Qualitative Organic Analysis

1
Table of Contents
Physical State 1
Solubility 2
Litmus Test 2
Color 3
Bromine Water Test 3
Potassium Permanganate Test (Bayer’s Test) 3
Ignition Test 4
Sooty Flame - Aromatic 4
Non-Sooty Flame - Aliphatic 4
Detection of Melting Point 5
Halogens 6
Silver nitrate Test (Test Tube-I): 6
Layer Test (Test Tube-II): 7
Nitrogen 8
Sulfur 8
Sodium Nitroprusside Test: 8
Carboxyl group 9
Amide group 9
Ketone group 10
Phenol 10
Nitro group 11
Aldehyde group 11
Silver Nitrate Test 11
Fehling’s Test 12
Carbohydrate 12
Primary Aromatic Amine 13

2
Identification of given Organic Compound

By Shyam Tripathi (C-092)
Preliminary Tests
1. Physical State
Crystalline Amorphous
3
2. Solubility
3. Litmus Test
4
4. Color
5. Bromine Water Test
6. Potassium Permanganate Test (Bayer’s Test)

5
7. Ignition Test
a. Sooty Flame - Aromatic
b. Non-Sooty Flame - Aliphatic
Sooty Flame Non-Sooty Flame

Melting Point
6
Detection of Melting Point
Element Detection
Preparation of sodium Fusion Extract:
● Take a small piece of dry sodium in a fusion tube.
● Heat the tube slightly on a Bunsen burner so that the sodium melts to a
shining globule.
● Add a pinch of the organic compound.
● Heat it slowly to start with so that the compound reacts with sodium metal.
● Now heat the tube strongly till it becomes red hot.
● Plunge the red hot tube into a china dish containing distilled water.
● Crush the contents with a glass rod and heat to boiling point.
● Stop heating and remove the insoluble matter by filtration.
● The filtrate is called Sodium Fusion Extract/Lassaigne's Extract.
7
Images of the Required Apparatuses
1. Halogens
Fill Sodium Fusion Extract in two separate test tubes.
a. Silver nitrate Test (Test Tube-I):

To a small portion of Sodium Fusion Extract add 1 ml of conc. nitric acid
and boil for some time. Cool the contents and to it add silver nitrate
solution.
Observation and Inference:
I. White Precipitate - Chlorine (AgCl)
II. Light Yellow Precipitate - Bromine (AgBr)
III. Yellow Precipitate - Iodine (AgI)
8
To this add Ammonium Hydroxide. If the precipitate gets completely dissolved

then Presence of chlorine is confirmed.
b. Layer Test (Test Tube-II):

To this test tube containing SFE, chloroform was added and conc.
Nitric Acid was added thereafter and boiled gently and allowed
to cool for some time.
Observation and Inference:
Color of the organic later:
I. Orangish-Brown: Bromine (Confirmed)
II. Violet: Iodine (Confirmed)
9
(Note: Due to density of the organic solvent used the layer form at the top or at
the bottom of aqueous solution)
2. Nitrogen
Freshly prepared ferrous sulfate solution was added to the SFE and was
boiled slightly thereafter. conc. Sulphuric acid was added to it.
Prussian Blue color appears.
3.Sulfur
a. Sodium Nitroprusside Test:
On addition of sodium nitroprusside to SFE, if purple/violet color
appears then the presence of sulfur is confirmed.
10
Functional Group Detection
1. Carboxyl group
Organic sample was mixed in distilled water. To this Sodium Bicarbonate
was added.
Evolution of Carbon dioxide with brisk effervescence confirms the
presence of carboxyl group.
2.Amide group
In the organic sample in the test tube conc NaOH was added. A glass
rod dipped in conc HCl was brought near the mouth of the test tube.
Evolution of white fumes indicates the presence of amide group.
11
3.Ketone group
DNP Test: To the solution of the organic sample 2,4-DNP is added and
shaken vigorously, and allowed to stand for sometime thereafter.
Formation of orange precipitate confirms the presence of ketone group.
4.Phenol
To the aqueous solution of the given organic sample Ferric Chloride was
added.
Appearance of transient violet color appears indicating presence of
phenol.
12
5.Nitro group
Mulliken-Barker Test: To the aqueous solution of the organic sample
ammonium chloride and Zinc dust were added and heated on water
bath for sometime and allowed to cool thereafter and then filtered in
another test tube.
Tollens reagent was added to this filtrate.
Formation of black/gray precipitate (or silver mirror) indicated the
presence of nitro group.
6.Aldehyde group
a. Silver Nitrate Test
To the aqueous solution of the given organic sample Tollen’s reagent
was added.
Formation of silver layer on the walls of the test tube (silver mirror)
indicates the presence of an aldehyde group.
13
b. Fehling’s Test
I. Reagents Fehling's A and Fehling’s B were mixed to prepare Fehling's
solution.
II. This Fehling’s reagent was then mixed with the salt sample in a dry
test tube and heated in a water bath for some time.
Formation of Red precipitate indicates the presence of aldehyde group.
Control Positive
7.Carbohydrate
Molisch’s Test: In the aqueous solution of the given organic sample Molisch’s
reagent was added and shaken vigorously thereafter. This was allowed to
settle for some time and conc sulphuric acid was added along the walls of
the container.
Formation of violet ring at the junction of the two layers confirms the
presence of carbohydrate.
14
8.Primary Aromatic Amine

Azo Dye Test:
- Simultaneously take three test tubes and mark it as A, B and C.
- In test tube A dissolve the given organic compound in 2ml of dilute
hydrochloric acid.
- In test tube B prepare aqueous solution of sodium nitrite solution.
- In test tube C dissolve naphthol in conc sodium hydroxide.
- Place all the three test tubes in an ice bath.Now add the contents in test
tube B to the mixture in test tube A.
- The resulting mixture is added to the contents in test tube C.
- Stir the mixture with a glass rod and observe the changes in the test
tube.
Formation of red-orange dye confirms the presence of primary aromatic

amines.
15

Qualitative Organic Analysis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Qualitative Organic Analysis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Qualitative Organic Analysis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

Bromine Water Test 3

Potassium Permanganate Test (Bayer’s Test) 3

Detection of Melting Point 5

Primary Aromatic Amine 13

Identification of given Organic Compound

6. Potassium Permanganate Test (Bayer’s Test)

Sooty Flame Non-Sooty Flame

Detection of Melting Point

Images of the Required Apparatuses

a. Silver nitrate Test (Test Tube-I):

To this add Ammonium Hydroxide. If the precipitate gets completely dissolved

b. Layer Test (Test Tube-II):

Prussian Blue color appears.

Functional Group Detection

8.Primary Aromatic Amine

Formation of red-orange dye confirms the presence of primary aromatic

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.