ANNEXURES

Annexure 6

Descriptions of the 16 Major Forest Type-groups

1
According to Champion and Seth (1968)
Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest
These are tall, dense and multi-layered forests generally found in regions having rainfall in excess of 2500 mm.The total area under
these forests is about 4.1 million ha, distributed mainly in the Western Ghats, Upper Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.The flora in these forests has Malayan affinities. Bamboos and canes occur in specific locations. Ferns and epiphytes
are also common.

Tropical Semi-evergreen Forest

These forests occur in areas adjoining tropical wet evergreen, and form a transition between evergreen and moist deciduous
forests. They are found locally in the Western Ghats, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, parts of Orissa and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
The total area under this forest type is 2.4 million ha.The growth of this forest is poorer when compared with that of wet evergreen
forest. The canopies are not continuous and species richness is lower. Bamboos, canes, ferns, and epiphytes are abundant.

Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest

These forests occur over an area of 22.4 million ha, distributed mainly in the Western Ghats, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram,
Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, and Uttaranchal. This forest type occurs in a strip along the foothills of Himalaya, another strip along
the east side of Western Ghats and in a large area in Chhota Nagpur and north-east hills.These forests are common in areas where
rainfall is 1500-2000 mm with a dry season of 4 to 6 months. The most important forest communities are those consisting of sal
(Shorea robusta) and teak (Tectona grandis). The teak forests are characteristics of southern form, whereas sal forests form the
greater proportion in the northern form. Bamboos are quite common. Bambusa arundinacea and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii are
the most common bamboo. These forests are usually 2 to 3 layered with a much lower number of species as compared with the
earlier type-groups.

Littoral and Swamp Forests

These forests consist of evergreen species of varying densities and height, usually associated with mesic habitats. These forests
occupy an area of 0.7 million ha along the coast.These forests are mostly in their developmental stage and are seral in nature; they
occur throughout the country, wherever wet and waterlogged conditions prevail. The littoral and tidal forests occur along the
coast, the latter being especially associated with deltas of larger rivers. Swamp forests occur in north-east India along major river
systems. Mangrove forests are genrally dominated by trees of the genera – Rhizophora, Avicennia, Sonneratia, Bruguiera Kandelia
and Ceriops. Some genera like Heriteira and Xylocarpus could be locally important, as in Sundarbans. The tidal and swamp forests
are dominated by several evergreen and semi-evergreen species, while species like Baringtonia spp, Syzygium cumini, and Dillenia
spp occur in seasonal swamps. Fresh water swamps contain species such as Terminalia arjuna, Lagerstroemia speciosa,Trewia nud-
iflora, and Myristica spp.

Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest

These forests occur from Kanyakumari to the foothills of the Himalaya in irregular wide strips in areas having rainfall between 750
mm and 1250 mm. These forests are concentrated in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.The total area under these forests is approximately 29.7 million ha.These forests consist of trees less
than 25m high, with a light canopy consisting of deciduous trees. Dry teak and dry sal communities predominate in the southern
and northern regions respectively. In some areas both these species are absent and a mixture of trees like Anogeissus pendula,
Boswellia serrata, Hardwickia binata, Acacia nilotica, Madhuca indica, and Butea monosperma occupies the area. Acacia catechu and
Dalbergia sissoo are conspicuously present on newly formed soils.

Tropical Thorn Forest

These forests occupy a large strip in southern Punjab, Haryana, northern Gujarat and almost entire Rajasthan, where rainfall is about

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250mm and 750 mm. Such forests are also found over a large area in the upper Gangetic plains and Deccan plateau. The total area
under this forest type is about 5.2 million ha. These forests are open, consisting of short trees, generally belonging to thorny legu-
minous species. The characteristic species include Prosopis cineraria, Acacia leucophloea, Acacia nilotica, Ziziphus spp, and
Salvadora spp. Acacia tortilis and Prosopis chilensis have been widely planted in this region. In south India, important species are
Acacia chundra and Acacia planifrons. These forests are highly degraded due to severe biotic pressure and occur in the form of
scrub forests in most of the areas.

Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest

These forests are found in a relatively small area (0.1 million ha) on the Carnatic coast, which receives little or no summer rainfall.
The forests are low but often dense with hard-leaved evergreen trees in which thorny species predominate. The characteristic
species are Memecylon edule, and Maba buxifolia.

Sub-tropical Broad-leaved Hill Forest

These forests occur in the lower slopes of the Himalaya in Bengal and Assam and on other hill ranges such as Khasi, Nilgiri,
Mahabaleshwar, Pachmarhi, Amarkantak and Parasnath, occupying an area of about 0.3 million ha. Important species in the south-
ern hills are Syzygium cumini, Ficus spp, and some species of Lauraceae. The northern form consists of species like Quercus and
Castanopsis.

Sub-tropical Pine Forest

Sub-tropical chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest occurs throughout the central and western Himalaya, and Khasi pine forest occurs
in Khasi hills.These forests are almost pure throughout their zone of distribution.The understorey is also not pronounced.The total
area of these forests is approximately 3.7 million ha, distributed in several Himalayan states.

Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen Forest

These forests occur in areas with low rainfall and consist of xerophytic, thorny and small-leaved evergreen species. Such forests are
localized in the northwest corner of the country in an area of approximately 0.2 million ha.The typical species are Olea cuspidata and
Acacia modesta in the top canopy and Dodonea shrub in the degraded forests.

Montane Wet Temperate Forest

These forests are a characteristic feature of the eastern Himalaya and are found between 1800 m and 3000 m elevation in high rain-
fall areas. These forests occupy about 1.6 million ha. Some of the tops of southern hills, e.g. Nilgiris, are also occupied by these
forests. In northern form of these forests, characteristic genera are Quercus, Castanopsis, Machilus, and Rhododendron. In the south-
ern hills, important species belong to Syzygium and Ternostroemia. Rhododendron nilagiricum is an important component in
Nilgiri hills. The forests are luxuriant with dense undergrowth.

Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest

These are commercially important forests and are found between 1500m and 3000m elevations in the Himalaya. These are con-
centrated in the central and western Himalaya, except in areas where rainfall is below 1000 mm. The total area under these forests
is reported to be about 2.7 million ha. These forests are classified into two forms; the lower form consists of Quercus leucotri-
chophora, Quercus. floribunda, Pinus wallichiana and Cedrus deodara. As the altitude increases, the upper form consisting of Abies
pindrow, Picea smithiana, and Quercus semecarpifolia becomes dominant. The east Himalayan hills are occupied by Quercus. lin-
eata, Quercus lamellosa, Quercus pachyphylla, Tsuga dumosa, Picea spinulosa and Abies densa. Cupressus torulosa is a conspicu-
ous species found on limestone. Alders (Alnus nepalensis) and blue pine (Pine wallichiana) colonise the new sites.

Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest

These are open evergreen forests with open scrub undergrowth. These forests occur in the upper ranges of the Himalaya in low
rainfall areas and cover about 0.2 million ha. These forests consist of both coniferous and broad-leaved species. In the western
Himalaya, the characteristic species are Pinus gerardiana, Cedrus deodara and Quercus ilex. At higher elevation, Juniperus macrop-
oda communities are also found. In the eastern Himalaya, the common species are from Abies and Picea. In higher hills, Juniperus
wallichiana is common. Locally, between 2500 and 4000 m elevation, a few other species like Larix griffithiana, Populus euphereti-
ca, Salix spp., Hippophoe spp. and Myricaria spp. also occur.

Sub-alpine Forest
These forests occur throughout the Himalaya above 3000 m elevation up to the tree limit. Some of the characteristic species in the
western Himalaya are Abies spectabilis and Betula utilis while those in the eastern Himalaya are Abies densa and Betula spp. High-
level blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) forests occur on exposed sites. Rhododentron forms the understorey.

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Moist Alpine and Dry Alpine Scrub

The moist alpine scrub occurs above the tree line up to about 5500 m elevations in Himalaya. The shrubs are rarely more than 1 m
in height. Common species are Rhododentron, Juniperus spp and Betula spp.The dry scrub forests consist of open xerophytic dwarf
shrub in areas where rainfall is below 400 mm.The major genera represented are Juniperus, Carangana, Eurotia, Salix, and Myricaria.

Note
1. Champion, H.G., and Seth, S.K. 1968. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Government of India, New Delhi.

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