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    The Structure of DNA: Thymine, T Adenine, A Guanine, G Cytosine, C

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    shalinta tyagi
    James Watson and Francis Crick discovered in 1953 that DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix based on X-ray data from other scientists. Each DNA strand contains bases that pair up in a specific way between strands to form base pairs. Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division; mitosis produces two identical cells and is used for growth and repair while meiosis produces four genetically unique gametes and reduces chromosome number by half for sexual reproduction.

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    The Structure of DNA: Thymine, T Adenine, A Guanine, G Cytosine, C

    Uploaded by

    shalinta tyagi
    35 views5 pages
    James Watson and Francis Crick discovered in 1953 that DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix based on X-ray data from other scientists. Each DNA strand contains bases that pair up in a specific way between strands to form base pairs. Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division; mitosis produces two identical cells and is used for growth and repair while meiosis produces four genetically unique gametes and reduces chromosome number by half for sexual reproduction.

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    igcse biology

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    Genetics

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    James Watson and Francis Crick discovered in 1953 that DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix based on X-ray data from other scientists. Each DNA strand contains bases that pair up in a specific way between strands to form base pairs. Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division; mitosis produces two identical cells and is used for growth and repair while meiosis produces four genetically unique gametes and reduces chromosome number by half for sexual reproduction.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    35 views5 pages

    The Structure of DNA: Thymine, T Adenine, A Guanine, G Cytosine, C

    Uploaded by

    shalinta tyagi
    James Watson and Francis Crick discovered in 1953 that DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix based on X-ray data from other scientists. Each DNA strand contains bases that pair up in a specific way between strands to form base pairs. Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division; mitosis produces two identical cells and is used for growth and repair while meiosis produces four genetically unique gametes and reduces chromosome number by half for sexual reproduction.

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    The structure of DNA

    James Watson and Francis Crick worked out the structure of DNA in 1953. By using data from
    other scientists they were able to build a model of DNA. The X-ray data they used showed that
    DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix.

    Base pairs
    Each strand of DNA is made of chemicals called bases. Note that these are different to bases in
    relation to acids and alkalis in chemistry. There are four different bases in DNA:
     thymine, T
     adenine, A
     guanine, G
     cytosine, C
    There are chemical cross-links between the two strands in DNA, formed by pairs of bases. They
    always pair up in a particular way, called complementary base pairing:
     thymine pairs with adenine (T–A)
     guanine pairs with cytosine (G–C)

    Base pairs on a section of DNA


    Alleles
    There are pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of a body cell. The chromosomes in a pair carry
    the same genes in the same places. But there are different versions of the same gene.
    Different versions of the same gene are called alleles. For example, the gene for eye colour has
    an allele for blue eye colour and an allele for brown eye colour. For any gene, a person may have
    the same two alleles or two different ones.

    Dominant or recessive alleles


    Alleles may be either dominant or recessive:
     A dominant allele is always expressed, even if the individual only has one copy of it. For example, the
    allele for brown eyes is dominant. You only need one copy of it to have brown eyes. Two copies will still
    give you brown eyes.
     A recessive allele is only expressed if the individual has two copies of it and does not have the dominant
    allele of that gene. For example, the allele for blue eyes is recessive. You need two copies of this allele to
    have blue eyes.

    Mitosis
    In mammals, body cells are diploid. The chromosomes need to be copied exactly so that new
    cells can be produced for:
     growth
     repair to damaged tissue
     replacement of worn-out cells
    The type of cell division involved is called mitosis. The diagram shows how it works.

    Identical cells
    Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is the same
    as in the original cell.

    Meiosis
    Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces gametes. A human body cell contains
    46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Human gametes are haploid – so their nucleus only
    contains a single set of 23 unpaired chromosomes.
    The diagram shows the stages of meiosis.
    Reduction division
    Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells. Unlike mitosis, meiosis is a reduction
    division – the chromosome number is halved from diploid (46 chromosomes in 23 pairs in
    humans) to haploid (23 chromosomes in humans).

    Mitosis Meiosis

    Number of cells
    produced 2 4

    Chromosome
    number Diploid Haploid
    Mitosis Meiosis

    Genetically
    identical Yes No

    Growth, repair,
    Used for asexual Production of gametes
    reproduction for sexual reproduction

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