Ketones

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Chemical Examination

KETONES
REAGENT DETECTS POSITIVE RESULT

1. Acetest Sodium nitroprusside 5-10 mg/dl Varying SHADES of


Glycine acetoacetic acid PURPLE
Lactose 20-25 mg/dl acetone
2. Chemstrip Principle: legal’s 8mg/dl aceto acetic VIOLET/Magenta
acid colored
70mg/dl acetone

3. Legal’s Na nitroprusside Acetoacetic acid VIOLET-RED color


NaOH Acetone

4. Lange’s Na nitroprusside PURPLE RING in the


Glacial acetic acid junction of 2 fluids
Ammonium
hydroxide
5. Rothera’s Na nitroprusside PURPLE color
(Nitropurisside tube Sodium carbonate
test) Ammonium sulfate
6. Ketosix Principle: Rothera’s 0.5-1.0 mmol/L PINK-dark VIOLET
Acetoacetic acid

7. Gerhardt’s 10% Ferric chloride Specific for RED-BROWN


acetoacetic acid (Bordeaux color)
Confirmation: Boil
solution (if color
disappers *+*)
8. Lindenmann’s Lugol’s soln Specific for NO REDDISH VIOLET
Acetic acid acetoacetic acid color solution
Chloroform *more specific than *+* diacetic acid
Gerhardt’s
9. Hart’s Acetic acid Betahydroxybutyric RED RING to the tube
Hydrogen peroxide acid with hydrogen
peroxide
BILIRUBIN

TEST REAGENT POSITIVE RESULT

1. Foam test *shake YELLOW-GREEN foam


urine*
2. Ictotest Diazosulfanilic acid in tablet BLUE-PURPLE
development in the mat

3. Fouchet’s 10% BaCl2 BLUE GREEN color


Fouchet’a reagent - TSA

4. Gmelin’s Conc Nitric acid BLUE GREEN and VIOLET


ring at the junction2

5. Rosenbach Conc Nitric acid GREEN, BLUE, VIOLET and


RED color (bile pigments)

BILE SALTS
TEST REAGENT POSITIVE NEGATIVE

1. Hay test Sulfur powder + Urine sulfur SINKS sulfur FLOATS


(presence of bile salts) (absence of bile
salts

BLOOD

TEST PRINCIPLE REAGENT POSITIVE


1. Benzidine test Peroxidase activity Hydrogen Blue solution
of hemoglobin peroxide

2
UROBILINOGEN

TEST REAGENT RESULT


1. Ehrlich’s test Ehrlich’s reagent Normal amt: Faint PINK or
BROWN color
Increased amt: DEEP RED

2. Multistix p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde RED chromophore


plus Urobiligen = azo dye

3. Chemstrip Based on azo coupling rxn WHITE to PINK


*specific for UROBILINOGEN

WATSON – SCHWARTS DIFFERENTIATION TEST

Test UROBILINOGEN PORPHOBILINOGEN OTHERS


Choloroform (+) PINK LAYER NO COLOR of layer Insoluble
(bottom layer) (Soluble) (Insoluble)
Butanol (+) PINK LAYER (+) No color Soluble
(Top layer (Soluble) (Insoluble)

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