11/30/2012

Overview

• Salient Pole Generator

• Equivalent Circuit
• Power Relationship
33-Synchronous Generators Part 2 • External Characteristic
text: 7.12

ECEGR 450
Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Dr. Louie 2

Power Relationship Salient Pole Generator

• Previous lecture assumed a round (cylindrical

Salient pole
rotor)
 Air gap remains uniform
Cylindrical pole
 Constant reluctance around periphery
• Salient pole generators
power (p.u)

 Significantly larger air gap between rotor poles

N
rotor
0 50 100 150
field winding
 (deg.)
S

Dr. Louie 3 Dr. Louie 4

Salient Pole Generator Equivalent Circuit

N2
• Recall: L  • Recall that Xs models leakage and armature

• Reluctance of a-phase coil smaller in position A than in reactance in cylindrical rotor generators
position B
• Cylindrical rotor model will not suffice (Xs is not
 Leakage reactance greater in position A
position dependent)
 Cannot model as single reactance
 Similar results for b-phase, c-phase • Ia will experience varying reactances as the rotor
A. B. rotates
c b’ c b’ Cylindrical Rotor
Ra jXs

Smaller air-gap a’ a a’ a Larger air-gap

Ea Ia

b c’ Ea  IaR a  jXsIa  Va

Dr. Louie 5 Dr. Louie 6

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Equivalent Circuit Equivalent Circuit

• Split the reactance into two components • Armature current is resolved into two components: Ia = Id + Iq
 Direct axis (d-axis) synchronous reactance: Xd  Id: direct armature current (A)
 Quadrature axis (q-axis) synchronous reactance: Xq  Iq: quadrature armature current (A)
• q-axis leads d-axis by 90 degrees • Id experiences Xd
 Causes voltage drop: jIdXd Iq
• Iq experiences Xq
A. B.  Causes voltage drop: jIqXq Id Ia
b q-axis c’ b c’
d-axis

d-axis q-axis
a’ a a’ a

c b’ c b’

Dr. Louie 7 Dr. Louie 8

Phasor Relationships Equivalent Circuit

• fp in phase with d-axis • We can now write the circuit equation:
df
• Ea is induced by fp and lags it by 90 degrees: e  N
dt Ea  Va  IaR a  jIdXd  jIqXq
• Id lags Ea by 90 degrees
Voltage drop due to d-, q-
axis leakage reactance.
Model as voltage source.
d-axis
Cylindrical Rotor Salient-Pole Rotor
B.
b c’ Ra jIdXd + jIqXq
d-axis fp
jXs
+ - Ra
+ +
q-axis Ea Ia Ea Ia Va
a’ a Iq
q-axis Ea - -
Ea  IaR a  jXsIa  Va Ea  IaR a  jXdId  jXqIq  Va
Id
c b’

Dr. Louie 9 Dr. Louie 10

Equivalent Circuit Equivalent Circuit

• We want to express the relationship using • Let:

Ea' Ea  jId (Xd  Xq ) (effective induced voltage)
armature current Ia
• Circuit equation:
Ea  Va  IaR a  jIdXd  jIqXq
Ea'  Va  IaR a  jIaXq
• We can express:
• Note:
jIdXd  jIdXq  jId (Xd  Xq )
 E’a and Ea are in phase
• Through substitution
 Phase difference between E’a and Ea with Va is 
Ea  Va  IaR a  jIdXq  jId (Xd  Xq )  jIqXq
Ea  Va  IaR a  jIaXq  jId (Xd  Xq ) (Using: Ia = Id + Iq)
jXq Ra
jId(Xd - Xq) jXq Ra
+ - + +
+ + + E’a Ia Va
Ea E’a Ia Va - -
- - -

Dr. Louie 11 Dr. Louie 12

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Equivalent Circuit Salient Pole Generator

• Phasor diagram with lagging power factor • Power angle can be computed from:
Ea'  Va  IaR a  jIaXq Ea | Ia | Xq cos fPF  | Ia | R a sin fPF
tan   (Inspecting the phasor diagram)
Ea  Va  IaR a  jIaXq  jId (Xd  Xq ) | Va |  | Ia | (R a cos fPF  Xq sin fPF )
E’a
Ea  Ea'  jId (Xd  Xq ) • Id and Iq are computed from Ia :
Id | Ia | sin(  fPF )  90o
jIa Xq Iq | Ia | cos(  fPF )
Iq

• Power output:
I aR a
fPF Va Po  3 Re{VaI*a}  3 Re{Va (I*d  I*q )}  3 | Va || Ia | cos fPF
Ia

Id
jId (Xd - Xq)

Dr. Louie 13 Dr. Louie 14

Approximate Power Relationship Example

• Ignoring armature resistance: A salient-pole generator supplies 100MW at a

| Iq |
| Va | sin  power factor of 0.90 leading. The generator’s
Xq line-line terminal voltage is 12kV and its
| Id |
| Ea |  | Va | cos  parameters are Xd = 1W, Xq = 0.75W.
Xd
| Ia | Xq cos fPF
tan  
| Va |  | Ia | Xq sin fPF
Compute the power angle and the per-phase
armature current.

Dr. Louie 15 Dr. Louie 16

Example Approximate Power Relationship

A salient-pole generator supplies 100MW at a power factor • Approximate power output:

of 0.90 leading. The generator’s line-line terminal voltage is
12kV and its parameters are Xd = 1W, Xq = 0.75W. Po  3 Re{VaI*a}  3 | Va | Re{(I*d  I*q )}
12000 Substitue for current using:
Va   69280V
3 Id | Id |   90 | Id | sin   j | Id | cos 
Recall:
fPF   cos 1 (0.90)  25.8 | Va | sin 
I*d | Id | sin   j | Id | cos  | Iq | (in phase with Ea)
Xq
100
Sa    25.8  37.04  25.8MVA Iq | Iq |  | Iq | cos   | jIq | sin  | Ea |  | Va | cos 
3  0.9 | Id | (lags Ea by 90o)
Sa  I*q | Iq | cos   j | Iq | sin  Xd
Ia  ( )  534.625.8A
Va Therefore:
| Ia | Xq cos fPF Po  3 | Va | (| Iq | cos( )  | Id | sin( ))
tan    0.389
| Va |  | Ia | Xq sin fPF | Va | sin( )cos( ) | Ea | sin( ) | Va | cos( )sin( )
 3 | Va | (   )
  21.29 Xq Xd Xd

Dr. Louie 17 Dr. Louie 18

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Approximate Power Relationship Approximate Power Relationship

• Continuing: • Approximate power developed:

| Va | sin( )cos( ) | Ea | sin( ) | Va | cos( )sin( )
Po  3 | Va | (   ) 3 | Va || Ea | sin  3(Xd  Xq )
Xq Xd Xd Pd   | Va |2 sin(2 )
Xd 2XqXd

power (p.u)
3 | Va || Ea | sin( ) | V | sin(2 ) | Va | sin(2 ) power developed by effect of saliency
  3 | Va | ( a  ) cylindrical-rotor
Xd 2Xq 2Xd


3 | Va || Ea | sin( ) X | V | sin(2 )  Xq | Va | sin(2 )
 3 | Va | ( d a )
• Approximate torque developed:
Xd 2XdXq 3 | Va || Ea | sin  3(Xd  Xq )
0 50 100
 (deg.)
150

Td   | Va |2 sin(2 )
3 | Va || Ea | sin( ) 3(Xd  Xq ) | Va | sin(2 )
2
Xds 2XqXds Salient pole: greater power
  Important result and torque for  less than 90
Xd 2XdXq deg.
torque developed effect of saliency
by cylindrical-rotor

Note: since Ra is ignored, power developed = power output

Dr. Louie 19 Dr. Louie 20

Power Relationship Power Relationship

If the field current is zero, but the generator is If the field current is zero, but the generator is synchronized to
synchronized to the grid (terminal voltage is the grid (terminal voltage is constant), does a salient-pole
generator rotate?
constant), does a salient-pole generator rotate?
Yes. Ia is negative (from grid into generator).  will be negative
since |Va| > |Ia|XqsinfPF. Negative  implies developed power is
negative, hence the generator acts as a motor, even without
3 | Va || Ea | sin  3(Xd  Xq )
Pd   | Va |2 sin(2 ) excitation.
Xd 2XqXd
| Ia | Xq cos fPF
tan  
| Va |  | Ia | Xq sin fPF
3 | Va || Ea | sin  3(Xd  Xq )
Td   | Va |2 sin(2 ) 3 | Va || 0 | sin  3(Xd  Xq )
Xds 2XqXds Pd   | Va |2 sin(2 )  0
Xd 2XqXd

Dr. Louie 21 Dr. Louie 22

Summary

• Salient pole generators provide greater power

and torque at power angles less than 90 degrees

• Non-uniformity in reluctance requires decoupling

of model into d-axis and q-axis

• Power and torque developed due to excitation

and saliency of rotor

Dr. Louie 23