Materials Suspected of Containing
Asbestos,” page 43)
• Analyzing samples of asbestos or asbestos-containing materials
in a laboratory
• Removing any part of a false ceiling to gain access to a work
area (for example, during inspection) when friable asbestos-
containing materials are, or are likely to be, lying on the surface
of the false ceiling
• Removing drywall materials where joint-filling materials
containing asbestos have been used
• Removing vinyl-asbestos floor coverings or other non-friable
materials where the procedures do not create any friable waste
• Removing an entire piece of equipment or pipe with the
asbestos-containing material remaining effectively intact (“wrap
and cut” procedure)
• Demolishing a block wall (of cement, for instance) that has
asbestos debris in its cavity
Note The amount of asbestos contamination found when the
cavity is open may change the risk level to high.

28 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

• Dismantling a treated enclosure at completion of an asbestos
removal project
• Setting up and removing a glove-bag apparatus for the removal
of pipe insulation when the insulation is in good condition
• Using a prefabricated glove bag to remove asbestos insulation
from piping systems If any work process

Note While the area outside a glove bag is considered a causes non-friable
moderate-risk area, the work activity inside a glove bag is materials to
considered high-risk; if a glove bag is torn or punctured,
the risk level outside the bag automatically increases and become friable, the
the site-specific emergency procedures must be work activity
implemented.
classification
Clean-up activities that carry a moderate risk of exposure to
airborne asbestos fibres include: immediately
• Using a HEPA-filter vacuum to clean ceiling tiles or light changes to high-
fixtures with light to moderate contamination
risk.
• Using a HEPA-filter vacuum to clean an area before setting up
an enclosure

Emergency spill clean-up

Cleaning up an asbestos spill may require a high level of

control. Because of the urgent nature of spill clean-up,
however, the spill area should be isolated and cleaned
immediately without taking the time to build a full
enclosure and decontamination facility.

Part 3: Safe work procedures 29

 Moderate-risk procedures
Anyone involved in any moderate-risk work activity must follow
written work procedures similar to those described here.
To ensure that anyone in or near the work area is not exposed to
airborne asbestos fibres, the following must be done:
1. Clearly mark the designated work area boundary by placing
barricades, fences, or similar structures around the work area.
2. Place signs around the work area warning people not to enter
These procedures the work area unless authorized to do so.
provide an outline 3. Wear appropriate protective clothing:
only, and are not • Clothing material must resist penetration by asbestos
fibres. Clothing must be impervious to penetration by
specific to any one asbestos fibres if workers are permitted to wear street
workplace. Each
clothing underneath.
• Clothing must cover the body and fit snugly at the neck,
individual owner, wrists, and ankles.
employer, or • Clothing must include head covering and laceless rubber
contractor must boots that are acceptable for the specific worksite
conditions.
adapt the • Immediately repair or replace torn clothing.
procedures to 4. Wear a respirator fitted with a “100” (HEPA) filter. For more
provide specific information about respirators, see “Respiratory Protection,”
page 50.
work instructions for 5. Do not use compressed air to clean up or remove dust or
each individual job. materials from work surfaces or clothing.
6. Use polyethylene (poly) drop sheets and seal windows,
doorways, and other openings to prevent the spread of
asbestos dust to other work areas.
7. Before starting any work that is likely to disturb friable
asbestos-containing materials on the surfaces of anything in
the work area, clean up the friable materials by damp-wiping
or using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA-filtered
exhaust.

30 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 8. During the work, clean up dust and waste (wetted if possible)
using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA-filtered
exhaust, or by wet-sweeping or mopping.
9. Immediately upon finishing the work, complete the following
tasks:
• Wet drop sheets and barriers.
• Fold them to contain any remaining dust.
• Bag or place them in a sealable container.
• Dispose of them as asbestos waste.
10. Before leaving the work area, complete the following tasks:
• Clean protective equipment and clothing by damp-wiping or
using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA-filtered
exhaust before taking them outside the contaminated work
area.
• Leave any protective clothing worn in the work area in the
designated storage area or facility for cleaning, or place
disposable protective clothing in a sealable container and
dispose of it as asbestos waste.
• Launder non-disposable clothing as described on page 40.
11. Place asbestos waste in a sealable container and label the
container to identify its contents, hazard(s), and the necessary
precautions for handling the waste materials. To prevent any
interference with the work activity, do not allow containers of
asbestos waste to accumulate in the work area. Remove
containers from the work area at the end of each work shift, if
not more often, and ensure that the containers remain under
effective control if they are stored at the worksite before
being disposed of.
12. Before removing asbestos waste containers from the work
area, clean their external surfaces by wiping with a damp
cloth or using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA-
filtered exhaust. Double-bagging is a good practice.
13. After completing the work, provide the owner or employer
occupying the area with documentation stating that it is safe
for unprotected workers to re-enter the work area.

Part 3: Safe work procedures 31

 Procedures for high-risk work
activities
High-risk work activities require specific procedures to ensure the
safety of workers and others who may be affected by the
activities.

Increased risks require upgraded controls

If the risk assessment performed by a qualified person

identifies increased risks in activities normally considered
moderate-risk, employers must upgrade controls to
effectively address these risks. This may include
implementing high-risk controls.

All decisions about High-risk activities

what constitutes a Activities that carry a high risk of exposure to airborne asbestos
fibres include:
low-risk, moderate-
• Removing, encapsulating, or enclosing friable asbestos-
risk, or high-risk containing materials during the repair, alteration, maintenance,
work activity must demolition, or dismantling of any part of a building, structure,
machine, or piece of equipment
be made by a • Cleaning, maintaining, or removing air-handling equipment in
qualified person. buildings where sprayed fireproofing materials containing
asbestos have been applied to the airways or ventilation ducts
For a definition of or have been used as spray-on insulation
qualified person, • Repairing, altering, or dismantling any part of a boiler, furnace,
see “Industry
kiln, or similar device in which insulating materials containing
asbestos have been used or applied
Terms,” page 11. • Demolishing, dismantling, altering, or repairing any part of a
building or structure in which insulating materials containing
asbestos were used, or in which asbestos-containing products
were manufactured
• Removing non-friable materials in circumstances where the
materials will be damaged, resulting in friable asbestos waste or
a significant release of fibres

32 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

Anyone involved in any high-risk work activity must follow
written work procedures similar to those described in the
following sections.

Procedure: Isolating the asbestos

work area
To ensure that the designated asbestos work area is properly
isolated, the following must be done:
1. Place signs around the work area warning people not to enter
the work area unless authorized to do so.
2. Form a containment by enclosing the entire work area to The high-risk
prevent the escape of asbestos fibres. The most common way procedures
to do this is by enclosing the work area with polyethylene
(poly) sheeting — at least 0.15 mm (0.006 in., or 6 mil) thick — described in these
or a similar impervious material, held in place with duct tape.
sections provide an
• Where such a containment is impracticable, specify in the
Notice of Project the alternative work procedures that will outline only, and
be used to minimize the risk of asbestos exposure to are not specific to
workers.
any one workplace.
• When removing pipe insulation, workers may use a glove-
bag apparatus as a containment system to isolate the work Each individual
operations causing asbestos fibre release.
owner, employer, or
3. Maintain a lower air pressure (negative pressure) in the
containment than in the surrounding area so that air always contractor must
flows into the contaminated area from the clean outside adapt the
areas.
procedures to
• Maintain negative pressure in the containment until site
decontamination work is complete and visual inspection provide specific
and air monitoring (as described in step 2 of “Inspecting
work instructions
and Monitoring the Work Environment,” page 41) confirm
that fibre levels are low enough to permit dismantling of for each individual
the containment.
job.
• Discharge exhaust air to the outdoors through HEPA
filter(s).
• Ensure that the air flow pattern in the work area is such
that the decontamination facility’s clean room and shower
room are safe for workers not wearing respirators.

Part 3: Safe work procedures 33

4. Seal off stairways and elevators with poly sheeting and tape.
5. Shut down and lock out the air heating and ventitlation
system to the containment area and seal the ducts with poly
sheeting.

Seal heating ducts and outside vents with poly sheeting to ensure
that the asbestos work area is properly isolated.

34 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 6. Clean and completely cover or enclose with poly sheeting all
non-removable fixtures, such as lockers, large machinery, and
equipment. Clean all fixtures and equipment that can be
reasonably removed by damp-wiping or using a vacuum
cleaner equipped with a HEPA-filtered exhaust, and remove
them from the containment area.
7. Cover the floor with poly sheeting. Fasten the poly sheeting
at least 30 cm (12 in.) up the wall.

Wall

30 cm Plastic
Wall (12 in.)

Floor covering

Make sure that the poly sheeting covering the floor extends at least
30 cm (12 in.) up the wall.

Part 3: Safe work procedures 35

8. Whenever there is a danger of electrical shock, such as
during wet removal or encapsulation of friable asbestos-
containing materials, take appropriate precautions. Use power
sources with ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) or
equivalent protection against electrical shock for all electrical
equipment operated inside the containment. As required,
physically lock out all existing electrical circuits or lighting to
prevent unintentional start-up of electrical equipment inside
the containment.
If existing lighting is to be used, clearly specify this in the
work procedures submitted with the NOP and include
additional safety precautions that will be used to keep
moisture away from the live contacts.
9. Inspect the containment isolating the asbestos work area at
least daily; the containment must be inspected during every
work shift for gaps, leaks, or breaks. Correct any defects
immediately.

Procedure: Decontaminating workers

The designated work area must include a decontamination facility
that enables workers to leave the area without carrying any
asbestos fibres on their bodies or their clothing.
Self-closing
partitions

Waste transfer room Equipment

holding room

Contaminated
work area
Clean room Shower room Personnel transfer
room

Showers

Lockers Sink Waste receptacle

A decontamination facility consists of a shower room and a series of

connected rooms separated by air locks.

36 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

To ensure that proper decontamination is achieved, workers must
follow these steps:
Before entering the contaminated work area
1. Enter the clean room, remove all street clothes and personal
belongings, leave them in the clean room, and change into
clean work clothes.
2. Put on a respirator and ensure that it fits and works properly.
3. Pass through the shower room into the personnel transfer
room and finish putting on any other personal protective
equipment required for the work, such as footwear or safety
headgear.
4. Enter the contaminated work area to perform the work
activities.
Note Protective clothing worn throughout the job may be
stored and put on in the personnel transfer room, as
long as acceptable laundering facilities exist and
appropriate time intervals for cleaning protective work
clothing are established.
After leaving the contaminated work area
1. Before entering the personnel transfer room, remove all gross
asbestos materials using wet wipe-down procedures or a
vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA-filtered exhaust.
2. In the personnel transfer room, remove all protective clothing
and equipment except the respirator. Place disposable
protective clothing and any waste materials in poly bags for
disposal.
3. Enter the shower room and shower while wearing the
respirator. After having an initial shower and thoroughly
rinsing the respirator facepiece and its harness, remove the
respirator and finish showering. (An adequate supply of
tempered water and soap must be provided.)
4. Enter the clean room and dress in street clothes. Thoroughly
clean and disinfect the respirator, then store it in the clean
room until its next use.
Note Wet filters are not normally reused (see the respirator’s
approval). Filters may be disposed of in the work area
or taped and taken out of the work area for disposal.

Part 3: Safe work procedures 37

5. Keep hand tools and supplies in the equipment holding room.
Use this room as well when transferring asbestos waste
containers or any equipment that has been decontaminated
to the waste transfer room.
Note Partitions between rooms in the decontamination
facility (see the illustration on page 36) must be self-
closing so that each room can function as an air lock.
These partitions are normally constructed of
overlapping sheets of heavyweight poly sheeting
suspended to form a curtain. Workers must not open
more than one such partition per room at any one time.

Procedure: Controlling airborne asbestos

fibres
To ensure that airborne asbestos fibres are properly controlled,
the following must be done:
1. Never remove dry friable asbestos-containing materials
without prior approval from the WCB.
2. Saturate asbestos-containing materials with water before
handling or removing them. Surfactants (wetting agents)
must be used with the water to help thoroughly wet asbestos-
containing materials.
3. Do not use dry-sweeping to clean up asbestos-containing
materials. Never use compressed air for any cleaning
purposes.
4. Pass air from the negative air unit through a HEPA filter and
discharge the air outdoors.
5. When cleaning up small amounts of asbestos-containing
materials, use only vacuum cleaners equipped with a HEPA-
filtered exhaust, or wet-mop or wipe the materials. Gross
amounts of asbestos materials inside an asbestos containment
can be shovelled into bags.
6. Use water to continually mist the air near workers who are
removing asbestos or cleaning up waste materials.
7. Clean all surfaces exposed to asbestos contamination by
vacuuming or damp-wiping.

38 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 8. If asbestos is encapsulated, ensure that the encapsulant
penetrates the material and effectively binds the asbestos
fibres together.
9. After removing asbestos-containing materials, wash or
vacuum exposed surfaces and treat with a sealant or glue
designed to seal invisible residual fibres to the substrate.
10. Control water streams and application of sealants or
encapsulants to prevent excessive fibre generation. Use airless
or low-pressure application systems.
11. Test encapsulated asbestos materials to ensure that the
encapsulant has penetrated the materials and that the
encapsulant has not disturbed the bond between the friable
asbestos materials and their supporting surface.
12. Identify encapsulated asbestos materials. Identification must
indicate both the dangers and the precautions to be taken
while working on or near the materials.
13. Ensure that any permanent enclosure of asbestos-containing
materials is effectively airtight. Do not locate electrical,
plumbing, or ventilation services inside a permanent asbestos
enclosure.
14. Place warning signs at all access points into the permanent
enclosure. The signs must warn of the danger from asbestos-
containing materials, and should identify appropriate
precautions.
15. When repairing asbestos-containing materials:
• Disturb the least possible amount of the materials
• Seal exposed friable ends or edges that have resulted from
repair or maintenance procedures before removing the
work enclosure
• Wash any surfaces that will remain exposed after repair
work is complete, then vacuum and treat the surfaces with
an effective sealant or glue

Part 3: Safe work procedures 39

 Procedure: Laundering contaminated
clothing
Employers must ensure that workers who launder contaminated
clothes, whether on-site or at a separate business, are informed of
On-site laundry
the hazards of asbestos and the procedures required for handling
contaminated clothing.
facilities are
Before sending contaminated clothing to a laundry facility, follow
preferable to these steps:
commercial 1. Clean the clothing using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a
HEPA-filtered exhaust.
laundries or public
2. Place the clothing in water-soluble poly bags.
laundry facilities. 3. Seal and label the bags.
Cleaned clothing should be packaged and used only for asbestos
work.

Procedure: Disposing of asbestos waste

materials
To ensure that asbestos waste is properly disposed of, the
following must be done:
1. Place waste materials in impervious containers — poly bags at
least 0.15 mm (0.006 in., or 6 mil) thick — inside the enclosed
asbestos work area, seal the containers, and label or tag them
“ASBESTOS.”
2. Before removing the sealed containers from the equipment
holding room and before removing them from the waste
transfer room, decontaminate the outside of the containers by
cleaning with a vacuum equipped with a HEPA-filtered
exhaust or damp-wiping.
3. In the equipment holding room, package the sealed
impervious containers so that they will not be punctured
during handling and transportation to the disposal site. This
is normally done by double-bagging them.
4. Ensure that a continuous clean-up and disposal program is in
place to prevent unnecessary accumulation of waste materials
containing asbestos. By the end of each workday, and
preferably by the end of each work shift, place all asbestos
waste materials in sealed containers.

40 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 Make prior arrangements with appropriate authorities to
deliver asbestos waste to assigned dump sites. Inform
transport drivers of precautions they must take. Transport
vehicles may be required to display signs or placards
specifying the nature of the cargo (see the Transport of
Dangerous Goods Act).
5. Ensure that disposal sites conform to provincial and
municipal requirements. (Check with the regional office of the
British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection.)
6. Complete a final decontamination, including washing down
and vacuuming the enclosure, to remove all visible signs of
asbestos contamination from the enclosure and the
equipment. Complete this decontamination before sealing the
surfaces from which asbestos has been removed.
7. Complete a final visual inspection of the entire enclosure.
8. Before dismantling the enclosure, take final air clearance
measurements of airborne asbestos fibres.

Procedure: Inspecting and monitoring the

work environment
To ensure that work areas are properly inspected and monitored,
the following must be done:
1. Inspect the containment and all decontamination facility
rooms for gaps and breaks at least daily. Complete a visual
check as well as a smoke-tube test to ensure that air flows
from the clean areas into the contaminated areas. Measuring
the air pressure differential between clean and contaminated
areas is also recommended. Keep a record of such inspections
for at least 10 years.
2. Take air samples to determine asbestos fibre concentration,
both during the asbestos work and before the containment is
removed. The minimum sampling requirements are as follows:
• On a daily basis, take samples outside the containment
when there are unprotected persons in the immediate
vicinity of the containment.

Part 3: Safe work procedures 41

 • During every shift, sample the air in the clean room during
removal and clean-up operations. Sampling must cover at
least half of the total duration of the work shift and at least
one decontamination sequence at the end of the work shift.
Analyze filters and notify workers of the results within 24
hours.
• Take “occupational” air samples to determine or assess the
adequacy of work procedures and controls, or when
changes to work procedures occur.
• Before the containment is dismantled, take samples inside
the containment. To determine whether the work area is
suitable for re-occupancy, collect at least one sample for
every 110 m2 (1,200 sq. ft.) of containment. If the
containment is 110 m2 or less, collect at least two samples.
The level of asbestos in the containment after all the
asbestos waste is removed and the area is decontaminated
must not be more than 0.02 fibres per millilitre.
Note Workers must wear appropriate respiratory
protection while demolishing the containment (for
information on choosing the appropriate respirator,
see page 52).
3. As soon as possible, but no later than 24 hours after samples
are collected, make all sampling results available to the
workers involved and to the occupational health and safety
committee, if any, at the worksite. Make the sampling results
available to a WCB officer upon request.
4. Always use sampling and analysis procedures acceptable to
the WCB, such as WCB Laboratory Method 0201, “Fibres in
Air,” from the Laboratory Analytical Methods Manual.

42 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 Collecting bulk samples of
materials suspected of
containing asbestos
Bulk samples of materials suspected of containing asbestos must For a definition of
be collected by a qualified person and sent for laboratory analysis
qualified person
to determine their content. The qualified person will do the
following: see “Industry
• Use appropriate moderate-risk activity precautions and work Terms,” page 11.
area preparations.
• Sample materials when the immediate area is not in use and all
unprotected workers have been moved to a safe location.
Note Only the persons doing the sampling may be present in
the immediate area.
• Spray the materials with a light mist of water to prevent the
release of fibres during sampling.
• Avoid disturbing the materials more than necessary.
• Take a representative sample from within the materials
suspected of containing asbestos by penetrating the entire
depth of the materials (since the materials may have been
applied in more than one layer or covered with paint or another
protective coating).
• Take one sample for each floor or area of materials having the
same colour or texture to ensure that materials of a different
appearance are sampled separately.
• Place samples in sealable, impervious containers and label them
as laboratory samples.

Part 3: Safe work procedures 43

When taking bulk samples, wear appropriate personal protective
equipment and keep a spray bottle handy.

If pieces of materials break off during sampling, clean the

contaminated area using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a
HEPA-filtered exhaust or by wet-cleaning. Where necessary, cover
the area with poly drop sheets to catch and contain loose waste
materials generated during sampling. Place any small amounts of
the waste materials in poly bags or impervious containers, label
and seal the bags or containers, and dispose of as asbestos waste.
In addition, any worker near the sampling area must use a
respirator. Depending upon the condition of the materials,
sampling can generate significant amounts of airborne fibres.

44 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 Removing asbestos-containing
pipe insulation
The removal of asbestos-containing pipe insulation is a form of
high-risk procedure that does not require the usual
decontamination steps as long as workers use glove bags —
prefabricated bags equipped with integral gloves — according to
the manufacturer’s instructions. A glove bag is a containment
device installed on the pipe using straps to seal the ends of the
bag around the pipe. Some glove bags are designed for and allow
progressive movement along the pipe, and are also considered to
be a form of containment.

When using glove bags, follow the manufacturer’s instructions and

wear appropriate personal protective equipment.

Part 3: Safe work procedures 45

When using a glove bag to remove asbestos-containing pipe
insulation, workers must follow these steps:
1. Thoroughly clean any surfaces exposed by the removal of the
asbestos insulation. After removing each section of asbestos
insulation, immediately clean the surfaces with a vacuum
cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter. If a proper vacuum
cleaner is not available, use damp cloths or sponges.
2. Keep the surfaces free of wet sludge that could, after drying,
release asbestos fibres.
3. Treat all cloths, sponges, rags, wire brushes, and so on as
asbestos waste.
4. Remove the glove bag and repeat vacuum cleaning of all
surfaces in the work area, including waste containers,
reusable tools, and equipment.
5. Seal the exposed ends of the remaining asbestos insulation.
Inspect and seal the pipe with glue.
When removing pipe insulation without a glove bag, workers
must follow all the procedures for high-risk work activities (see
pages 33–42).
Work on “hot” pipe systems should be discussed with the local
occupational hygiene officer before submitting work procedures
with the NOP.

Additional suggested procedures

For additional guidance on procedures for demolition

and renovation activities, please see OHS Guideline G6.8,
“Procedures for abatement of asbestos-containing material
(ACM) during house and building demoltion/renovation.”
This guideline presents a number of different scenarios
with suggested work procedures. Employers may develop
other acceptable procedures based on a site-specific
risk assessment. The guideline is available on the
WCB web site’s Health and Safety Centre at
<www.healthandsafetycentre.org> or from your local
Prevention office (see inside back cover).

46 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

4 Personal
protective
equipment
 Protective clothing
All workers must wear protective clothing that:
• Is made of a material that resists penetration by asbestos fibres
• Covers the body and fits snugly at the neck, wrists, and ankles
• Covers the head
• Covers the feet (laceless rubber boots are strongly
recommended)
• Can be immediately repaired or replaced if torn
The use of disposable protective clothing is recommended.
When working with asbestos, workers often have to wear tight-
fitting, impervious protective clothing while working in confined
spaces where there is not a lot of air movement. As a result,
asbestos workers may be at a higher risk of experiencing heat
stress and resulting heat-related disorders. For more information
on heat stress, see “Thermal Stress,” page 20.

Reduce exposure with

personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment, including respirators and

protective clothing, is essential in controlling worker
exposure to asbestos. Workers should be familiar with and
understand the equipment requirements of their employer’s
written exposure control program.
Despite the necessity of personal protective equipment,
employers and workers should remember that personal
protective equipment is always a supplementary line of
defence and should not be relied upon solely. The other
controls mentioned in this manual must also be used to
minimize exposure to airborne asbestos.

Part 4: Personal protective equipment 49

 Respiratory protection
In most cases, workers must use respirators during all stages of a
project in which the risk of exposure to airborne asbestos fibres
exists or could develop. During initial set-up at a site, however,
the type of asbestos and the amount of contamination in the area
will determine the need for a respirator. For example, with vinyl
asbestos tile, workers normally do not need a respirator until the
actual work begins. With other materials, workers may need a
respirator even during survey and set-up.
The need for and type of respirators are two of the elements that
will have been determined during the risk assessment, which
establishes whether the work involves low-risk, moderate-risk, or
high-risk activity, and during the development of the exposure
control plan and the site work procedures.
Respirators for use around asbestos fall into one of two
categories: air-purifying respirators or air-supplying respirators.
So-called “single-use” or “disposable” respirators are not
acceptable for working around asbestos.

Workers can use half-facepiece, dual-cartridge respirators with “100”

(HEPA) filters in asbestos concentrations up to 1 fibre per millilitre.

50 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

Air-purifying respirators
(APRs and PAPRs)
Air-purifying respirators (APRs) for protection against asbestos
have “100” (HEPA) filters to remove asbestos fibres from the air
around workers and protect them from breathing in asbestos
fibres. Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) use a battery-
powered blower to continuously pull air through the “100”
(HEPA) filter and into the facepiece. Both APRs and PAPRs may
be either half-facepiece or full-facepiece respirators, and will have
different assigned protection factors (see the Breathe Safer
manual and Part 8 of the Regulation).

Workers can use full-facepiece PAPRs with “100” (HEPA) filters in

asbestos concentrations up to 10 fibres per millilitre.

Part 4: Personal protective equipment 51

 Air-supplying respirators
(SARs and SCBAs)
Unlike air-purifying respirators, air-supplying respirators provide
an attached supply of breathing air. The two basic types of air-
All types of air-
supplying respirators are supplied-air respirators (SARs, or airline
supplying respirators) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBAs):
respirators used 1. Supplied-air respirators feed clean air through a hose called
an airline, which is attached to either an air tank or an air
for protection compressor. Supplied-air respirators may be either pressure-
against asbestos demand or continuous-flow types:
• Pressure-demand respirators maintain a positive pressure in
fibres must be
the facepiece, which allows clean air to leak out without
equipped with allowing contaminated air to leak in.
backup “100” • Continuous-flow respirators deliver a constant supply of air
to the facepiece, which also maintains a positive pressure.
(HEPA) filters or an
2. Self-contained breathing apparatus provide a supply of air
escape bottle in from a cylinder. Asbestos-related activities rarely require the
use of SCBAs. When they do, however, asbestos-related
case the air
activities require pressure-demand SCBAs, which draw air
source is cut off. into the facepiece whenever pressure reduces in the facepiece
due to leakage or inhalation.

Choosing the right respirator

Employers must establish a respiratory protection standard for a
specific job by selecting an appropriate respirator based on
anticipated or established airborne asbestos concentrations for
that job. The following table outlines appropriate respirator
choices, which are determined by maximum use concentrations as
detailed in Section 8.34 of the Regulation.
As the asbestos fibre concentration approaches the maximum use
concentration for the respirator being used, workers must switch
to a respirator with a higher protection factor.

52 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 Asbestos (all types) Minimum respirator choice for the specified maximum
maximum use use concentration
concentration
(in fibres per millilitre*) Air-purifying respirators Air-supplying
with “100” (HEPA) filters respirators

Up to 1 f/mL Half-facepiece respirator

Up to 5 f/mL Full-facepiece respirator

Up to 10 f/mL Powered full-facepiece respirator

Up to 100 f/mL Pressure-demand

full-facepiece
supplied-air respirator

Up to 100 f/mL Continuous-flow

full-facepiece
supplied-air respirator

Up to 1,000 f/mL Pressure-demand SCBA

*Fibres per millilitre (f/mL) is equivalent to fibres per cubic

centimetre.
When using respirator air filters, workers must use NIOSH 100
series filters (HEPA filters). Before workers can use respirators
that are not NIOSH-approved or MSHA-approved, the respirators
must meet other standards acceptable to the WCB. Employers
must submit the respirator in question and its documentation to
the WCB Prevention Division.

Part 4: Personal protective equipment 53

 Checking for proper operation and fit
Employers must provide fit-testing when a worker is first fitted
with a respirator, and once a year thereafter. For more detail on
employer fit-testing responsibilities, see “Respiratory Protection
Program,” page 18.
Workers must check the operation and fit of respirators before
each use using one of the following procedures.
Non-powered air-purifying respirators (APRs)
1. Check the fit of the APR using one of the following methods:
• Block the inhalation valves by placing your hands over the
Workers must be filters and inhaling. If the respirator is sealed correctly,
clean-shaven cutting off the air supply will cause the facepiece to
collapse.
where the
or
respirator • Block the exhalation valve and blow into the respirator. If
facepiece seals the respirator is sealed correctly, the facepiece will bulge.
2. If the facepiece does not collapse or bulge, either it is not
with the face to
sealed correctly or the valves are leaking. Correct the problem
ensure a proper fit. and recheck.
Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs)
1. Install a new battery onto the blower unit and remove the
blower hose from the facepiece.
2. Test the battery using a PAPR flow tester to ensure an
adequate flow of air.
3. Install filters in the PAPR unit and retest it on the flow tester
to ensure that the filters are not plugged. Dispose of the
filters as asbestos waste if the flow tester indicates inadequate
air flow or if the cartridges become wet. Re-attach the blower
hose to the facepiece.
4. Put on the facepiece and adjust the straps to ensure a proper
fit.
5. Switch the PAPR on and hold the palm of one hand over one
facepiece exhaust port. With the other hand, feel the release
of air from the other exhaust port. If no air is released, take a
deep breath and blow sharply into the facepiece. This should
free the stuck diaphragm in the exhaust port and allow air to
be released. Repeat step 5 for both exhaust ports.

54 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

5
Emergencies
and
incidents
 Preparing for emergencies
Employers must prepare a written emergency plan for each
individual worksite. This plan must include written procedures for
evacuating workers from the contaminated work area in the event
of a medical emergency. Employers must develop these
procedures in consultation with emergency response agencies
such as ambulance and fire departments. Employers must also
assign a worker (for example, an occupational first aid attendant)
to co-ordinate the implementation of the procedures.
As soon as a written emergency plan is developed, employers
must:
• Conduct emergency drills to determine whether the procedures
work in practice and to thoroughly familiarize workers with
their roles in an actual emergency
• Keep records of emergency drills to monitor efficiency
• Provide each worker with a copy of the plan and provide
enough training to ensure that workers clearly understand the
procedures
• Post the procedures and other relevant information (such as
telephone numbers) in appropriate, conspicuous locations

Medical emergency procedures

If a medical emergency occurs in an asbestos work area as a
result of an incident or collapse, standard protective measures
may be temporarily ignored if they would otherwise cause an
immediate threat to the worker’s life or recovery. For example, a
worker’s respirator may be immediately removed so that mouth-
to-mouth resuscitation can be performed, or a worker’s
contaminated clothing may be left on if a spinal injury is
suspected.
If protective equipment and clothing can be left in place without
interfering with the emergency care of the injured worker in a
contaminated area, they should not be removed until the worker
has been brought to an uncontaminated area. On-site
decontamination procedures should be carried out only if they do
not interfere with medical emergency procedures.

Part 5: Emergencies and incidents 57

When first aid, ambulance, or other emergency personnel have to
enter a contaminated area, they must be warned of the hazard
and be provided with, and told how to use, respirators, coveralls,
and head protection before entering the area. (In view of the
hazard, some emergency responders may refuse to enter the
contaminated area.)
Employers must ensure that emergency procedures and
preparations provide emergency personnel with clear instructions,
provisions, and the means to adequately decontaminate or clean
up themselves and the injured worker before leaving the worksite.
For example, first aid or ambulance personnel accompanying an
injured worker can remove contaminated equipment and clothing
in the equipment holding room to minimize the risk of
contaminating other areas outside the containment area.
Injured workers who have not been decontaminated must be
covered in such a way as to minimize contamination of clean
areas. The cover should not hinder access to the worker by first
aid or ambulance personnel. Someone familiar with the handling
and disposal of asbestos-contaminated clothing should accompany
the injured worker to the hospital. If the worker is still
contaminated with asbestos upon arrival at the hospital, the
employer must inform hospital staff of this and instruct them on
the appropriate disposal of contaminated clothing. The employer’s
written emergency procedures must detail the collection and
handling of contaminated materials in such a situation.

Investigating incidents
Investigation of incidents is important for preventing accidents.
As far as possible, the investigation must:
• Determine the cause of the incident
• Identify any unsafe conditions, acts, or procedures that
contributed to the incident
• Recommend corrective action to prevent similar incidents

58 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

 What is an incident?

The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation defines an

incident as “an accident or other occurrence which
resulted in or had the potential for causing an injury or
occupational disease.”

Employers must conduct a formal investigation to discover the

causes of an incident. Any of the following should be considered
an incident:
• An individual encounters asbestos unexpectedly.
• An air sample indicates high asbestos levels in a clean room or
outside area.
• An individual sustains an exposure that has the potential to
cause serious injury or death.
Note Because the health effects of asbestos tend to show up
years after exposure, the seriousness of an exposure
should not be judged by whether or not the individual
requires immediate medical attention.
The formal investigation must also examine measures that will
prevent similar situations in the future. Employers must forward
copies of the investigation report to their occupational health and
safety committee and to the WCB Prevention Division.

Part 5: Emergencies and incidents 59

 Emergency information
Fill in this information now, before an emergency occurs:
Ambulance telephone

Fire department telephone

Doctor/first aid telephone

Hospital telephone

Contacts to notify in emergency situations

Name Telephone

Name Telephone

Name Telephone

Name Telephone

Name Telephone

Name Telephone

Name Telephone

Name Telephone

Name Telephone

Name Telephone

Name Telephone

60 Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos

WCB offices
Visit our web site at www.worksafebc.com
Abbotsford North Vancouver
2774 Trethewey Street V2T 3R1 100 – 126 E. 15th Street V7L 2P9
Phone 604 276-3100 Phone 604 276-3100
1 800 292-2219 1 888 875-6999
Fax 604 556-2077 Fax 604 232-1500
Burnaby Prince George
450 – 6450 Roberts Street V5G 4E1 1066 Vancouver Street V2L 5M4
Phone 604 276-3100 Phone 250 561-3700
1 888 621-7233 1 800 663-6623
Fax 604 232-5969 Fax 250 561-3710
Coquitlam Surrey
104 – 3020 Lincoln Avenue V3B 6B4 100 – 5500 152 Street V3S 5J9
Phone 604 276-3100 Phone 604 276-3100
1 888 967-5377 1 888 621-7233
Fax 604 232-1946 Fax 604 232-7077
Courtenay Terrace
801 30th Street V9N 8G6 4450 Lakelse Avenue V8G 1P2
Phone 250 334-8745 Phone 250 615-6605
1 800 663-7921 1 800 663-3871
Fax 250 334-8757 Fax 250 615-6633
Cranbrook Victoria
100 7th Avenue S. V1C 2J4 4514 Chatterton Way V8X 5H2
Phone 250 417-7934 Phone 250 881-3418
1 800 663-4912 1 800 663-7593
Fax 250 417-7972 Fax 250 881-3482
Kamloops Head Office / Richmond
321 Battle Street V2C 6P1 Prevention:
Phone 250 371-6003 8100 Granville Avenue
1 800 663-3935 Phone 604 276-3100
Fax 250 371-6031 1 888 621-7233 (621-SAFE)
Kelowna Administration:
110 – 2045 Enterprise Way V1Y 9T5 6951 Westminster Highway
Phone 250 717-4313 Phone 604 273-2266
1 888 922-4466
Mailing Address:
Fax 250 717-4380
PO Box 5350 Stn Terminal
Nanaimo Vancouver BC V6B 5L5
4980 Wills Road V9T 6C6
Phone 250 751-8040 After Hours
1 800 663-7382 Health & Safety Emergency
Fax 250 751-8046 604 273-7711
1 866 922-4357 (WCB-HELP)
Nelson
524 Kootenay Street V1L 6B4 R11/02
Phone 250 352-2824
1 800 663-4962
Fax 250 352-1816

5
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