Chapter 1 6 SURVEYING INTRODUCTION Surveying is theart of establishing relative positions of stations both in horizontal and vertical directions. Levelling is the art of establishment of relative elevations of stations. The fundamental principle of surveying is to 1. Proceed from whole to part. 2. Establish the position of a station from two independent (linear/and/or angular) measurements. ‘The earth is a sphere of a diameter of 12742 km. It is taken into account in Geodetic surveying. In plane surveying we ignore the curvature of earth amd take it ta be plane. CHAIN SURVEY Engineer’s Chain —EPS, Chain—100 feet lang—divided into 100 links. Gunter 's Chain —FPS. Chain—t6 feet long—divided into 100 links. Revenue Chain —FS. Chain- feet long—divided into 16 links. Metric Chain —20 metres—divided into 100 links or 30 metres—divided into 150 links. “Main Survey Stations” —Prominent stations. Main Survey lines —Chain lines joining these prominent stations, Number of main survey lines should be as fow as possible. Three main survey lines form a triangle.As far as possible these triangles should be nearly equilateral triangles. A well conditioned triangle is one in which no angle is bess than 30° nor greater than 121°. Base line i: a prominent line passing through the heart of the area. Check lines run in between the main lines to test their accurate positions. Each triangle should have at least one check line. A tie line is a subsidiary line mainly run to get more details within the area. Offset is the measurement in lateral direction while chaining is done in linear direction. Perpendicular offsets run at right angles to the chain line. Oblique offsets make an angle other than 90° with chain line. Offsets should be as short as possible. An offset is said to bea long offset when its length is more than L5 m. Plotting can be done accurately to a minimum length of 0.25 mm. O25 on Limiting length of offiet = Too <5 metres where + js the seale to which plotting is done. z Ois the deviation of the perpendicular offset in degrees. Cross staff, optical square and prism square are the instruments lo set perpendicular offsets. Obstacles 1. Obstacles to ranging but not to chaining ¢.¢.. a hillock. Recipracal ranging is adopted then. 2. Obstacles to chaining but not to ranging ¢., a river and a pond. 3, Obstacles to both chaining and ranging ¢.g., a tall building. Minor instrument used for ranging, is “Line Ranger”. Minor instruments used for setting perpendicular offsets are “Optical square” and “Prism square”, True length = Measured length « I€oftect length of chatin Supposed length of chain Similarly, Incorrect length of chain J” Supposed length, of chain ‘Planimeter’ is an instrument to measure areas. Area = M[F.R. + 10 + C] Correct area = Measured area x R= Initial reading, Number of times the zero mark of the dail passes the fixed index mark + clockwise — anti-clockwise C= Additive constant Mf = Multiplying constant,ERRORS IN CHAIN SURVEY 1. Cumulative Errors 1. Length of the chain is shorter than the standard one due to (i) kinks, (11) loss of links and (i) knots in links. 2. Slope correction (when > 4°) is not applied. 3. Ranging is not ina straight line, 4. Length af the chain may be more than the standard one due to (i) flattening of ring joints, and (if) opening of rings. IL, Compensating Errors 1. Incorrect holding of chain. 2. Chain nat unformly calibrated. Ifthe total length measured = L, then Cumulative errors od. Compensating errors a JE Correction for temperature, C=a(Ty-Tyl Correction for pull, c,= {Pot AE Correction for sag, & Moly 2p? 2 Correction for slope, Cys i COMPASS SURVEY Bearing of a line is its direction with respect to.a ference line j.., meridian. True meridian is the line passing through North pole and South pole. Magnetic meridian is the standard reference line show by a freely floating balanced magnetic needle free from any extemal influence. Arbitrary meridian is any other line taken for reference, Whole circle bearings are always measured in the clockwise direction with reference to the Magnetic North ‘Quadrantal or reduced bearings are taken with respect to Magnetic North or Magnetic South towards East or West Le, they are measured clockwise in North-East and South-West Quadrants and anti-clockwise in South-East and North-West Quadrants, 2 in the opposite direction. Back bearing is the bearing of a li Deflection angle is the included angle hetwoen the prolongation of the previous line and the succeeding line.FIGURE 16.4 Clockwise deflection is called right deflection and it is additive, Anticlockwise deflection is left deflection and is subtractive, Ina closed traverse Sum of internal angles = (2n—4) «HP ‘Sum of external angles = (2r +4) x 90F Algebraic sum of deflection angles = 360°. Dip is the inclination of the magnetic needle with the horizontal Northern end is deflected down in the ‘Northern hemisphere’ while the Southern end is deflected down in the ‘Southern hemisphere’. At the equator the dip is zero, Magnetic declination = True bearing ~ Magnetic bearing. When the magnetic meridian is to the East of true meridian, trae bearing of a line is greater than its magnetic bearing and therefore magnetic declination is +ve and designated as ‘E” When the magnetic meridian isto the West of true meridian, true bearing of a line is smaller than its magnetic bearing and therefore magnetic declination is ve and designated as ‘IW’, Magnetic declination at a place is not constant but varies from time to time. 1. Diurnal vsrintion within the same day—more during day time and less during night time. 2. Asemal emriation—within a year—more during summer and less in winter. 3. Secular neriation variation over a very long period. ‘The variation is more near poles and less on the equator. Isogonic lines are the imaginery lines passing through the stations of same Magnetic Declination. Agonic line is an Isogonic line of zero magnetic declination. “Local attraction” at a place is the influence of magnetic materials as steel and nickel objects, iron ore, electric poles and current carrying conductors on the magnetic needle. Local attraction is the same for all the bearings taken at the place. ERRORS IN COMPASS SURVEY 1. Instrumental Errors 1. Needle—bent. 2. Pivot—bent, eccentric. 3. Pivot edge—blunt.4, Needle—sluggish. 5. No counter weight provided on the needle against dip. 6. Sight vanes—bent. 7. Graduated ring—twisted, graduations are not uniform. 8.5) ight vanes and pivot—not in one line. 9, Horse hair—too thick, IL. Personal Errors 1, Inaccurate centring of the compass over the station. 2. Improper levelling of aluminium ring, 3. Imperlect bisection of ranging red. 4, Confused reading in the wrong direction, 5. Careless recording, Table 16.1 item Prismatic compass ‘Surseyur's compass Bearing Graduations Neexle Seale Sighting at ubject and taking bearings Tripod WCB. O° at South OOP at West 180° at North 27UP at East 180° whoo e7oe Ca FIGURE 16.2 Inverted because we have to see them through prism Broad type—fitted to the bottom of aluminium ring, (0. cannot be seen) Free to float along with the browd type magnet Can be done simultaneously Not essential RB, 0? at North and South OUP at East and West FIGURE 16.3 East and West interchanged Erect Edge bar type needle—also acts as.an index Attached te the box Sighting is te be done first and then the surveyor has to read the Northern end of the needle Amust,PLANE TABLE SURVEY Field work and plotting are done simultaneously in a plane table survey. 1. Drawing board 100 mm 300 mm or 730 mm x 600 mm 2, Alidade—approximately 500 mm long, plain alidade—2 sight vanes, telescopicalidade— telescope mounted on scale, 3. Plumbing fork and plumb bob—to transfer station on to the drawing sheet or vice-vvrsu. 4. ‘Trough compass—to mark ‘Narth’ 5. Spirit level—for levelling the board. ‘Orientation 1. By magnetic needle 2. By back sighting. Methods of Plane Tabling 1. Radiation 2. Intersection 3. Traversing 4, Resection, Radiation, From a well commanded single station the details are plotted, Best suited for smaller lengths and when all the points are accessible. It is very accurate, Intersection. Plotting a base line AB, A and 5 being mutually visible and accessible. Draw rays from the stations to all the other points, where these rays meet give the positions of all the other points. Itinvolves measurement of only one length i. are accessible it does not matter. that of the base line. Even if the other points This is less accurate than radiation. ‘Traversing. It is locating the plane table almost over all the stations, [t may be regarding as a combination of both radiation and intersection. Resection, It is the location of the instrument station with reference ta “two” or “three” already plotted stations. 2? point problem Resecti ‘3 point problem (Mechanical or tracing, paper method 3 point problem | Graphical or Bessel's method Trial and error or Lehmann’s method Advantages of Plane Table Survey 1. Htis rapid. 2. Area to be surveyed and plotted is in front of the surveyor and hence less possibility exists to miss some details. 3. His advantageously taken up in magnetic areas,Disadvantages 1. Heavy, cumbersome and awkward to carry. 2, Ithas too many accessories, 3. Ibis difficult to redraw the platted drawing toa different scale. Suitabi is not required. ty. [tis best suited to prepare small scale maps of smaller areas where high precision LEVELLING It is the process of determining relative clevations of places with respect toa datum line. A‘level surface’ is a surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of earth. Mean Sea Level at Karachi was taken as datum by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. Bench Mark is a permanent mark of known elevation Height of the instrament is the elevation of the line of sight of the instrument. Reduction of Levels 1. Collimation system. It is rapid but had no check over R.Ls of intermediate sights. It is adopted where more number of “intermediate sights” exist. 2. Rise and fall method. It is.a slow process but absolute check exists over the computed R.Ls of intermediate sight. [tis preferred where less number of intermediate stations do exist. Curvature. Curvature makes the objects appear ‘Lower’ than they really are AB is a horizontal line AC isa level line, AB = OF - GA? = (OC + BCP - OA? a (Re CPR? = 2RC, Ic? wm EE ew 0.0785 dete, “QR 12742 - FIGURE 16.4 Refraction, Rays of light passing through different layers of air are refracted down. The curved path of refracted rays forms an are of a circle of radius approximately seven times that of the earth. © Refraction makes appear the objects “Higher’ than they really are C, = 00112 a Combined correction for = curvature and refraction f ©" 0.0673 Distance of Visible Horizon:Reciprocal Levelling. It is a very precise levelling of finding R.L.s between two stations which are well apart by only two settings of levels, one nearer to each station, Errors due to ‘Collimation, curvature and partly due to refraction’ are eliminated. Errors in Lew 5 1. Instrumental Errors 1. Collimation error—ine of collimation not parallel to the bubble line. 2 peg test is conducted to set it right. 2. Object glass moving in inclined direction while focu 3. Sluggish bubble, IL. Personal Errors ng. 1. Improper levelling of telescope. 2. Improper holding of level staff 3. Imperfect sighting, 4, Settlement of level staff and level. U1. Natural Errors due to Wired and Sus Sensitiveness of Bubble Tube lid s & = Radius of curvature of bubble tube Rg s = Difference between twa staff readings. J = Length of one division of bubble tube n= No. of divisions d = Distance between staff and instrument. CONTOURING A Contour line is an imaginary line joining the stations of equal elevation. Contour Interval is the vertical distance between any two Consecutive Contours. Horizontal Equivalent is the horizontal distance between any two points on two Consecutive Contours. Characteristics of Contours 1. Contour isa closed line, within the map or outside it, i,, no Contour shall abruptly end 2. No two Contours Cross each other. They seem to merge in case of a vertical retaining wall. ‘They may appear to cross each other in case of an overhanging cliff. 3. Increased values inside a loop represent a hill. Reduced values inside represent a pond4. Contour lines close to each other represent steep slope. 5. U shaped Contours with falling values towards the bend represent Ridge line. 6. V shaped Contours with rising values towards the bend indicate Valley line. 7. Ridge or Valley lines cross Contours at right angles. Uses of Contours 1. By drawing a section across Contours, we get the profile of land. 2. One can assess the intervisibility between two points. 3. By tracing Contour gradients we align roads, rail roads, canals and pipe lines. 4, One can assess catchment on drainage area of a river. 5. Capacity of a reservoir. can be computed. THEODOLITE SURVEY Fundamental axes of theodolite: 1, Vertical axis 2. Horizental or trunnion axis 3. Line of collimation 4, Axis of telescope 5. Axis of plate levels 6. Axis of altitude levels. Relationship between the Axes L. Anis of plate levels is perpendicular to the vertical axis. 2, Line of collimation is perpendicular to horizontal axis. 3. Horizontal axis is perpendicular to vertical axis. 4. Axis of altitude levels is parallel to line of collimation. 5. Vertical cirele reads zero when line of collimation is horizontal. [ “i » [Northing +ve Latitude. Tous fF {Senta ve Departure. ‘sin {este Bowditch Rule: Length of the side Correction to any side = Total error x —= EE EE SEE _ Perimeter of transvere Transit Rule: Latitude of that side Correction to latitude of any side = Total error in latitude x Arithmetic sum of all latitudes Similarly, correction for departure,TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING It is angular surveying in which horizontal and vertical distances are computed without direct measurement. Stadia System 1. Fixed hair method 2. Movable hair or Subtense method, Fixed Hair Method Horizontal distance Es +if+d) i For inclined sights—Staff held vertical Vertical distance Ve [é S003 6 yea] sin f Horizontal distance Ds [Leconnersat] cos @ Staff held norma! v=[Leeeiroa] sind i cos 84 isin @& p-[Leceyeay) i i Anallactic lens is provided in a tacheometer between the diaphragm and the object glass to nullify the additive constant. [tis a convex lens, The distance between the anallactic lens and object glass is given by where f= Focal length of objective, f° = Focal length of the analll Movable Hair Method Tens, f D=— se(f+ ae ifr) For inclined sights D=—— cos a4 Cons 8 me Ks cos Osin@+Csin@ moe sce cqntant for an arisen PB Cs fd = additive constant ¢ index error,Horizontal Base Subtense Measurement : 836 206265 B where f= Horizontal angle subtended by the theadolite im seconds between the two ends of the subtense bar. Tangential Method : Horizontal distance, d = s tan f= tance 5 ~ tan fl— tana tan fh For a 20 marc, For a 30m are, m, where D = Degree of curve ELEMENTS OF A SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE = Vertex or Point of Intersection it is the starting, point Indicating the necessity of the curve. $= Deflection angle. It is Right deflection when the tuming is Clockwise and Left deflection when the tuming is Anti-clockwise, 0= Angle of Intersection, 6+0= 180° T, = Beginning of the curve. = Point of curve (P.C.) M= Mid-point of curve = Apex or summit FIGURE 16.5 T, = End of the curve = Point af Tangency (P.1.) VT, = Back tangent = Rtan (3Length ofcurve = Arc T, MT, a ie, x 2nR 360° Chainage of T, = Chainage of vertex — Length of back tangent Chainage of T, = Chainage of T, + Length of curve T, MT, VI, = Forward tangent = R tan [3] No where it is significant. , 3, PT, = Lamg chord =2 8 sin ( 2) \2) PM = Mid ordinate = R ~Reos($ MV = External distance = Apex distance = Distance between Apex and Wertex = Rsce[$]-R Curve Setting : 1. Radial offsets method:2. Perpendicular offsets from tangents Ty, Ta FIGURE 16.7 Om 5 2k 3. Perpendicular offsets from the long, chord: __M °, Tj ‘ Ts okay R oO FIGURE 16.8 4. Rankine’s metho < d b « t Ty Te FIGURE 16.9Chainages ofa, b.¢,d,c and f must be multiples (of whole numbers) of peg interval. Peg interval = a= be = cd = de = ef = regular sub chords = c T,a = First sub chord = c, FT, = Last sub chord = c, Deflection angle for first sub chord 7 BBP x0, | FIGURE 16.10 = 6, = minutes R 1718.87 xC Diflection angle for regular sub chord = "= minutes = 8 I71B.87 x C, Deflection angle for the last sub chord = = minutes = 5, Cumulative deflection angle at ‘a’ = (VT 2 = 8 Cumulative deflection angle at ‘b= [VT b = 8, +8 [PT © =8, +25 d =5, +38 Cumulative deflection angle at 'c’ = Cumulative deflection angle at ‘a’ = Cumulative deflection angle at ‘e' = |VT,¢ = 6, «48 Cumulative deflection angle at 'f = |VT,f =8, +58 ” ._o Cumulative deflection angle at T= [VI Ts = 6, +58 +8,= 5 5. Two Theodolites method FIGURE 16.11 Angles ct and fi cam be set anywhere from 0 ta Z :Compound Curve FIGURE 16.12 Tate Gt iy sin ct Tett@+) sh Reverse Curve FIGURE 16.13 Fora reverse curve between two parallel straights 4 2BAC = — © 2 AB= 2k =r) sin = 2k +x AB = J201Rer ACs h=(R+r)sin6 BC =2=(R +1) (1-cos a).MINOR INSTRUMENTS Abney Clinometer. [tis used to measure 1. Vertical angles. 2, Slopes of ground. 3, Grade contours. Graduated circular arc (#4)" - 0°90") reads angle of elevation or depression by the vernier, When the vernier reads 0° the line of sight is perfectly horizontal, it is used as an “Abney Level”, Tangent Clinometer. It is an improved alidade, Eye vane has a peep hole. Object vane consists of a lang slit. Degrees and tangents of degrees are marked on either side of the slit, The movable cross hair on the object vane gives aut the slopes, Ceylon Ghat Tracer, It consists of a hollow brass tube with a peep hole and cross hairs. A moving weight sliding on the pinion rack gives out the inclination of the line of sight—sightod towards the sight vane. It reads slope from a to t upwards or downwards. Box Sextant Horizontal and vertical angles can be found by box sextant, Index glass is fully silvered, Ba faces {Upper hall sitvered) [Lower half plain) FIGURE 16.14 Horizon glass—upper half silvered, lower half plain. The angle between the objects = 2 * angle between the mirrors. It becomes an optical square when the vernier reads zero and the angle between the two mirrors is 45°. Pantagraph Far reducing maps. Pointer at, pencil at B. For enlarging. Pointer at 8, and pencil at A. Weight should be in the same line as B and A. D is the position of pencil to draw the plan to the same scale. FIGURE 16.95AREAS AND VOLUMES: ‘1. Mid-Ordinate Rule = FO, +O, +40, n where O,, O, etc, are the mid-ordinates of the trapezium formed, 2. Average Ordinate Rule Are Area = Op +O) +--+ Oy 7 n4l where ©), ©, ..... are the ordinates of each trapezium. 3. Trapezoidal Rule «EL FOp FO | aza[® me 4, Simpson's Rule A= 3 NO, +0,) +440, +0, +..942(0, 40,4.) 5. Level Section +— 2 —_a FIGURE 16.16 A= (2h + nye 6. Two Level Section 2 Area in fill = 2+" Ar—n) (b+ rin? Area in cutting = mera -—#—a FIGURE 16.177. Three Level Section A= thy ht y Ws, +89 gabe (wed eal A = b—+1 4 FIGURE 16.19 Saber 8. Trapezoidal Formula Volume =) bt + A, +44 } ty 9. Prismoidal Formula Volume = Sta, +A, +2 EAgy +4 DA pel Il. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Aninstrument used for ranging is {ua} optical square D(H line ranger o {) clinometer Bid) pedometer. o 2. Survey plotting can be done with an accuracy of (a) 0.25 min OD ihosmm o (lim DB td tem. o 3. Achain may get elongated due to (a) change in temperature D (Pl difference in pull o ypening of rings Dt) kinks ir tines, o 4. Acchain is made up of mild steel or galvanised iron wire of diameter (a) 1mm 0 (h4mm Oo () 5mm O thtem, o7. 9, Th Im 13, 4 13. Handles of chains are made up of ia) mild steel OD (bi galvanised iron fc} brass: O(a) copper. Handles are connected to the link by ta) flexible joint OB (bh) rigic joint fe) ball andl socket joint Bt) swivel joint, Distance between two neighbouring brass rings is (a) Jess than 20cm, DO (h20cen fim Co (dsm ‘The length of an Engineer's chain is (a) 20m (by 33 feet fe) 66 feet Did) 100 feet. The length of a link of Gunter’s chain is (a) 20cm. o ihr te) Dap? OB td) 206s, Indirect ranging is adopted when the two ends of chain line are (a) mutually invisible CD (ti tow distant fe) ona sloping ground D(a) separated by a valley, o a A 30 m chain after measuring a distance of 6000 m was found to be 10 cm more than the designated length. If the chi the true length is (a) 4720 on O (60m fe) S000 Btu) 980m. A.20-m long chain when tested should not show an error exceeding (0) 2.mm per metee length and 5 mim in the overall length (2) 2mm per metre length and § mm in the overall Jength fe) 2mm per metre length and 2mm in the overall length (af) 2mm per metre length and 40 mm in the ewerall length, Drop arrow js used in fn) conventional chain survey DD (bh) measurements along slopes (c) measurement by methed of stepping =O (id) measuring with tape. Hypotenusal allowance is fa) (eee B- 1) = measured distance OD (bi (1 —sec 6) x measured distance fc) measured distance « (1 —-cos 6) D (i) measured distance cos 8. Hypotenusal allowance far a length of 50m when the slope is. 60° is ta) 17.82 m Bam te) 375m Bd) 50m. was standardised before the commencement of survey then oa oo0a00 oa16. mn 18. 19, 21 Correction for slope is rs = 5 5 “ys te) = Oo at o Distance between two stations A and # is 200 m whereas their difference in elevations is 2m. Hence horizontal distance between A and fis fa) 199m DB (hy 18m o fe) 199.99 D(a) 199-999 m. o Correct length of a 50 m tape, weighing 1.2 kg when a pull of 12 kg is applied at the ends and is freely suspended is (a) 49.98 m OD (M4896 o fe) 0.02 m O ws, o Survey is conducted at 40°C and the measured length was 5km, If the chain was standardised at 20°C and co-efficient of linear expansion of chain material is 0.3 x 107/9C, then the correct length is (a) 5000.15 m (hy 5000.38 o fe) 4999.70 m (i) 4999.85 m. o Correction for pull is ) =e og ic AlAxd a AE E tc) (P= PEAT DW cole o Pick up the most accurate statement from the following: {o) survey Tines in an area should be as many as possible o (6) number of base lines in an area is limited ta one o {c) rain chain lines should form well conditioned triangles o (i) oblique offsets are inferior to perpendicular offsets. o When a chain line encounters a river (a) chaining, is obstructed but ranging is free o (8) ranging is obstructed but chaining is free o {e) both ranging and chaining are obstructed o (ul) both ranging and chaining are free. o Reciprocal ranging fs adopted when the following is encountered : fa) a dense forest OD (ta hillock o fc) a river OD (d) a tall building. oD Convention for a telegraphic line is a o (ec) ————_—_2— 0s i T o FIGURE 16.2025, Convention for an embankment is WoLoLbe FIGURE 16.21 26. In Fig. 16.22, if chainage of A is 400 m, chainage of Dis (a) 360m O (arm (c) 423 mn OB td) 440m. a co & 20m c FIGURE 16.22 FIGURE 16,27 27. In Fig, 16.23, AD = (a) 700 Dh yai00 (oh 3800 Ow) vis. 28. In Fig. 16.24 if bearing, of PQ is 287° and QR is 62°, then PR = (a) 40 em Dhan (c) 120 m Dia) tem.31. 37. In Fig. 16.25 if chainage of A is 500.000, chainage of D is ia} 507.200 DO iby 512800 (c} 533.333 Di) 525.000, In Fig. 16.26 width of the river (CD) is ta) 57.74 OB (b63.29m fe) 65.67 m 6 ia) 34.60 m. c 100 m FIGURE 16.26 If bearing of OA = 20°, and bearing af OB = 120°, then AOR fay 1 Oo ae te) 280° CO uy a. If bearing of AB = 40°, bearing of BC = 300°, then ZABC = ta) a0 Gib) 100° fo) 260° Bay rao, If bearing of AB = N 10° W, bearing of BC = N 80° W, then 2ABC = (ay ue re et te) 110 Gt 250". If bearing of AB = N 30° W, bearing of BC = N 40° E, then 2ABC = tay 10° Otro fc) 110° 0 tgp 170". If the bearing of AB = N 40° E, and bearing of BC = 370° E, then 2ABC = ta) 30° Oo inv fey 0P tay 150°. ABCD is a square. Bearing of AB © 411°. Hence bearing af DC is (a) 40° Oth 130° te) 220° Day 310". ABC is an equilateral triangle. If bearing of AB is 150°, then bearing of AC is fay 120 DB thaw toy 270" Bia) 330°. In the triangle POR of Fig. 16.27 bearing of PQ is 30°. Then bearing af RP is ia) 30° Dib) 100° fe) 150° DB tay 260°.ce 4 a2 a A é\ a E 8 Lyn mA P A P FIGURE 16.27 FIGURE 16.28 ABCDE in Fig, 16.28 is a regular pentagon. If bearing of AB is 100°, then deflection angle at Bis (a) TER BD (bir o fe) TPR O(a) 172K. oO In Fig. 16.29, if bearing of AB is 190°, bearing of DE E s = a a0 eo" FIGURE 16.29 {a} 40° OG (hor o fc) 240° OD td) sue. o. Ina closed traverse ABC, the following readings were taken, Lime Fore herring Back bearing AB 1 2ea? aC none am CA ar ae Ifstation A is free from Ineal attraction, correct bearing of CB is fa) 275" DB (waver o te) 277° Oar. o ‘The magnetic bearing of a line is N 88* E, Its true bearing is S 89° E, Therefore, its magnetic declination is fa) 20 oO (wow o oP D (aot. o A freely floating needle slightly gets inclined to the horizontal anywhere except on the equator, It is called {a) declination BD (hdip B {e) local attraction 0 (d) secular variation. o44. The graduations ona Surveyor’s Compass are N 180" tayw evr soe Dt) wpe E r N e a) oe 45> fowpsoranefe D ihe £9 FIGURE 16.30 45. Isogonic lines are the lines having the same ia) elevation: Oth) bearing (c) declination OD id)dip. 46. The variation of magnetic declination within a day is called (a) diurnal variation Oth) irregular variation (c) annual variation Od) secular variation, 47. Local atiraction at a place may be due to (a) key bunches OD tb) steel buttons (e) current carrying bare wire DD idbeloctric storm, 48, The amount of correction due to local attraction at a place {a} is.a constant for all bearings (8) varies with the bearing {c} changes from time te time (id) sometimes additive and sometimes subtractive, 49. An instrumental error im compass survey is because of in) inaccurate levelling (8) variation in declination (ec) no counter weight provision to counteract dip: {if} local attraction due to bare current carrying conductors. 50, The technique of plotting all the accessible stations with a single sef up of plane table i called (a) radiation Bd) intersection (e) resection Bid) traversing. 51. Radiation plane table survey is the best suited when. (a) distances are long bout accessible CD (bi) distances are short and accessible (c) distances are long and inaccessible Df) distances are short but inaccessible. oa oo0oa o o o o is o52. Intersection is preferred to radiation when {a) the points are inaccessible 1D (Bh itis not possible to measure any distance {e) the points are too far and invisible D(a) the Lengths are too short, Do o When the slation is outside the great lriangle but inside the great circle then the position of the instrument station 'p’ is " LX - Ny [i ——/ ) SE” : ay — J) FIGURE 16.37 “The strength of fix’ is poor when (a) the station is within the great triangle {(}) the station is outside the great cirche [e) the station is within the great circle but outside the great triangle (a) the station is.on the great citcle, An advantage af plane tabling is fa) it is a tropical instrument OD (hy ithas many accessories {c) plotting is done outdoor 1D () chances to miss details are bess, A disadvantage of plane table survey is. {a) it is heavy, cumbersome and awkward to-carry (6) if cannot be used in wet climate {e) details may not be available while redrawing toa different scale (al) accessories are likely to be lost. An example for a level surface is {a) surface of easth DB (by surlace of sea {c) surface of a reservoir D(a) surface of a still lake, Level line and horizontal line are (a) the same for longer distances, B (t) both straight lines (e) newer the same (i) same for smaller lengths. ooo0 oo oooa oo2 A plumb line is (a a vertical line OD (tia tine parallel ty a vertical line o (c)a line perpendicular to level line DD (d)a line perpendicular to the horizontal line. Line of collimation {a} is the same as line of sight o (B] the line joining point of intersection of cross hairs and optical centre of object glass o (c) the geometrical axis of the telescope o (d) the fine parallel to the bubble tube axis. o The very first reading taken is called (a) back sight DB (ti fore sight o (c) intermodiate sight OD W)invert o Achange point is (a} the weey first station o (b) the last station o (c) the intermediate station where FS. and B.S. are taken o (d) the station after which the instrument is shifted. o A levelling station is a place where (a) the level is set up D1 (fi) the level staff is held o (e) both BS. and B.S. are taken DD (d) temporary adjustments are dune, o The telescope of a Dumpy level (a) is rigidly fixed to the levelling head o (can be tilted ina vertical plane o (c} can be taken out of its supports and reversed o (d) permits interchange of eve piece and object glass. o Pick up the odd statement (a) temporary adjustments of the Dumpy level are to be performed at every set up o iH) the eye piece need not be adjusted after the fizst set up when the same surveyoris taking readings o (c} parallax error is completely eliminated when there is no change in the staff neading when the eye is moved up and down oD (d) focus the objective towards a white or bright background for the clear visibility of crosshairs, O A Bench mark is a (a) reference point 0 (bi) the very first station o (e) the Last station where thesurvey closes CO (i) point of known elevation. o The correct position of holding staff is a) held veetical o 4b] held vertically and swung to left and right and the least reading, is recorded o (c) held vertically and swung towards and away from the person holding and the highest reading is recorded o Ad) held vertically and swung towards and away by the person holding it and the least reading, is recorded. o3 “Cross-section” and “Longitudinal sectioning” is (a) simple levelling OD (P) differential levelling o {c) profile levelling, Did) check levelling, o Height of instrument method of booking readings is adopted La} when less number of intermediate sights exist o (b) in profile levelling, o {e) in reciprocal levelling o (a) in differential levelling o An invert is taken when the point is lay having high elevation tb) abewe the line of sights o Ic) below the line of sight Od) below ground level, o Ina survey it was recorded that E Rise = 0, then: {a} the ground is sloping 1D (8) itis continuously rising o (c} it is continuously falling 0 id) the survey had many invert readings. o When the staff is held on.a BM. of RE 100.0000, the staff reading was 2.000, When the staff is held on station P, the reading was 3.000, Hence height of the instrument is (a) 100.000 Ot) 102000 o fe) 108.000 Dt) 99.000. o The following readings correspond to the check at the end of a page of level field book but they are not given in the order, They represent a continuously rising ground 100.000, 6.000,.0.000, 106.000, 13.000, 7.000. Hence in the above £85 = ia) 000 BD qe. o (ic) 7.000 Dt) 13000. o In the above © Rise = a} 0.000 Dé) éan0 o (e) 7.000 Dé) 13.000. o Ten readings were recorded in a level field book, If the instrument was shifted after 2nd and 6th readings, then the fore sights are a} Ist, Sed and 7th readings (6) 2nd, 6th and Nth readings o (c) 2nd and #th readings OD td) Sd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 1th readings. The following readings were taken on a uniformly sloping ground 0.500, 1.000, 1-500, 2.000, 1.2000, 1.700, 2.200, 2.700. Hence difference in elevation between the first and last station is (a) L700 (fall) OD (bh) 2.200 (fall) o fe) 2.800 Dit) 3.000 cally o In the above case E Rise = (a) 0.000 oO (2.500 o fc) 3.000 Oi) 0.800. o7% Due to curvature of earth the object (a) looks higher than itis (c} looks as it is (a) 0.0012 my (ce) 0.0785 m (a) 0.0012 (c} 0.0785 m 1. In Fig. 16.32, “dip of horizon” is aya ) OB OA () Se ca (35 AB (oa 82. A luminous object on the top of a hill 100 m high is just Wi Dib) looks lower than it is. Dit) books curved Correction for curvature fur a distance of |-km = OB tb 0.0673 m BO id) 0.0673 km. 80, Correction for refraction for a distance of 1 km = Dh 0.0673m Di) 0.0673 km, o o o o o 6 o o a o FIGURE 16.32 ible above the horizontal ata certain station at the sea level. The distance between the station and the hill is (a1 3.853 km OO itaesa* V0T km o (c) 38.53 ken OW) 385.3 km. o 83, Correct staff readings at A and 8 in the following cases are Level at Seaffat A Staff 8 Remarks c 4.000 2.000 AC = CB, AB = 100m D S000 105 Dis 20m along BA produced 2 AB= 20m, BD = 120m. (a) 3.050 and 1.050 OD (b) 2.990 and 0.990 o () 3.000 and 1.000 DW) 3.060 and 16x). o 4. Ina reciprocal levelling the following readings were taken : Stiff Rewdin Unstricimen! nevrer te iP a Q Pp 1.200 1.000 Q 3.000 340087, Given RL of P = 50.000, then R.L. of Qis fa) 49.800 (bh 49.000 (c) 50.100 O(a) 50.200, o o In profile levelling, staff readings on two neighbouring pegs 20m apart are 1.200 and 1.000 respectively. Therefore, the proposed road had a (a) rising gradient of 1 in 100 DD (t) falling gradient of 1 in 100 (e) rising gradient of 1 in 20 D1 (ui) falling gradient of 1 in 20, An example for instrumental error in levelling is {o) earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction (6) collimation ecror [e) wearing of shoe of level staff (a) defective tripod. When the temperature rises, length of bubble fs) remains unaltered (6) decreases: fe) increases {of} sometimes increases and sometimes decreases, Sensitiveness of bubble tube can he increased by (o) using viscous liquid D(H reducing length of tube {e) increasing diameter of the tube D1 (i) reducing internal radius of the tube Sensitiveness of Bubble tube 3 Oo th D> Rs Bo ms. A contour map of the area is essential before proceeding with the construction of {a} a building D (Haswimming pool tc)adam DO (a)a bridge. Reciprocal levelling eliminates (a) collimation error (0) collimation, curvature and refrection error {c) curvature and refraction error (q) collimation and curvature error fully and refraction error partly. Contour lines a) end abruptly DB (bleras each other {c) are uniformly spaced 1D (i) close somewhere, Contour lines look to cross each other in case of (a) an overhanging cliff DO (ha dam of vertical face {e) a steep hill DD Uijadeep valley. oo ooaa ooaa oa oo oooo ooww 8 Section AA indicates »—t—— 80 : a> ' ae A H 8 FIGURE 16.33 ia] steep slope Dib) flat slope (c) uniform slope Diy ridge. These V-shaped contours represent (Fig, 16.34) (a) a ridge OC tbavalley (ch an overhanging cliff o FIGURE 16.34 FIGURE 16,344, The above figure represents (Fig, 16.344) (a) a hillock D (blavalley (cha saddle Dida reservoir. Pick up the odd statement (a) contours give the topography of the area (bh) intervisibility between two points can be judged from a contour map (c} quantities of earthwork can be computed from the contour map (d) for a vertical cliff contours secm to cross each other, Ina theodolite the line of collimation is (a) parallel to axis of plate levels 1D {b} parallel to the vertical axis (c) perpendicular to the trunnion axis D (d) parallel to the horizontal axis, opo0aoa oo ogam. 102. 103, 104, 105, 106. 107, Ina transit theodolite error due to eccentricity of verniers is counteracted by (a) reading both the vemiers (P) reading different parts of main scale (ch reading right and left faces (i) taking buth right swing and left swing readings. Right face and left reading are taken to (a) get the correct reading (Hh) eliminate error of trunnion axis not exactly horizontal (c) eliminate error in vertical axis (d) eliminate error in the line of collimation. Axis of altitude level is (a) parallel to trunnion axis D (ti perpendicular to the vertical axis (c) parallel to the line of collimation (a) perpendicular to plate levels, A 15cm theodolite means (a) length of the telescope is 15cm. (ty height of standards is 18cm (ch diameter of lower plate is 15 cm 1D (i) radius of upper plate is 15 em. The most commonly used set of theodolite operations are (a) right face and right swing, DB (ti right tace and left swing, (ch left face and right swing D(a) left face and left swing Left swing is not much favoured in theodolite survey because (a) most of the surveyors are accustomed to right hand (bit is inconvenient to turn the telescope anticlockwise (ch the readings increase clackwise (@) vertical scale comes to an inconvenient position to be read. Ina closed traverse the algebraic sum of deflection angle is (ay oF CO (hae (eh (ie = dy x OP D(a) +4) x 90, When intemal angles are to be subtended by a theodolite survey for closed traverse (a) traverse should run clockwise (P) traverse should go counter clockwise (c) traverse may go either way (a) exterior angles are measured when the taverse goes anti-clocks When the first object is to be focussed, the scale is set to 0° 00°00" ane! then oo oa oo000 oboaa oa obo00 ooo0ag ja} the upper screw is fived, lower screw released, the object sighted, lower screw fixed and lower tangent screw operated {hy both the clamp screw fixed, lop tangent screw operated o o {c} bottom clamp screw fixed, top screw released, object sighted and upper tangent screw operated o108. 109. 110. m1. 12. 113, 14. 115. (d) object is exactly bisected by operating both the upper and lower tangent serews whichever is convenient, o Can the vertical axis coincide with any other axis in any position of telescope? (a) Yes, with the geometric centre of level head (b) Yes, with the axis of altitude levels {e) Yes, with line of collimation (a) No impossible, For a transit theadolite the least reading on the main scale is 20’. If its vernier scale should read 20°, then oooo la} 59° on the main scale are divided into (ih equal parts o (b) 20° on the main scale are divided into 60 equal divisions o fe) 19° 40" on the main scale are divided into 60 equal parts o (a) 20° 2 on the main scale are divided inte 60 equal parts. o Tacheometry is best suited (a) where chaining is impossible Db) for poputaus areas o fe) in broken grounds Dd) foe extremely accurate survey. o When the line of sight is inclined at 6 to the horizontal and staff is held vertical then horizontal distance is rts eapea) By Sscosvey +e) B i 3 te} pee Ba fs dh coe o wh foerg en cos + Asin d o t * ‘The desirable multiplying and additive constants fow a tacheometer (a) 100 and 0.3 Ot) 50and 05m o fe) 100 and Om Dt) 200.and 0.15 m. o For tacheometer focal length of object glass is 20 cm, distance between object glass and trunnion axis is 10 cm, Spacing between the outer lines of diaphragm = 4 mm, If the staff intercepts are 1.1100 (top) and 2.500 (middle) when the line of collimation is perfectly horizental then, horizontal distance between the stalf station and instrument station is (a) 75.3, O th) 78m o fe} 150.3 m DB hisam. Annallactic lens is provided a fa) between diaphragm and ubject glass (8) exactly at the line of intersection of vertical and horizontal axes {c} just before objective oooag (al between eyepit Anallactic lens is provided bo (a) nullify both the constants of tacheometer (bh) render additive constant zero sand diaphragm. oo116. 7. m8. 119. (e) make multiplying constant as 100 and additive constant as zero o Ua) improve visibility. o Anallactic lens is a (a) convex lens O (f) concave lens o (e) compound concave and convex lens =O) plain lens, o In a tacheometer provided with anallactic lens distance between object glass and vertical axis is 15 cm. Focal length of the objective is 15.cm and that of anallactic lens is 10cm, Hence distance between the two lenses is (a) 17,.5.cm O (25cm o fe) Mem OB td) doom. o For a tacheometer focal length of object glasses = 20.cm. Focal length of anallactic lens = 10 cm. Distance between objective and vertical axis = 15 cm. Spacing between outer lines of diaphragm = 2 mm. If the intercept is 2 m when the line of sight is horizontal, horizontal distance between the instrument and staff is fay 10m. Oi) 1003 m o () 200m OD tf) 200.3 m. Oo The stadia intercept on a fixed hair instrument vertically held is 1m. [fits constants are B00 and 0.5 and total number of turns are 16, the horizontal distance between the instrument and target is (a) 5.5m. O (505m o tc) 55m (dt) 500.5 m, a If the length of subtense bar between the extreme targets is 3 mand the angle measured is 3°, then the horizontal distance between the instrument and staff is la) im O (Ham o (9 AE tf) 206065 m, D Ina tacheometer the central hair reading was 2 m when the angle of elevation was tan“ 0.2 and 3m when the angle of elevation was tan! 0.25, Hence the horizontal distance between the instrument and staff is lay am O wsm o fc) 20m DO ()272.22m. Point of tangency is the o (a) beginning of the curve (b) end of the curve {c} common point where the radius changes ooaa {a} common point where the radius and direction changes. In the above question (121) case, difference in elevation between the instrument and staff is (Fig, 16.35) (aj am OC th)444m ic) 5m 0 id) 555m. o o14, 125, 126. ‘127, 128. 129, 130. a. 132, T Ts a FIGURE 16.35 Ina simple curve, ‘External distance’ is the distance between (a) vertex and middle point of the curve — D_ {bj vertex and the centre of the curve o (c) vertex and point of curve D(a) point of curve and point of tangency, Bo If the curve in Fig. 16.35 is a right hand curve, then T, is called (a) point of intersection O (é) point of tangency a (c) point of curve 0 td) forward tangent point. o The angle subtended by @ 20 m are at the centre is {in metric system) 146 S570 (a) a o ih - o S73 171R88 a DW o If the radius of a circular curve is 1M! m, deflection angle is 90", then the length of tangent is (a) 0 707m o (c} 100 m Dis o The length of curve in the problem 127 is (a) 50m Gib 157m 6 (ce) 100 Ot) 3idm. 5 The length of the lang chord in problem 127 is (a) 50m O (h707m o (c) 100. m DO (i) ttm. o Apex distance in problem 127 is (a) 29.29:m OB ib 4lddm o (c) O70 mm D(a) 141.40 m o Mid-ordinate for the curve in Fig. 16.35 is (a) 29.29 m OC ih 4140m ao (c) F070 m DW) 157.00 m o In Fig. 16.36, O, = Db Rona? = yRP-P o Ow fk? - (1-97? -1k-O) o133, 1. 135. 134, 2} FIGURE 16.36 FIGURE 16.57 In Fig, 16.37, 0, = x(2f- x) 2x(t— 2x) fa) RD oO (tl R o x tak Oo Way o To set a right hand compound curve subtending angles o. and fi at the centre, the initial reading of the theedolite at the point of common tangency is tag Dos o o_ fe fe) san - > DB (aya o By Rankine’s method deflection angle & = itaasc isi79C (3) SES aegrees DHE dogroes o Wx aR () 2 degrees DW) ge deans. o In Fig. 16.38, T, = sina sin et +1) DO, +,44) Oo Daye, + Gettin o ‘sin (ee 4B) FIGURE 16.38137. 138. 134, 140, 141, 142, 143. 144. 145. A reverse curve of radii R and ris to be set in between two parallel straights separated by a distance ‘y’. If ‘a’ is the angle subtended at the centre then y = (a) {R + ry (L - cos a) Dib MR -r}cos o [e)(R + reese BD th R-r) 0 + e080). o Ina reverse curve of Fig, 16.39, h = fa} 1R +r) Cl - coe Oy OD ih (k+rptan o Gl) (R+ Fy sin a (c) UR +e) sin = fe) UR + rp nS FIGURE 16.39 In Fig, 16.39, AB = ta) (R +71 (1 cos) O f)tR+ ryan} a 2K rin 2 D GR +rsing. o Fora reverse curve between two parallel straights separated by 30 m and having a central angle of 60°, radii are equal. They are each to) 15m O (30m o te) 6m Gd) 51.96 m. o Ia 3% downgrade curve is followed by a 1% upgrade curve and the rate of change of grade is 0.1% per 20 m length, then the length of vertical curve is fa) 100m OC (bh) 200m o fc) 400 mm DO td) 00m. o An instrument used to find slapes of ground is fa) planimeter Oth clinometer o fc) box sextant O (¢) pantograph. o An instrument that can be used as an optical square (a) Ceylon ghat tracer Db) box sextant o fe) tangent clinometer Did) cinometer o Pick up the odd instrument fa) Abney clinometer Did) tangent clinemeter o fc) Ceylon ghat tracer DD iybox sextant, o Pick up the odd instrument (a) prismatic compass DO tb) theadolite o {c) box sewtant Dif) dumpy level o146, 147, 14a. 149, 150, ‘151. 153. 1s. 155. For the Abney elinometer the semi-circular arc is graduated as (a) 0° to 180 DD (s)0" to 90F to? o fc) SF to to 90 Df) 0F to 140°, o To use the Abney clinometer as Abney level the yernier should read fa) ae OB (hou o fe) Por 180° o (df) iL not possible ta use chinometer as hand level o Te instrument resembling an alidade is fa) box sextant OD (hi Ghat tracer o {e) tangent clinometer D(a) Abney level. o A tangent clinometer was set up at A of RLL. 100.00. When it was sighted to B 200 m away from. A, the object vane read ~ 0.05, If the height of instrument (at A) is 1.2 m, RUL. of Bis: ta) 20 OB (his o fe) 101,25, Oo wim: o Ceylon Ghat tracer can read slopes up to 1 1 1 ts) wn to 2 either way Dit bw eitheretevation or depression ye dcig Di ncgry ‘ het (0) iy to Hsing or falling, Dh gay & ap URwards or downwards 5 The horizon glass of the box sextant is {a) fully silvered O (8) full plane o fc) half silvered and half plane D(a) concave in shape to form sharp image. o If the angle between index glass and horizon glasses of a box sextant is 400° the horizontal angle between A and B sighted by itis a) 20° Bihan o fe) ar OC wer. o The instrument used to reproduce plans to a different scale is called (a) planimeter OD (helinometer o fc) Ghat tracer 0 (i) pantograph. o ‘To reproduce the given map toa small scale, positions of pointer and pencil in a pantograph are (a) pointer is to the longer arm and pencil to the shorter aem. D (0) pointer to the shorter arm and pencil to the longer aem, o (c) both pointer and pencil are to the two differunt short arms o (d) both the pointer and pencil are to the two different long arms, pencil being fixed and pointer adjusted to the scale, o An important rule in using pantograph is {o) pointer, pencil and weight should fall in a straight line (8) pointer should never be put on the short arm fc) the arm on to which the weight is attached should never move (@) pencil is always attached to the arm on which the scale is marked. ooa0a157, 158, ‘159, ‘160, 161, In the mid-ordinate rule, Area = fa) AEA Ay Dw eRe st siding n+l ie) eh 60, ++ +04 xd O Ua) [Op +O,) + 4D, +04 + 940, +O, + ag. Simpson's rule states that Area = a) (0 +0 +... + Oy +g) (ty (DA Det mt Ona Oe ) overall length (AHO 5 +O) + HO} 405 tu) 22 HO Hou, Fora level section area of a trapezoidal cut when base width is ‘20, side slopes are 1 V and vertical depth is h, is (a) (b+ aly Oy (b+ ni fe) (2+ reir DB Gi) b+ ht) x 2h, Area of the section ig. 16.40 is ta) (2B + hh + bbe) 2 fe Db) Pb + dtr + SbverEy oe (a? — 2 ner? + bhp?) th? + hee? 2 rey {rel + rier” + baie") Oo tw al + nile” + Qk’ wat r fa FIGURE 16.40 FIGURE 16.41 Area of fillin Fig, 16.41 is ae_[d (b= ely? Weil) eo tht ah : ) San OO (d)gh+ rij? + 2(r+ mp. Area of the section Fig. 16.42 is a ff, + fg) + fh ach, + rhb tb) 2tuh, + Ay) + Qils, + 34) fo) by ty +A s, +) o (Sy eg) + A 5, #5).162. 4a FIGURE 16.42 According to prismoidal formula, volume U = (a) [Ay + A, +e Ay) o HS [arsanttS Aust? ¥, de] 5 (rd aot AMY Dw tae2 DA ttE Aen] 8 HW, TRUE/FALSE Ina spherical triangle the sum of the three angles need not be equal to two right angles, Geodetic surveying takes into account the curvature of the earth. Cadastral survey is the same as topographical survey where the boundaries of features as fields, houses etc., are demarked. Mud clogging of links renders the chain longer, Invar Is an alloy of steel and nickel which has very low co-effickent of expansion While pulling the chain, the less experienced man shall be the leader while the more experienced surveyor should be at the rear end of the chain, For chaining on sloping grounds, “stepping” method is adopted when the fall is not greater than 1.8m. In surveys along hill slopes, if is desirable to proceed up the hill nather than down the hill, Compensating errors are proportional to the distance measured whereas cumulative errors are to the square rool of distance measured. Chain survey is based on the principle of triangulation, Chain survey is the best suited when the plane is to be plotted to a smalll scale. A triangle is said to be well conditioned when any of its angles is greater than 30° but less than 120°. An offset is called long, when its length exceeds 15 m. When a map is drawn to a smaller scale more number of offsets are to be taken. The needle of prismatic compass is called a “fast needle". In either prismatic compass or surveyor’s compass, the eye vane and sight vane move effectively but not the needle,FO RE BREBBES BER RS Ing prismatic compass zero is marked at the northern end of the graduated ri It is customary to take magnetic bearings in geodetic survey, “Azimuth” is another name to the true bearing of a line: Local attraction is more in urban areas than in rural areas. “Dip” is nil on the equator whereas it is 4° at poles, “Agonic lines” are imaginary lines connecting stations of zero declination. Variation in magnetic declination is the maximum in hot weather and the least in cold weather, Amount of magnetic declination is the maximum due to diurnal variation, In plane table surveying orientation by magnetic needle is more accurate than orientation by back sighting. Radiation method of plane table survey is the best suited when a single station with a commanding view is available and the area to be surveyed is small, Twa point problem gives more accurate results than the three point problem. Ina three point problem when the station is situated om the circumference of the great circle, the rays Ag, Bb and Ce will intersect at one point even when the plane table is not oriented “Strength af fix” is good when the instrument station is nearer te the periphery of the great circle. “Height of the instrument” is the height of axis of the telescope above ground level. The eve piece need not be adjusted more than once when the same person is operating the dumpy level Rise and fall system is adopted for profile levelling. Any page of a level field book should begin with a back sight and end with a fore sight irrespective of setting up of a level. By equalising, fore sight and back sight distances, error due to collimation curvature and refraction are nullified. Because of the effect of refraction, objects appear lower than they really are, While levelling across a hill it is advantageous to set the level on the peak as to complete levelling quickly. Length of bubble increases with temperature. Contour is the imaginary line joining points of equal elevation, Horizontal equivalent for any two consecutive contours shall be the same throughout the map. Fora ramp sloping in the same direction with no break of slope, contour lines are uniformly spaced parallel straight lines. Contour lines merge in case of a vertical (retaining) wall or a dam across a reservoir. Contour lines cross each other in case of an overhanging cliff. In any level the line of sight should be parallel to the bubble axis. Ina dumpy level line of collimation must coincide with the axis of the telescope. A box sextant becomes an optical square when the angle between the two mirrors is 45°Pantagraph may be highly effective in reducing maps and reproducing them to the same scale but less efficient in enlarging them. “Alidade” of a theodolite is nothing but the upper plate containing standards supporting the telescope. ‘The azimuthal bubble tube can be levelled by the clip screw When the telescope is to the right of the vertical circle—it is called face right, By observing face right and face left readings error due to imperfect graduations on plate scales is easily avercome. Vertical axis of a theodolite should be at right angles to the trunnion axis, The angle between line of collimation and vertical axis can be anywhere between 0° and 90". ‘The line of collimation is ahways perpendicular to the horizontal axis. The internal focussing telescope has a double concave lens which moves forward and backward when focussing is done. ‘The eye piece of a telescope consists of two plano-convex lenses with convex faces towards each other, While measuring a number of horizental angles the telescope is further swung in the same direction to read the first station again. When the traverse cums clockwise interior angles are measured and when it runs counterclockwise exterior angles are measured. Ina closed traverse sum of the exterior angles = (2-4) x right angles. Prismoidal correction = Volume obtained by Trapezoidal formula — Volume obtained by Prismoidal formula. ‘The angle subtended by a 30 m are is i“ . 8 Length of the long chord of a simple circular curve is 2R sin >. The maximum deflection angle for a circular curve = intersection angle. For a simple curve deflection angle of the long chord = t x intersection angle, A transition curve begins with zero radius and ends with the radius of circular curve. The radius of curvature of a transition curve varies inversely as the distance from the beginning, of the curve. Tacheometry is ideally suited when very high accuracy is required. Subtense method |s a movable hair method of tacheometry. Anallactic lens is nat required for the internal focussing telescopes. An anallactic lens absorbs same incident light on it, Inastadia tacheometer, the tacheometric angle is always constant irrespective of the distance. Subtense method is more accurate than stadia method for longer distances.ANSWERS Objective Type Questions Lib) Bc) Ate) 5. (c) 6. Ut) 7 te) 9. te) 10. ta} 1 (6 1 ta) 13. (c) 15, (il) 16. fa) 1. fe) 18. fa) 19. £6) ‘2. fc) 22. (a) 23. (0) 24. (a) 25.(0) 2 (a) 28. (0) Bic) 30. (rt IL (a) 33. fc) 34. fe) 3B. tc) 36. (9) 37. (6) 39. (a) 40. (2) 4 id) 42. (6) 43. (0) 4. (al) 45. (¢) 46. (2) 47. (ec) 48. (a) 49. fe) 50. in} 51. ib) 52. (a) 53. it} SH. ith 58, Ut) 56. (c) 57. tt) 58. tit) 54 fc) ‘60. (b} #1. (a) #2. (6) 83. (6) 84. (0) 85. (d) 86. (i) 67. ial) 68. fc} 64. (6) 70. (6) TAL fe) 72. (b) 73. (i) TA. fe) 75. (0) 76. (it) TF. (a) 78. (0) 79. tc) 80. tn) SM. tet) 82. tc) 83. (6) ‘4. (6) 85, (a) a6, (b) a7, (b) #8, (c) 8%, (c) 90. (c) I fet) 92. (i) 93. (a) 94. (a) 95. (ot) 96. {c) 97. (aly 9B. fe) 99. (a) 100. (2) WL (e) 02. (c) 03. (e) WM. (ec) 05. (2) 06. (2) 17. {a} 08. (c) 09, (c) 110, (c) TLL (6) 112 (c) 113. (c) 114. (a) 115. (6) 11, (a) 117. (a) 1B. fe) 119. (b) 120. {ef ie) 122. (2) 123. (ec) 124. (u) 125. () 126. (1) 127. (e) 128, () 129. iil) 130. () 131. (a) 132. {uf} 133, (if) 134. (c) 135, (c) 136, (8) 137, (a) 138. (a) 139. fc) 140. (b) WAL (ct) 142. (b) 143. (b} 144. ft) 148, (it) 146. fc) 147, (a) 148. fc) 149. {) 150. (9) ©) 152. (i) 153. (i) 154, (0) 156. (a) 157. (il) 1158. (c) 159. ti) 160. (6) Ma. (il), True! False LT 2uT 3.7 4.F 5.T 6.1 aT a.F aT 10.T 1.F 12.7 13.7 14. F 15.F 16.T 1F 147 19.7 20.7 27 227 227 24. F 25. F 26. 2. 28.7 2.6 30. F 3LT 32.F 33.7 3.7 35.F 36. F a7.F 38.T 3a.F 40.T 4LT 42.7 43.7 4d. F 48.7 46.7 4.7 43.7 4.F 50. F SLT S2T 53.7 S47 35.7 56. T 37. F 58. F 3a. 60. F 6LT 62. F 63.7 61. F 65. 66. F 7.7 68.7 97 70.7 71.7.