YEARLY LESSON PLAN

BIOLOGY STPM 2019

FORM: L6S1
FIRST TERM: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND METABOLISM
TITLE/
LEARNING
WEEK DATE OBJECTIVES LEARNING OUTCOMES
1 Understanding Biological Molecules

(a) describe the chemical properties (solvent, bond angles and hydrogen bond) of
19 8-10.5.18 1.1 Water water and relate its physiological roles in the organisms;
(b) describe the physical properties (polarity, cohesiveness, density, surface tension,
specific heat capacity, and latent heat of vaporisation) of water and relate its
physiological roles in organisms.

15- (a) classify carbohydrates into monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide with
20 17.5.18 1.2 Carbohydrates respect to their physical and chemical properties;
(b) classify monosaccharide according to the number of carbon atoms and the
functional groups
(i) triose e.g. glyceraldehydes, (ii) pentose e.g. ribose and deoxyribose, (iii) hexose
e.g. glucose and fructose,
(c) illustrate the molecular structure of a monosaccharide and differentiate between
the reducing and non-reducing ends;
(d) describe the formation of glycosidic bond in disaccharides (maltose and sucrose)
and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen and cellulose);
(e) relate the structure of disaccharides and polysaccharides to their functions in
living organisms.

(a) describe the structures, properties and distribution of triglycerides, phospholipids

20 1.3 Lipids (lecithin) and steroid (cholesterol);
(b) state the functions of triglycerides, phospholipids (lecithin) and steroids
(cholesterol);
(c) differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

(a) classify amino acids into four main classes based on their side chains: polar, non-
21-22 20-31.5.18 1.4 Proteins polar, acidic and basic;
(b) describe the structure of an amino acid and the formation of peptide bonds in
polypeptides;
(c) explain the properties of protein (amphoteric, isoelectric point, buffer and colloid);
(d) differentiate the various levels of organisation of protein structure (primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary) and relate the functions of each structure to the
organisation of proteins;
(e) explain the denaturation and renaturation of protein;
(f) classify proteins according to their structures, compositions (simple and
conjugated) and functions
 (a) describe the structures of nucleotides and the formation of phosphodiester bonds
23 3-7.6.18 1.5 Nucleic acids in a polynucleotide;
(b) distinguish between DNA and RNA and the three types of RNAs (mRNA, tRNA
and rRNA);
(c) describe the structure of DNA based on Watson and Crick model.

1.6 Analytical (a) describe the basic principles of paper chromatography in pigment separation,
23 techniques electrophoresis for protein and nucleic acid separation.
24-25 8-23.6.18 MID YEAR HOLIDAY + HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI
2 Understanding Structure of Cells and Organelles

2.1 Prokaryotic
and eukaryotic
26 24-28.6.18 cells (a) state the cell theory;
(b) compare the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;
(c) compare typical animal and plant cells as seen under electron microscopes;
(d) describe the basic principles of light and electron microscopy.

2.2 Cellular
26 components (a) identify the cellular components of typical plant and animal cells;
(b) describe the structures of organelles and state their functions;
(c) explain the basic principles of differential centrifugation used to fractionate
cellular components (g and S values).

2.3 Specialised (a) outline the structures, functions and distributions of unspecialised cells found in
26 cells plants (meristematic cells);
(b) describe the structures, functions and distributions of specialised plant cells found
in epidermal, ground and vascular tissue;
(c) describe the structures, functions and distributions of specialised animal cells
found in connective, nervous, muscular and epithelial tissues, including the formation
of endocrine and exocrine glands.

3 Understanding Membrane Structure and Transport

3.1 Fluid mosaic (a) describe the structure of a membrane based on Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic
27 1-5.7.18 model model;
(b) explain the roles of each component of the membrane

3.2 Movement of
substance across
27 membrane (a) explain the processes of passive and active transports, endocytosis and exocytosis;
(b) explain the concepts of water potential, solute potential and pressure potential;
(c) calculate the water potential of a plant cell in a solution.

4 Understanding Enzymes

4.1 Catalysis and

28 8-12.7.18 activation energy (a) explain that enzyme is a globular protein which catalyses a metabolic reaction;
(b) explain the mode of action of enzymes at active site involving enzyme-substrate
 complex and lowering of the activation energy and enzyme specificity.

4.2 Mechanism of
action and (a) illustrate enzyme specificity using induced fit (Koshland) and lock and key
28 8-12.7.18 kinetics (Fischer) models;
(b) explain the time course of an enzymecatalysed reaction by measuring the rate of
formation of product(s) or rate of disappearance of substrate(s) as the rate of reaction;
(c) deduce the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) from the Michaelis-Menten and
Lineweaver Burk plots;
(d) explain the significance of Km and Vmax;
(e) explain the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate
concentration on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

(a) explain the roles of cofactors (ion activators, coenzymes and prosthetic groups) in
28 4.3 Cofactors an enzymatic reaction;
(b) explain the importance of vitamins and minerals as precursors of
coenzymes/cofactors

(a) explain the effects of competitive and noncompetitive inhibitions on the rate of
29 15-19.7.18 4.4 Inhibitors enzyme activity of reversible inhibition;
(b) relate the Lineweaver-Burk plot to the effect of inhibition on Km and Vmax
values.

4.5 Classification (a) describe enzyme classification according to International Union of Biochemistry
29 of enzymes (IUB) e.g. oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase and ligase.

4.6 Enzyme (a) explain the importance and the main techniques of enzyme immobilisation namely
29 technology adsorption, entrapment and covalent coupling;
(b) explain the application of enzyme immobilisation in the development of
biosensors.

5 Understanding Cellular Respiration

5.1 The need for

30 22-26.7.18 energy in living (a) outline the importance of energy and respiration in living organisms;
(b) describe the structure of the energy carriers such as ATP, NADH and FADH2.

5.2 Aerobic
30 respiration (a) describe the various stages of aerobic respiration and its location in the cells;
(b) describe glycolysis, and calculate the net energy produced in glycolysis;
(c) describe the various steps involved in the Krebs cycle (including the link
reaction);
(d) explain the formation of NADH, FADH2, GTP and ATP during the Krebs cycle;
(e) describe oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis in the electron transport
system;
(f) explain the role of NADH, FADH2 and ATP synthase in the electron transport
chain;
(g) calculate and explain the net energy produced in aerobic respiration per molecule
of glucose in liver and muscle cells;
(h) describe the effects of cyanide and carbon monoxide on respiration;
(i) explain how lipid and protein act as alternative energy sources.
 29.7- 5.3 Anaerobic
31 2.8.18 respiration (a) explain the anaerobic respiration in yeast and muscle cells;
(b) describe the applications of anaerobic respiration in food industries (bread, tapai
and yogurt).

6 Understanding Photosynthesis

31 29.7-2.8.18 6.1 Autotroph (a) classify autotroph into photoautotroph and chemoautotroph;
(b) describe photosynthetic pigments;
(c) explain the absorption spectrum and action spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.

6.2 Light-
dependent
32 5-9.8.18 reactions (a) explain photoactivation of chlorophyll a resulting in photolysis of water;
(b) explain the cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation including electron
transport system resulting in the production of ATP and NADPH.
33 12-16.7.18 AUGUST TEST
34 17-25.8.18 MID SEMESTER 2 HOLIDAY
6.3 Light-
26.8- independent
35-36 6.9.18 reactions (a) describe Calvin cycle;
(b) explain photorespiration;
(c) describe the anatomical structure of C4 leaf (Krantz anatomy) in comparison to C3
leaf;
(d) explain carbon dioxide fixation in C4 plants and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
(CAM) plants;
(e) differentiate the metabolism of C3, C4 and CAM plants.

6.4 Limiting (a) explain limiting factors of photosynthesis (light intensity, carbon dioxide
37 9-13.9.18 factors concentration and temperature);
(b) relate the roles of C3, C4 and CAM plants on the increasing carbon dioxide
emission and global warming
16.9-
38-41 11.10.18 REVISION WEEK
42 14-18.18 TRIAL EXAM TERM 1

YEARLY LESSON PLAN

BIOLOGY STPM 2018
FORM:U6S2
SECOND TERM: PHYSIOLOGY
TITLE/
LEARNING
WEEK DATE OBJECTIVES LEARNING OUTCOMES
7 Understanding Gas Exchange

7.1 Gaseous
1 1-4.1.18 exchange in humans (a) outline the structure of human respiratory system, including the microscopic structure of the wall of an alveolus;

(b) describe the structure of haemoglobin;

(c) explain the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood;

(d) explain the oxygen dissociation curves of haemoglobin, myoglobin and foetal haemoglobin;

(e) explain the Bohr effect and relate it to the oxygen dissociation curve

1 7.2 Breathing cycle (a) explain the control of breathing mechanism, including the role of chemoreceptor
(b) define tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual
volume.

7.3 Gaseous
1 exchange in plants (a) describe the structure and functions of stomata;

(b) describe the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata based on potassium ion accumulation hypothesis.

8 Understanding Transport in Animals and Plants

2 7-11.1.18
8.1 Transport system
in mammals (a) describe the structure of a mammalian heart;
(b) define systole and diastole, and explain the sequence of events in a cardiac cycle including changes in pressure and volume in
aorta, left atrium and left ventricle;

(c) describe the initiation and regulation of heart beat;

(d) explain hypertension, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction, and state their causes and preventions;

(e) describe the lymphatic system in relation to the blood circulatory system;
(f) determine the direction of fluid movement at the arterial and venous ends of the capillaries by calculating the differences
between osmotic pressure/solute potential and hydrostatic pressure.

8.2 Transport system

2 in vascular plants (a) explain the uptake of water and mineral ions from the soil by the root hairs involving water potential;

(b) describe the apoplast, symplast and vacuolar pathway of water movement through the root tissues;
(c) describe the root pressure, cohesion-tension theory and transpiration pull in relation to water movement from the roots to
leaves;

(d) explain translocation using the mass flow, electro-osmosis, cytoplasmic streaming and peristaltic waves hypotheses;
(e) explain the concept of source and sink, and phloem loading and unloading in translocation according to pressure flow
hypothesis.

9 Understanding Control and Regulation

3 14-18.1.18

9.1 Nervous system (a) describe the organisation of the nervous system in humans;

(b) explain the formation of resting and action potentials;

(c) describe the characteristics of nerve impulse;

(d) describe the structure of synapse, and explain the role of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and norepinephrine);
 (e) explain and compare the mechanisms of impulse transmission along the axon and across the synapse;

4 21-25.8.18 (f) describe the structure of neuromuscular junction and sarcomere;

(g) explain the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions, myofibril and T tubules in muscle contraction;

(h) explain the mechanism of muscle contraction according to the sliding filament hypothesis;

(i) compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems;

(j) explain the mechanisms of drug action on nervous system and neuromuscular junction (cocaine and curare).

5 28.1-1.2.18 9.2 Hormones (a) explain the mechanisms of action of steroid hormone and non-steroid hormones

(b) explain the roles of plant hormones in growth and development;

(c) explain the mechanism of phytochrome action and their roles in photoperiodism and flowering;

(d) outline the application of plant growth regulators (synthetic auxin, synthetic gibberellins, and synthetic ethylene) in agriculture

10 Understanding Reproduction, Development and Growth

10.1 Sexual
reproduction in
6 4-8.2.18 humans (a) outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis;

(b) describe the passage and development of sperms from the testis to the oviduct for fertilisation;

(c) describe the process of fertilisation and implantation;

(d) describe the roles of hormones in menstrual cycle and pregnancy;

(e) describe briefly the stages in embryonic development;

(f) explain the roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic fluid and allantois in foetal development;

(g) explain the process of parturition.

10.2 Sexual
reproduction in
6 flowering plants (a) outline double fertilisation;

(b) describe the embryonic development in seed and formation of fruit.

10.3 Seed
7 11-15.2.18 germination (a) explain the mobilisation of nutrients after imbibition in seed germination;

(b) state the external factors affecting germination

10.4 Growth curves

and patterns of
8 18-22.2.18 growth (a) explain the types of growth curves (absolute growth curve, absolute growth rate curve and relative growth rate curve);
(b) explain with examples the patterns of growth (limited growth in humans, unlimited growth in perennial plant, allometric
growth in humans, isometric growth in fish and intermittent growth in insect);
(c) explain the processes of ecdysis and metamorphosis in insects, and relate the role of hormones (neurosecretory hormone,
juvenile hormone and ecdysone) in these processes.

11 Understanding Homeostasis

11.1 Importance of
9 25-1.3.18 homeostasis (a) explain the importance of homeostasis;

(b) describe the homeostatic control system in mammals;

(c) explain the physiological and behavioural control in thermoregulation of endotherms.

9 11.2 Liver (a) describe the structure of liver, and explain the roles of its components;

(b) describe carbohydrate metabolism in the liver (glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis);

(c) describe protein metabolism (transamination, deamination and urea formation) in the liver.
 11.3 Osmoregulation
10 4-8.3.18 in mammals (a) explain the process of ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion in the formation of urine

(b) explain the role of ADH and aldosterone, and the related hormones in regulating water, sodium and potassium ions of urine;

(c) explain the regulation of pH of tissue fluid.

11.4 Osmoregulation
10 in plants (a) describe the role of stomata in regulation of water loss, and explain the importance of transpiration;

(b) describe the various types of plant adaptations to prevent water loss (halophytes and xerophytes).

11 11-15.3.18 MARCH TEST

MID SEMESTER 1
12 16-24.3.18 HOLIDAY
12 Understanding Immunity

13 25-29.3.18 12.1 Immune system (a) describe human lymphatic system, and explain its function in relation to immunity

(b) describe antibody (structure and function), antigen, epitope, and the development of B and T cells;

(c) describe the roles of macrophages, B cells and T cells

12.2 Development of
13 immunity (a) explain cell-mediated and humoral immune responses;

(b) outline the antigen-antibody reactions (precipitation, agglutination, neutralisation, complement fixation).

12.3 Concept of self

14 1-5.4.18 and non-self (a) explain the concept of self and non-self and relate this to tissue rejection in organ transplant;

(b) explain the mechanism of immune suppression (HIV infection).

12.4 Immune
14 disorder (a) describe autoimmune disorder (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)).

13 Understanding Infectious Diseases

13.1 Infectious
15 8-12.4.18 disease (a) explain what is meant by an infection and an infectious disease;

(b) outline the types of infectious agents.

15 13.2 Dengue (a) describe the causes and symptoms of dengue;

(b) explain the transmission of dengue;

(c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of dengue.

16 15-19.4.18 13.3 Cholera (a) describe the causes and symptoms of cholera;

(b) explain the transmission of cholera;

(c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of cholera.

13.4 Tuberculosis
16 (TB) (a) describe the causes and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB);

(b) explain the transmission of TB;

(c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of TB.

16 13.5 Malaria (a) describe the causes and symptoms of malaria;

(b) explain the transmission of malaria;

(c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of malaria.

17 22-26.4.18 REVISION WEEK

18 29.43.5.18 TRIAL P2
FORM:U6S2
THIRD TERM: ECOLOGY AND GENETICS
TITLE/
LEARNING
WEEK DATE OBJECTIVES LEARNING OUTCOMES
14 Understanding Taxonomy and Biodiversity

22 27-31.5.18 14.1 Taxonomy (a) explain the importance of taxonomy in biological sciences;

(b) explain the concept of species, and relate how a species is classified into higher categories in a taxonomic hierarchy.

(a) describe the morphological characteristics of the following phyla in the respective kingdoms: Protoctista (Chlorophyta and
14.2 Diversity of Zoomastigina), Fungi (Zygomycota), Plantae (Bryophyta, Filicinophyta, Coniferophyta and Angiospermophyta) and Animalia
22- 23 27.5-7.6.18 organisms (Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Arthropoda and Chordata).

24-25 8.6-23.6.18 MID YEAR HOLIDAY (2 WEEKS)

14.3 Biodiversity in (a) describe the different levels and examples of biodiversity in Malaysia, namely ecosystem or community diversity, species or
26 24-28.6.18 Malaysia taxonomic diversity and genetic diversity;

(b) explain the importance of biodiversity in Malaysia.

14.4 Threats to
26 biodiversity (a) explain the natural and man-made factors that threaten biodiversity in Malaysia;

(b) explain the steps and efforts taken by various agencies and organisations to address the threats

14.5 Conservation of (a) describe the various measures taken to conserve the different levels of biodiversity including in situ and ex situ conservation in
26 biodiversity Malaysia.

15 Understanding Ecology

15.1 Levels of
ecological
27 1-5.7.18 organisation (a) explain the concept of hierarchy in an ecosystem and the interaction between the biotic and abiotic components

15.2 Biogeochemical
27 cycles (a) describe the biogeochemical cycles (carbon, phosphorus and sulphur), and explain their importance.

(a) describe the energy flow and the efficiency of energy transfer in terrestrial ecosystem (tropical rain forest) and aquatic
27 15.3 Energy flow ecosystem (lake).

15.4 Population
27 ecology (a) explain population growth (S and J growth curves), biotic potential, natality, mortality, migration and survivorship;
(b) explain the characteristics of populations that show Type I, Type II and Type III survivorship curves, and K-strategies and r-
strategies.

15.5 Carrying
28 8-12.7.18 capacity (a) explain what is meant by carrying capacity and sustainable development;

(b) explain the factors limiting the population size and distribution.

15.6 Quantitative (a) describe the use of quadrat and line transect sampling methods and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using these
28 ecology methods;
(b) calculate the various sampling parameters (frequency, density, cover and their absolute and relative estimations) and estimate
the population size of organisms;

(c) explain the pattern of distribution of organisms in an ecosystem

16 Understanding Selection and Speciation

16.1 Natural and

28 artificial selection (a) describe continuous and discontinuous variations in relation to selection and speciation;

(b) explain the modes of natural selection (stabilising, directional and disruptive) and their consequences;

(c) describe with examples, sexual selection and polymorphism;

(d) explain the importance of artificial selection (gene bank, germplasm bank and sperm bank).
28 16.2 Speciation (a) explain the processes of isolation, genetic drift, hybridisation and adaptive radiation;

(b) explain the importance of speciation in relation to evolution.

17 Understanding Inheritance and Genetic Control

17.1 Types of genetic

crosses and breeding
29 15-19.7.18 system (a) explain the Mendelian inheritance pertaining to the phenotypic and genotypic ratios;

(b) describe the types of crosses (test cross, backcross, reciprocal cross and selfing) and explain their importance;

(c) describe pure breeding, outbreeding, inbreeding, selective breeding, and explain their importance

17.2 Non-Mendelian (a) explain (i) incomplete dominance (flower colour in snapdragon), (ii) codominance (MN blood group in humans), (iii) multiple
29 inheritance alleles (ABO blood group in humans), and calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios;
(b) explain lethal genes (sickle-cell in human/coat colur in mice/chlorophyll production in maize), polygenes (height in humans),
linked and sex-linked genes (Drosophila eye colour and haemophilia in humans), and epistasis (coat colour in dog and capsule
shape in shepherd’s purse plant);

(c) explain the pedigree analysis.

17.3 Genetic
30 22-26.7.18 mapping (a) explain crossing over and distinguish between parental and recombinant genotypes and phenotypes;
(b) calculate the distance between two loci, and determine the relative position of a gene on a chromosome based on percentage of
crossingover in Drosophila.

17.4 Population
30 genetics (a) describe the concept of gene pool, gene/allele frequency and genotype frequency;
(b) explain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p 2 + 2pq +q 2 = 1 and p + q = 1), and calculate the gene/allele and genotype
frequencies;

(c) explain the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to be valid;

(d) describe changes in genotype frequencies in relation to evolution.

(a) explain the experiments to prove DNA is the genetic material (Avery, MacLeod and McCarty experiment and Hershey and
30 17.5 DNA replication Chase experiment);
(b) explain the three models of DNA replication, and interpret the experiment of Meselson and Stahl to prove the semi-
conservative model of DNA replication;

(c) explain the mechanism of DNA replication, and the role of the enzymes involved.

31 29.7-2.8.18 17.6 Gene expression (a) explain the experiment of Beadle and Tatum which leads to the establishment of one-geneone-polypeptide hypothesis;

(b) interpret the genetic code table, and identify the appropriate anti-codon;

(c) explain the characteristics of genetic code;

(d) describe transcription and translation

17.7 Regulation of
31 gene expression (a) define repressor, inducer, negative control in lac operon and constitutive enzyme;

(b) describe the components of lac operon, and explain its mechanism.

(a) describe the different types of gene mutation with examples of its consequences (substitution – sickle-cell anaemia,
31 17.8 Mutation insertion/addition – frameshift mutation, deletion – frameshift mutation and thalassaemia major and inversion);

(b) differentiate missense, nonsense and silent/ neutral mutations;

(c) describe the four structural changes in chromosomes (duplication, deletion, inversion and translocation);

(d) describe the changes in chromosome number, including the definition of non-disjunction;

(e) describe the consequences of non-disjunction in relation to meiosis;

(f) explain and give examples of different types of aneuploidy (monosomy and trisomy);

(g) explain and give examples of different types of euploidy: diploid and polyploid, including autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy
 18 Understanding Gene Technology

18.1 Recombinant
32 5-9.8.18 DNA technology (a) explain recombinant DNA technology/genetic engineering;

(b) differentiate between genomic and cDNA cloning and genomic and cDNA libraries;

(c) describe the vectors used in cloning and their properties;

(d) describe the restriction enzyme (EcoR1 and SmaI), including its nomenclature, recognition site (palindrome), importance and
the types of ends generated;

(e) explain reverse transcription, insertion, ligation, transformation/transduction, amplification and screening;
(f) describe the steps involved in genomic and cDNA cloning, including the enzymes involved, and explain human insulin
production in E. coli as an example.

33 12.-16.8.18 AUGUST TRIAL P3

34 17-25.8.18 MID TERM 2 HOLIDAY (1 WEEK)

19 Biotechnology

19.1 Roles of
35 26-30.8.18 biotechnology (a) define biotechnology;

(b) outline the roles of biotechnology in our life.

19.2 Applications of
36 2-6.9.18 biotechnology (a) describe the application of biotechnology in food and beverages production (fermentation and vitamin-enriched eggs);

(b) describe the application of biotechnology in agriculture (hybrid rice, herbicide resistant plants and transgenic fish);
(c) describe the application of biotechnology in medicine (human growth hormone, human insulin and gene therapy) and forensic
(DNA finger printing);

(d) describe the application of biotechnology in public health (genetic screening, diagnostic kits and oil-decomposing bacteria).

37-39 9.9-27.9.18 REVISION WEEK

40 30.9-4.10.18 TRIAL P3

41-45 7.10-8.11.18 REVISION WEEK

46-47 11.-22.11.18 STPM P3