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    02 - Lempeng Bumi

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    rehan
    The document provides an introduction to plate tectonics and discusses several key topics: 1) It describes the major tectonic plates that make up the Earth's surface and how they move and interact along boundaries. 2) Specific examples of plate boundary types are given, such as mid-ocean ridges where new crust is formed and subduction zones where plates sink into the mantle. 3) The devastating 2004 Sumatra earthquake is examined as a case study of plate tectonics, with the Indian plate subducting beneath the Burma microplate.

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    02 - Lempeng Bumi

    Uploaded by

    rehan
    53 views129 pages
    The document provides an introduction to plate tectonics and discusses several key topics: 1) It describes the major tectonic plates that make up the Earth's surface and how they move and interact along boundaries. 2) Specific examples of plate boundary types are given, such as mid-ocean ridges where new crust is formed and subduction zones where plates sink into the mantle. 3) The devastating 2004 Sumatra earthquake is examined as a case study of plate tectonics, with the Indian plate subducting beneath the Burma microplate.

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    02_Lempeng bumi

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    The document provides an introduction to plate tectonics and discusses several key topics: 1) It describes the major tectonic plates that make up the Earth's surface and how they move and interact along boundaries. 2) Specific examples of plate boundary types are given, such as mid-ocean ridges where new crust is formed and subduction zones where plates sink into the mantle. 3) The devastating 2004 Sumatra earthquake is examined as a case study of plate tectonics, with the Indian plate subducting beneath the Burma microplate.

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    53 views129 pages

    02 - Lempeng Bumi

    Uploaded by

    rehan
    The document provides an introduction to plate tectonics and discusses several key topics: 1) It describes the major tectonic plates that make up the Earth's surface and how they move and interact along boundaries. 2) Specific examples of plate boundary types are given, such as mid-ocean ridges where new crust is formed and subduction zones where plates sink into the mantle. 3) The devastating 2004 Sumatra earthquake is examined as a case study of plate tectonics, with the Indian plate subducting beneath the Burma microplate.

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    Pengantar Teknik Geofisika

    LEMPENG BUMI
    Oleh:
    Muhammad Syukri

    Program Studi Teknik Geofisika - Fakultas Teknik


    Universitas Syiah Kuala
    Geosains (Ilmu Kebumian)
    Relief Permukaan Bumi
    Tektonik Lempeng
    Courtesy of A. Dziewonski
    Tektonik Lempeng
    Penyebaran Lempeng Kerak Bumi
    Lempeng di sekitar Indonesia
    Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
    Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
    Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
    Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
    Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
    Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
    Jenis hubungan lempeng
    Jenis hubungan lempeng
    Zona Rifting (Peretakan/Pemisahan)
    San Andreas Rift Zone

    Elkhorn Plain, California, United States


    3/3/2005
    Pemekaran Samudera
    Pemekaran Samudera
    Subduksi (Penunjaman)
    Subduksi (Penunjaman)
    Implikasi dari penunjaman
    Pembentukan relief (beda morfologi)
    Tumbukan membentuk Himalaya
    Tektonik dan magmatisme
    Tektonik dan pembentukan batuan
    Tektonik dan kegempaan
    Batas Lempeng di Sumatera
    Zona Subduksi di Sumatera
    Relief Pulau Sumatera
    Batas Lempeng di Sumatera
    Pusat Gempa dan Gunung Api
    Tektonik Lempeng
    PLATE
    “Plate Tectonics,” The Basic Idea:
    Lokasi Lempeng Tektonik Utama
    Sejarah dan Proses Pembentukan
    Lempeng Tektonik Utama
    Plate Tectonics I: Ocean seafloor is created at
    mid-ocean ridges, where “plates” move apart.
    Plate Tectonics II: Ocean seafloor is eventually destroyed
    at subduction zones, where it sinks back into the mantle.
    A Global Map of Earthquakes Also Shows the Plate Boundaries
    For a large earthquake,
    seismic waves will
    continue to circle the
    Earth for weeks,
    making it reverberate
    like a gong.

    Courtesy of J. Tromp
    A CASE STUDY: THE DECEMBER
    26, 2004, SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE
    Burma Indian
    Microplate Sumatra Plate

    The process of subduction that has created Indonesia


    through volcanic activity, also makes it dangerous.
    INDIAN PLATE MOVES NORTH
    COLLIDING WITH EURASIA
    COMPLEX
    PLATE
    BOUNDARY
    ZONE IN
    SOUTHEAST
    ASIA

    Northward motion of
    India deforms all of
    the region

    Many small plates


    (microplates) and
    blocks
    The Indian plate
    subducts beneath
    the Burma
    microplate
    at about 50 mm/yr

    Earthquakes occur
    at the plate interface
    along the Sumatra
    arc (Sunda trench)

    These are
    spectacular &
    destructive results of
    many years of
    accumulated motion
    EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE 9

    Courtesy of IRIS

    Energy released ≈ 20 × 1017 Joules, or 475,000 kilotons


    (475 megatons) of TNT, or the equivalent of 23,000
    Hiroshima bombs.
    Energy released ≈ 20 × 1017 Joules, or 475,000 kilotons
    (475 megatons) of TNT, or the equivalent of 23,000
    Hiroshima bombs.
    Top Ten List of Earthquakes in the Past 100 Years.

    Location Date Magnitude

    1.Chile 1960 05 22 9.5


    2.Prince William Sound, Alaska 1964 03 28 9.2
    3.Andreanof Islands, Alaska 1957 03 09 9.1
    4/5.Kamchatka 1952 11 04 9.0
    4/5.West Coast of Northern Sumatra 2004 12 26 9.0
    6.Off the Coast of Ecuador 1906 01 31 8.8
    7.Rat Islands, Alaska 1965 02 04 8.75
    8.Assam – Tibet 1950 08 15 8.6
    9/10.Kamchatka 1923 02 03 8.5
    9/10.Banda Sea, Indonesia 1938 02 01 8.5
    Top Ten List of Earthquakes in the Past
    Jumlah Korban akibat Gempa Bumi
    10 Tahun Terakhir
    TSUNAMI SPEED IN
    DEEP WATER of
    depth d

    c = (gd)1/2
    g = 9.8 m/s2 d = 4000 m
    c = 200 m/s = 720 km/hr

    Tsunami generated
    along fault, where sea
    floor displaced, and
    spreads outward

    Reached Sri Lanka in 2


    hrs, India in 2-3

    Courtesy of K. Sataki
    Tsunami waves
    bend around
    “obstacles” like
    islands and
    peninsulas in a
    process called
    DIFFRACTION.
    The Tsunami Eventually Crossed All Oceans
    Seen safely from high ground, a wave of the 1960
    Chilean tsunami pours into Onagawa, Japan.
    Other Sources of Energy Can
    Cause Seismic Waves and
    Tsunamis…….
    Giant Eruption
    of Krakatau in
    1883.
    Krakatau Dulu dan Sekarang
    Seismic Imaging Has Allowed Us to
    Explore the Interior of Our Planet….
    Courtesy of A. Dziewonski

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