B Transformers CONCEPT REVIEW A transformer is a static device comprising cou- pled coils (primary and secondary) wound on com- mon magnetic core. The arrangement transfers elec- tric energy from one coil (primary) at a particular voltage level to the other coil (secondary) at an- other voltage level (in general) via the magnetic flux carried by the core. The schematic diagram of the transformer with explanatory labels is given in Fig. 3.1. (9), mutual flux. (3.4 BASIC RELATIONSHIPS All voltages and currents are sinusoidal. The de- vice is bilateral, i.e. electric energy can be made to flow in either direction with reversal of roles of the two coils. N, = number of primary turns NV, = number of secondary turns E, (e,) = primary induced emf Core (magnetic) Ne) + i Py, Me d+? Eye) Fon fl @)40°" Electric Machines E,(e,) = secondary induced emf Voy primary terminal voltage = secondary terminal voltage (9) = mutual core flux; @,,,, = maximum core flux = polarity mark Dotted ends of the two windings have the same polarity, ie. these ends will become simultaneously positive (or negative) due to induced emf. The reader should verify this by assuming the core flux tobe increasing (or decreasing) and applying Lenz’s law. 2, = load impedance 4 M&A & ME, @ (turn ratio, a constant) GB.) Itmeans E, and £) are in phase and are related in the direct ratio of turns. Sire oe eet rmenne Also "EN, 7 that voltage drops in transformer windings are small 2) Ey = V2 TFN O na, = 444 IN, Pax 3-3) Vaz, G4) Induced emf leads flux by an angle of 90°, Rah+t G5) where Ip = I, +]; G6) or exciting current = magnetizing current which establishes core flux + cur- rent component which corre- sponds to core loss. See the phasor diagram of Fig. 3.2. Also 82) when 7, = load component of primary current which is inverse turn ratio transforma- tion of secondary current; balances out Phasor Diagram of Exciting Current the opposing AT caused by the sec- ondary current so that the core flux established by the exciting current (AT, = Nj/,) does not change as the secondary is loaded. When the transformer is on no-load, /, = 0 or Es =0, therefore 1, (no-load) = Ty or no-load current = exciting current. 2 IDEAL TRANSFORMER The core is infinitely permeable (J,, = 0) and is loss-less (/, = 0). Thus J, = 0. ‘* Both windings have no resistance and there is no leakage flux; so no voltage drops in either winding. Figure 3.3 is representative of an ideal transformer (core is not shown). MMe Fig. 3.3. Ideal Transformerz a a -¢ (3.8) t = Na (3.8b) Also Vjf, = Vyl,; (AT (in) = AT (out) (3.8c) Impedance transformation a-(H) Zq=aZ, 39) = secondary impedance seen on primary side; impedance transforms in direct square ratio of turns (admittance trans- forms in inverse square ratio of turns) PN ee (2) 2,-4.2, (primary imped- i a dance seen on secondary side) (3.10) In many practical applications it is acceptable to regard a real transformer as an ideal transformer. Circuit Model (Equivalent Circuit) Figure 3.4 shows the approximate circuit model of a transformer. 9.3.4 Approximate Circuit Model of “Transformer G, = iron loss conductance (shunt magnetizing branch) agnetizing susceptance (inductive) R, = equivalent resistance as seen on primary side Br t@rner+ ns G11) r, and r, being primary and secondary resistances respectively. X, = equivalent reactance as seen in primary side =x, +@x,=3, + x5 (3.12) x, and x, being primary and secondary leakage reactances respectively. The transformer equivalent circuit can be simi- larly referred to the secondary side (impedances transform in direct square ratio of turns and admit- tances in inverse square ratio). It is convenient to drop the suffixes in the circuit model after sepa- rately recording the side to which the circuit is be- ing referred (see Fig. 3.5). + Fig 3.5 For voltage computation the magnetizing branch can be dropped and even the series resistance ig- nored. Hence the approximate circuit models of Fig. 3.6(a) and (b). Open-Circuit Test The equivalent circuit as seen on open-circuit test is given in Fig. 3.7. Applied voltage ‘Current drawn Power input = (3.13a) 3.13b)Electric Machines R x L ° —b -___] Fig. 3.7 Short-Circuit Test The equivalent circuit as seen during short-circuit test is drawn in Fig. 3.8. BPnl 6 Isc OR x ae en Vsc ae Applied voltage = Vsc. (a fraction of rated value) Current drawn = J. (nearly full load value) Power input = Ps. = P. (copper loss) (3.14a) r= Be, (G14) Use) X= /Z7-R* (3.14c) Efficiency Condition for maximum efficiency: ‘ore loss (constant) (3.15) % load for maximum efficiency = 100% | 7. » where Pug = full load copper loss or Voltage Regulation Vay - V2 % Voltage regulation = “2 x 100 3.16) where V,,,,= rated secondary voltage while supplying full-load at specified pf Vag = secondary voltage when load is thrown off Voltage drop = Vag — Vay = UR cos 9+ Xsin gy; + for lag- ging pf: ~ for leading pf @.17) 1 = secondary current R = equivalent resistance referred to secondary X = equivalent reactance referred to sec- ondary = power factor angle Per unit (pu) voltage regulation = R(pu) cos $# X(pu) sin ¢ (3.18) where when Ropu) = #2; V, =rated secondary voltage - 3.19a) X(pu) = m (3.19b) A For maximum voltage regulation cos ¢= F__; lagging pf (3.20) R+X?For zero voltage regulation tan @ leading pf. x (3.21) AUTOTRANSFORMER The autotransformer connection is shown in Fig. 3.9. (3.22) (3.23) VA (two winding) = (V, - V,) 1, VA (Auto) = Vil, = Voly Transformers |) 43 Also at = ae (3.24) 1 1 V; N; i =H (3.25) Iteasily follows that VA (auto) > VA (two winding) (3.26) '3:4_DELTA-STAR TRANSFORMER ‘The delta-star transformer connection is shown in Fig. 3.10. The voltage and current transformation ratios are Vaine (Star) _ V3 View elta) a or) and Fine (Sta) 6.27) Thine (delta) ~ J Phase shift on star side with respect to delta side = +30° (in this connection). WORKED EXAMPLES 3.1 The emf per turn of a 1-92200/220 V, 50 Hz transformer is approximately 12 V. Calcu- late (a) the number of primary and second- ary turns, and (b) the net cross-sectional area of core for a maximum flux density of 1.5 T. Solution: (a) emf per turn = 12 V MoM i or MNT RY @ae Electric Machines Also. V,=2200V; V,=220V ‘Therefore, from (i) we have VY _ 2200 _ . w= 7b = BO = 193.33 =183 (turns cannot be fractional) oe v _ 20 Simitarly, Ny= Vo = 720 = 18.33=18 0) V,=E,=444, Pas -_" _ 12 OF Sma FAA fN, = F44x50 = 0.054 Wb A, = Sox. = 9.054 . 0.036 m? Box 15 3.2 A 100 kVA, 100/230 V, 50 Hz transformer has an HV winding resistance of 0.1 Q anda leakage reactance of 0.4 ©. The LV winding thas a resistance of 0.006 Q and a leakage re- actance of 0.01 ©. Find the equivalent wind- ing resistance, reactance and impedance re- ferred to the HV and LY sides. Convert these to pu values. Solution: HY suffix 1, LV suffix 2 + 4% =0.14j04)9 B =r +) Xp = (0.006 + j 0.01) Q 2 Beary + ftp) = (a9) (0.006 + j 0.01) = (0.137 + j 0.229) Q Z (HY) = 3+ 2% = (0.237 + j 0.629) 2 Similarly Za=9+3 (22) (0.1 +j0.4) + (0.006 + j 0.01) = (0.0104 + j 0.0275) 2 Since pu value is the same whether referred to HV or LY side, referring it only to HV winding, we get: Zq (base impedance referred to HV winding) KVR WMVA)s * 100x107 =12.19 Z,(HV) = bd 100 x10 0.237 + j 0.629 12.1 = (0.019 + j 0.052) pu esa zi 2m (HV) = Similarly Z, = (LV) = = 0.5292 0.0104 + j 0.0275 0529 = (0.0196 + j 0.052) pu =Z,,(HV) (notice) 3.3 A 50 kVA, 2200/110 V transformer when tested gave the following results: OC test, measurements on the LV side: 400 W, 10 A, 110 SC test, measurements on the HV side: 808 W, 20.5 A,90 V ‘Compute all the parameters of the equivalent circuit referred to the HV and LY sides of the transformer. Solution: OC Test (LV a Zyy (LY) = By = (y§ — GP) = 0.0848 B SC Test (HV side) = Pe = 4390Transformers 45. it 1930 3.940 9,865 x 10.2 bd a ic TPF Tigatrc y yh ! [Fs | | a3 Eaten cou cfr HV side uve obo refed o LV i (a) (b) Fig. 3.41 Equivalent Circuit Referred to HV Side, Equivalent Circuit Referred to LV Side R= =193Q f 625 2369" A (0: era X=(2- RS =3.946 0 Yu ¥¢= 200] 2. Transformation ratio, Ni. — 2200 _ 99 M10 a Equivalent circuit referred to HV side a 1y Solution: _ G(HV) = 0.091 x (35) =2.28 x 1040 Zu = (0.01 +} 0.02) 2 nv) = 4-2 _ La009 B,(HV) = 0.0331 x (+) = 0.828 x 1048 208) = AVA), ~ 20x10 2 Z(AV) = (0.01 + j 0.02) x 200 R(HY) and X(HV) have already been calculated Dra above. For equivalent circuit referred to LV side R(LV) = 1.923 x (5) = 4.808 x 107. Load on transformer = 10 kW at 200 V and 0.8 pf, lagging current drawn by load. 10x10 200x 08 = 625A I(HV) = ae =6.25A - - 1 3.4 A 20 kVA, 20007200 V, 50 Hz transformer aa oa is operated at no-load on rated voltage, the Vv, 2000 + 6.25 (2x 0.8 + 4x06) input being 150 W at 0.12 power factor. cre “ . When it is operating at rated load, the volt- ore “, Ceo ‘and Parameters of the magnetizing branch (Fig. 3.13) 2 X(LV) = 3.946 x (35) = 9.865 x 10 the total resistance are, respectively, 2 and G.= _ .375x1056 1% of the rated voltage. Determine the in- ** (2000)? put power and power factor when the trans- cos 6 = 0.12; @, = 83.1° former delivers 10 KW at 200 V at 0.8 pf B,, = G, tan @ = 37.5 x 10° x 8.273 lagging to a load on the LV side. =310x10°O46 Electric Machines Active power loss in series resistance = (6.25)? x 2 = 0.078 kW Reactive power loss in series reactance = (6.25)? x 4 = 0.156 KVAR Active power loss in shunt conductance = (2025)? % 37.5 x 10 = 0.154 kW Reactive power loss in shunt susceptance = (2025) x 310 x 10-6 = 1.271 KVAR Input power= (10 + 0.078 + 0.154) +] (7.5 + 0.156 + 1.271) = 10.23 + j 8.926 Real power input = 10.23 kW 8.926 1023 7 0-753 lagging. 3.5. A single-phase load is fed through a 66 kV feeder whose impedance is 120+ j 400.0 and 266/66 kV transformer of equivalent imped- ance (referred to LV) 0.4 +/ 1.5. The load is 250 kW at 0.8 leading power factor and Ok. (a) Compute the voltage at the sending end of the feeder. (b) Compute the voltage at the primary terminals of the transformer. (c) Compute the complex power input at the sending end of the feeder. Solution: Impedance of 66 kV feeder = (120 + j 400) 2 Equivalent impedance of transformer referred to LY side = (0.4 + 1.5) Q referred to HV side = (0.4 + j 1.5) x 10? = (40 +j 150) 2 pf =cos tan! (120+ 4400) 40/152 N= S21A.O8 pF pa ace v % 0 kV Load [+ Peder +> rastorner 4} Fig. 3.14 Load of 250 kW at 0.8 _ ons at6kV = 52.08 A an I, (AY side) = aes =5.21A (a) Sending end cas V = 60x 10° + 5.21 (1600.8 ~550 x 0.6) 8.95 kV (b) Primary voltage of transformer V, = 60 x 10? + 5.21 (40 x 0.8 - 150 x 0.6) =59.7kV Active power loss = (5.21)? x 160 x 10° 34 KW (5.21)? x 550 x 103 4.92 KVAR Power received = (250 ~j 250 tan cos 0.8) = 250 - j 187.5 ‘Complex power input (sending end) = (250+ 4.34) +j(-187.5 + 14.92) = (254.34 —j 172.6) kVA Reactive power los: pf=cos tan! 1726 _ 0.897 teading 254.34 3.6 An audio-frequency ideal transformer is employed to couple a 60 2 resistance load toan electric source which is represented by a constant voltage of 6 V in series with an internal resistance of 2400 Q.(a) Determine the tum-ratio required to en- sure maximum power transfer by match- ing the load and source impedances (i.e. by increasing the 60 Q secondary im- pedance to 2400 Q when referred to the primary). (b) Find the load current, voltage and power under the conditions of maximum power transfer. NN A t 3 Ciwa i Solution: (@) 60.9 load When referred to primary, for maximum power transfer, the secondary impedance should be equal to the internal resistance of 24002 (Resistive load) ase: (b) For maximum power transfer, voltage drop across load Vv, 1 x 6 x 2400 1 6325 “| 2400+ 2400 3 4, = 6.325 x 5 =7.91 mA Load power = 0.474 x 7.91 = ) =0474V 3.75 mW Transformers a7 3.7 An ideal transformer has a primary winding of 200 turns. On the secondary side the number of turns between A and B is 600 and between B and C is 400 turns, that between Aand C being 1000. The transformer sup- plies a resistor connected between A and C which draws 10 kW. Further, a load of 200 245° Q is connected between A and B. The primary voltage is 2 kV. Find the pri- mary current, Solution: 1000 Vac = yg, X22 10KV la = 18 20-1200 600. 200 _ 61000 = 3000 245° Iythy=1+3 245° 312-j212A =hy=14j0 x2=6kV Van = =3L-45°A Fig. 3.17 Secondary AT = 60(3.12-j2.12) + 400x 1 = 2272 -j 1272 Primary cueat, Para = 11.36 ~j 6.36 1,= 13.02 “'3B ASV, 400/80 transformer R,, (HV) = 0.25 Q and X,, (HV) = 5 Q and a lagging load is being supplied by it resulting in the“8 following meter readings (meters are placed on the HV side). 1,=16A, V,=400V, P,=SKW For this condition calculate what a voltme- ter would read if connected across the load terminals. Assume the exciting current to be zero. Solution: 51000 eae £08 = Tig 7078 ae ; lagging T, = 16 2-38.6° Vi. = 400 20° - 16 2-38.6° (0.25 +5) = 347-899 Wi = 352 h=164 sa { 0250 t 400 V Ky L Pi, = 5kW Fig, 3.28 3.9 A 25 kVA, 230/115 V, 50 Hz transformer has the following data .12Q 7, = 0.042 X,= 0.052 Find the transformer loading which will make the primary induced emf equal in mag- nitude to the primary terminal voltage when the transformer is carrying the full-load cur- rent, Neglect the magnetizing current. X,=0.22, 012 02 0016 02 230V 230.20" ith = or 3.10 Referring to the 230 V side rf =4x0.04=0.162 x =4x0.05=0.20 25% 1000 ro = 108-7 20,4 230 - 108.7 (0.12 cos 4, + 0.2 sin 6,) = 230 tan 9, =-0.120.2=-0.6 pf =cos $, = 0.858 leading 9, = 30.9" 30 — 108.7 230.9° x (0.66 + 0.2) 127.9 Z-6.9° y= 30.9" + 6.9° = 37.8° cos $, = 0.79 leading 227.9 x 108.7 x Lond = The resistances and leakage reactances of a 10 kVA, 50 Hz, 2200/20 V distribution transformer are as follows: r=4Q — r,= 0.049, ry = 0.05 Q Each quantity is referred to its own side of the transformer. (Suffix ‘I’ stands for HV and ‘2 for LV.) (a) Find the total leakage impedance re- ferred to: (i) the HV side and (ii) the LV side. (b) Consider the transformer to give its rated KVA at a pf of 0.8 lagging to a load at rated voltage. Find the HV terminal volt- age and % voltage regulation. (©) Repeat (b) for a pf of 0.8 leading. (d) Consider the core loss to be 80 W. Find the efficiency under the conditions of part (b). Will it be different for the con- ditions under part (c)? (©) Ifthe load in part (b) gets short-circuited, find the steady-state current in the HV lines, assuming that the voltage applied (o the transformer remains unchanged. =19.57kWSolution: = 2200 _ a= 2 = 10 (a) Z,,= G+ 0.04 x 100) + j(5 + 0.05 x 100) =84+j10 Zor (& +0. o4)+ Ags + 0.5) = 0.08 +j0.1 + _ 10,000 _ ©) 1 =“oy = 4SAS A Va = 2,200 + 4.545 (8 x 0.8 + 10 x 0.6) . __ 56.36 = 2256.4 V; % Regulation = S86 x 100 = 2.56 2200 + 4.545 (8 x 0.8 - 10 x 0.6) 182 22018 V: % Regulation = 182, x 100 0.08% 80W (4.545)? x 8 = 165.25 W ps © 100.8 + 804165 nwill be same for the condition of part (c) (©) IycfHV) = jg2200— = 171.794 3.11 For Example 3.4, assume that the load power factor is varied while the load current and secondary terminal voltage are held fixed. With the help of a phasor diagram, find the load power factor for which the regulation is zero. Solution: The phasor diagram is drawn in Fig. 3.20 Transformers 49 where v=2000V 6.25 4.47 © sin! = 90" - 63.4° + sin! “> 0.4° = 28.2° lead ~ 63.4" 3.12, A 20 KVA, 2000/200 V single-phase trans- former has the following parameters: HV winding =7,=3Q2 = x,=53Q LV winding 7,=0.05Q x, = 0.052 (a) Find the voltage regulation at (i) 0.8 pf lagging (ii) upf, (iii) 0.707 pf leading (b) Calculate the secondary terminal volt- age at: (i) 0.8 pf lagging, (ii) upf, and (iii) 0.707 pf leading when delivering full-load current with the primary volt- age held fixed at 2 kV. Solution: We will refer transformer impedance to the LY side. Ryy = 0.05 + 3/100 = 0.08 2 X,y = 0.05 + 5.3/100 = 0.103 250 Electric Machines ‘The circuit model is drawn in Fig. 3. 20 1000 I= Joy = 0A (0.08 + 70.103) Q n a Fig. 3.21 (a) (i) Voltage drop = 100 (0.08 x 0.8 + 0.103 0.6) = 12.58 V 12.58 Voltage regulation = 8 x 100 = 6.29% (i) Voltage drop = 100 (0.08 x 1 + 0.103 x o=8V Voltage regulation = Pa x 100 = 4% (iii) Voltage drop = 100 (0.080.707 0.103 0.107) =-1.63 V 1.63 Voltage regulation = J-6? x 100 = -0.815% (b) The circuit model is drawn in Fig. 3.22. (0.08 +J0.103)2 100 A (0.8 log/0.707 lead) 200V Vy J {| Fig. 3.22 (i) Voltage drop = 12.58 V V, = 200- 12.58 = 1874 Gi) Voltage drop = 8 V V,=200-8=192V (iii) Voltage drop = -1.63 V :. — Vy= 200 -(-1.63) = 201.6 V 3.13 The approximate equivalent circuit of a 4KVA, 200/400 V single-phase transformer, referred to the LY side is shown in Fig. 3.23. ~ 015A 040 (a) An open-circuit test is conducted by applying 200 V to the LV side, keeping the HV side open. Calculate the power input, power factor and current drawn by the transformer. A short-circuit test is conducted by pass- ing full-load current from the HV side keeping the LV side shorted. Calculate the voltage to be applied to the trans- former and the power input and power (b) factor. Solution: = (200)? _ (a) V,=200V = F007 =50W = 200 _ = 200 _ A= 09 = 025.4 ta = 400 OSA 1y=025+j05 1,=0.56A cos §)=0.447 lag. (b) Referring to HV side and neglecting the mag- netizing branch (see Fig. 3.24). Isc 10A 060 160 Fig. 3.244x 1000 1,(HV) = Z =06+j16=1.71 269.4°O Vgc = 10% 1.71 = 17.1 V Pigg = cos 69.4° = 0.352 lag; Poo = 17.1 X 10 x 0.352 = 60.2 W 3.14. A 20KVA, 2000/200 V transformer has name plate leakage impedance of 8%. What volt- age must be applied on the HV side to circu- late full-load current with the LV shorted? Solution: Zuy(Q) Iyy (rated) Vay (rated) Zyyy (Q) Iyy (ated) = 0.08 Vy (rated) ).08 x 2000 = 160 V = Ve. 3.15. Derive the condition for zero voltage regu- lation, Also show that the magnitude of maximum voltage regulation equals the pu value of equivalent leakage impedance. =0.08 Solution: Approximate condition for zero voltage regulation IR cos ~ IX sin @=0 ees or tan 9 = cos @ = cos tan“! PI oeloy For maximum regulation tan ¢ = Maximum value of voltage regulation IRcos$+IX sing, 1(R?+X*) V3 Viz Zz _ yo zn) 3.16 The following test results were obtained for a 20 kVA, 50 Hz, 2400/240 V distribution transformer. OC test (LV) = 240 V, 1.066 A, 126.6 W; SC test (HV): 57.5 V, 8.34 A, 284W. "Transformers SL (a) When the transformer is operated as a step-down transformer with the output voltage equal to 240 V, supplying a load at upf, determine the maximum effi- ciency and the upf load at which it oc- curs. Determine the pf of the rated load, sup- plied at 240 V, such that the terminal voltage observed on reducing the load to zero is still 240 V. OC test (LY) (b) Solution: B,, = {(0.0044)? ~ (0.00227}°5 0.0038 U SC test (HV) 57.5 284 z= 215 -6390, R= 7 834 (834)? = 4.08 Q X=5552 201000 (@) P,=1266W 1AV)= Say 33.A 33)? x 4.08 = 13.37kVA nae 13.37x1 Tmax (HPD = 13°37 31x 2x 0.1266 8.14% (b) Voltage regulation = 0% cos cos un 408 = 0.805 leading52 Electric Machines ~ 3.17 In a 25 kVA, 2000/200 V transformer, the iron and copper losses are 350 and 400 W respectively. (a) Calculate the efficiency on upf at (i) full load (ii) half load. (b) Determine the load for maximum effi- ciency and the iron and the copper loss in this case. Solution: P,=350W; — P., = 400 W 25 x 1000 x1 (@) ml upl)= 555 T000% 1+ 350+ 400 = 97.08% @) n(1/2f1, upf) 25 x 1000 x 1x /2 ~ 25% 1000 x1 x 1/2 +350 + 1/4 x 400 = 96.5% (b) k= = 0,935 Load for max 7 = 250.935 = 23.385 kVA P,=350W P, = (0.935)? x 400 = 350 W 3.18 The efficiency of a 1000 kVA, 110/220 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer is 98.5% at half full-load at 0.8 pf leading and 98.8% at full-load upf. Determine: (a) iron loss, (b) full-load cop- per loss and (c) maximum efficiency at upf. Solution: 1000 x 0. 0.985 @ 500% 08+R +14, 1000 x 1000 o 0.988 = 150510004 A+ Ea (i) Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (a) P,=4071W —(b) P,,, = 8079 W 4071 © k= | Foy =071 1000 x 1000 x 0.71 =98.9% Naax = 7900 x 1000 x 0.71 + 2% 4071 3.19 A transformer has its maximum efficiency” 0f 0.98 at 20 KVA at upf. During the day it is loaded as follows: 12 hours : 2 kW at pf 0.6 6 hours : 10 kW at pf 0.8 6 hours : 20 KW at pf 0.9 Find the ‘all day’ efficiency of the trans- former. Pree 201000 x1 ‘olution: Mass = 39x 100% 1+ 2 P, = 200 W = P,Q20 kVA) 2 KW, 0.6 pf, 3.33 KVA, 12 h, 2 x 12 = 24 kWh (output), > 200 [83 | 12=2.47 kWh (loss) 0.98 20 10 kW, 0.8 pf, 12.5 kVA, 6 h, 10 x 6 = 60 kWh (output), 20 20 kW, 0.9 pf, 22.22 KVA, 6h, 20 x 6 = 1.20kWh (output), a 200 [+(33) | X 6 = 1.67 kWh (loss) 2 200 [+2 ]x¢=2¢nuhco9 204 kWh (output) 6.82 kWh (loss) _ 204 Tereay ONO) = 304-5 6D 3.20 A 20 KVA, 200/500 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer is connected as an auto trans- former, as shown in Fig. 3.25. Determine its voltage-ratio and the kVA rating. Mark on the diagram, the magnitudes and relative di- rections of the currents in the winding as well as in the input and output lines when deliv- ering the rated kVA to load. Solution: Refer to Fig. 3.26 Vy _ 500+200 _ yo 200” = 96.77% 35Transformers h=40A = 3121254 (b) As two-winding transformer _ 10% 1000x085 _ yg, Tw = 79 x1000x085+7%, P= 262.9 W Full load output as auto (0.85 pf) = 50x 0.85 = 42.4 kW = 99.38% ___ 425 Mawo = 423 +0263 (KVA) ,,, = 700x 40 = 28 3.22. A 20 kVA, 2000/200 V, two-winding trans- i 1000 is , former is to be used as an auto transformer, - 3.21 A.400/100 V, 1OKVA, 2-winding transformer with a constant source voltage of 2000 V. At is to be employed as an auto transformer to full-load of unity power factor, calculate the supply a 400 V circuit from a 500 V source. When tested as a 2-winding transformer at rated load, 0.85 pf lagging, its efficiency is 0.97. power output, power transformed and power conducted. If the efficiency of the two-wind- ing transformer at 0.7 pf is 97%, find the efficiency of the auto transformer. (@) pee its KVA rating as an auto Solution: Refer to Fig. 3.28. transformer. (b) Find its efficiency as an auto trans- J, = 20%100 _ op 4 former. aed Solution: Refer to Fig. 3.27. Power outpat = 2200 x 100 x 1 = 220 kW Power transformed = 200 x 100 x 1 = 20 kW @) 1,=10x 1000 = 100 Power conducted = 200 kW4 Electric Machines 20 x 1000 x 0.7 Taw = 097 = 555 7000% 0.7 + A, 33 W 220 x 100 220+ 0.433 3.23. A 200/400 V, 20 kVA, and 50 Hz transformer is connected as an auto transformer to trans- form 600 V to 200 V. (a) Determine the auto transformer ratio a. (b) Determine the kVA rating of the auto transformer. (©) With a load of 20 kVA, 0.8 pf lagging connected to 200 V terminals, determine the currents in the load and the two trans- former windings. Refer to Fig. 3.29. = 99.8% Mauwo = Solution: A (b) 3.25 20x 1000 ) = = © h= Solution: Since the impedances have the same angle 600 x 50 VA) awe = GopG = 30 20x 1000 “299 = 1004 1,=S0A I,-1,=100-50=50A 324 A20 KVA, 4400/20 V transformer with an equivalent impedance of 0.01 Q is to oper- ate in parallel with a 15 kVA, 4400/220 V transformer with an equivalent impedance of 0.015 Q. The two transformers are con- nected in parallel and made to carry a load of 25 kVA. Assume both the impedances to have the same angle. (a) Find the individual load currents. (b) What per cent of the rated capacity is used in each transformer? Z,=0.019, .015 2 Z,+Z, =0.01 + 0.015 = 0.025 2 0.015 Sy 0.025 «25 = ISKVA ape X25= 10kVA 1,= 101000 220 =456A erated capacity used in transformer 1 = 1% = 75% rated capacity used in transformer 2 = 12 = 66.7% ‘Two single-phase transformers, rated 1000 kVA and 500 kVA respectively, are connected in parallel on both HV and LV sides. They have equal voltage ratings of 11 kV/400 V and their per unit impedances are (0.02 + j 0.07) and (0.025 + j 0.0875) re- spectively. What is the largest value of theunity power factor load that can be deliv- ered by the parallel combination at the rated voltage? Solution: Refer to Fig. 3.30 S$, (rated) = 1000 kVA; S, (rated) = 500 kVA Wy nn | #4] Zr hy i Tt ¥ ny Z Fig. 330 ‘Choose a kVA base of 1000. Z, =0.02 + j 0.07 = 0.0728 274° Zz = (0.025 + j 0.0875) x 2 0.05 + j 0.175 = 0.182 274° Z, =0.07 + j 0.245 = 0.255 274° @ Gi) From (i), 5, = 1000 9295 = 1400 kVA From (ii), 5, = 500% 2285. — 3500 kVA As total load is increased the 1000 kVA transformer will be the first to reach its full load. Sy (max) = 1400 kVA 3.26 Two single-phase transformers rated 600 kVA and 500 kVA respectively, are connected in parallel to supply a load of 1000 KVA at 0.8 lagging power-factor. The resistance and reactance of the first transformer are 3% and 6.5% respectively, Transformers 55 and of the second transformers 1.5% and 8% respectively. Calculate the kVA loading and the power factor at which each transformer operates. Solution: Refer to Fig. 3.31. S, = 600 kVA S, S, = 1000 kVA; Vi ih = 500 kVA 08 pf lagging 500 kVA, Choose kVA base of 1000 kVA Z, (pu) = (0.03 + j 0.065) x 05 + j 0.108 1000 600 3 wwe . 1000 Z, (pu) = (0.015 + j 0.08) x Shy = 0.03 + j0.16 0.03 + j0.16 0.08-+ j 0.268 - B= 1 Z+Z, x 1000 (0.8 - j 0.6) 84.2 Z—30.9° kVA. x 1000 (0.8 —j 0.6) = 426.5 Z-45.15° kVA 26.5 KVA at 0.705 lagging pf 3.27 An ideal 3-phase step-down transformer, connected delta/star delivers power to a bal- anced 3-phase load of 120 kVA at 0.8 power factor. The input line voltage is 11 kV and the turns ratio of the transformer, phase-to-“56 Electric Machines phase is 10. Determine the line voltage, line currents, phase voltages and phase currents ‘on both the primary and the secondary sides. Refer to Fig. 3.32. Solution: Fig. 3.32 Output KVA = 120 at 0.8 pf — Yes _ 11000 y= 9 = Toy TI KY Vy = Lx V3 = 1.9 kV Output kVA = 120 = V3 x 1.9 x hy V3 x3.64=63A 3.28 A A/Y connected bank of three identi 60 kVA 2000/100 V, 50 Hz transformers is Ns fed with power through a feeder whose im- pedance is 0.75 + j 0.25 Q per phase. The voltage at the sending end of the feeder is held fixed at 2kV line-to-line. The short cir- uit test when conducted on one of the trans- formers with its LV terminals short-circuited gave the following results: Vay=40V 0 f=50Hz ty =35A P=800W (a) Find the secondary line-to-line voltage when the bank delivers rated current to a balanced 3-phase upf load. (b) Calculate the currents in the transformer primary and secondary windings and in the feeder wires on the occurrence of a solid 3-phase short-circuit at the second- ary line terminals Solution: Refer to Fig. 3.33. 0.75 40.25 2000:100V3. 1, Y; 2000 V (line) a ‘ Fig. 3.33. Each transformer 40 Buy = 3g = 1143.0 800 Ryy = 22 =06530 "GF Xyy = (11-143)? - 0.653)7]95 = 0.938 Q Transformer impedance on HV side on equivalent star basis Z, = (0.653 + j 0.938) Zagat = (0.15 + 0.25) + (0.653 + 0.938) 1.403 + j 1.188 = 1.838.240.25° =o. g = 40.25° 60x 1000 fa) I, (HV) = —~— = 52 20° a 2000/J3 1{Reos $+ X sin 9) = 57.425 V 2000 V, (line-to-line) = J3| “? —57.425 (Fv) = 19054 164590V 2000/1003 (b) 3-phase short-circuit on secondary terminals = 20003 _ 69756 4 1.84 Joe (transformer primary)= 627.56 V3 = 1087 A (line current)Isc (transformer secondary) 2000 100V3 3.29 A single-phase, 50 Hz, three-winding transformer is rated at 2200 V on the HV side with a total of 250 turns. Of the two secondary windings, each can handle 200 kVA, one is rated at 550 V and the other at 220 V. Compute the primary current when the rated current in the 220 V winding at upf and the rated current in the 550 V winding is 0.6 pf lagging. Neglect all leakage impedance drops and magnetizing current. Solution: Refer to Fig. 3.34. 200 055 200 0.22 = 1087 x =12551.2A = 363.6 2-53.1° A = 909.1 20° A h 500 V 200 kVA 3806 pf lagging h 200 V, 200 kVA upf 909.1 331° 363.6 Fig. 3.34 Current in HV side due-to 363.62 ~ 53.1°x 0.55 = 90.9 2-53.1° A 909.1% 0.220 22 90.9 20° A HV current = 90.9 2-53.1° + 90.9 20° = 162.6 2-26.6° A Current in HV side due to /, Transformers s7 3.30 A small industrial unit draws an average load of 100 A at 0.8 lagging pf from the second- aries of its 2000/200 V, 60 kVA ¥/A trans- former bank. Find: (a) the power consumed by the unit in kW (b) the total KVA used (©) the rated line currents available from the transformer bank the rated transformer phase currents of the A-secondaries (e) per cent of rated load on transformers (f) primary line and phase currents (g) the kVA rating of each individual trans- former (d) Solution: Refer to Fig. 3.35. + 100 A 20007 J5-V 2,000 V 0 200 B Fig. 3.35 (a) Power consumed by unit = V3 x 100x200 x 0.8 W=27.7kW Total VA used = V3 x 100 x 200 = 34.6 RVA (b) 60 x 1000 V3 x 200 Rated phase current of A secondaries = 173.2 (c) Rated line current = =1B2A (a) =100A V3 4% of rated load = “F> x 100 = 57.7% © Ms 100 10 17324 1732A (8) Primary phase current = Primary line current"Electric Machines se (g) KVA rating of each individual transformer = OL =] =20KVA 3.31 The HV terminals of a 3-phase bank of three single-phase transformers are connected to a 3-wire, 3-phase 11 kV (line-to-line) sys- tem. The LV terminals are connected to a 3-wise, 3-phase load rated of 1000 kVA and 2200 V line-to-line. Specify the voltage, cur- rent and kVA ratings of each transformer {both HV and LV windings) for the follow- ing connections: (a) HV-Y, LV-A (©) HV-Y,LV-Y Solution: (a) 11 kV, ¥/A 2.2 kV, 1000 kVA load (b) HV-A, LV-Y (@) HV-4, LV-A 1000 3 Rating of each transformer = = 333.3 KVA (in each case) Transf. ratio = i = V3/2.2 3 Vpg tpg = 1000 kVA. (b) IDKV AY 2.2 kV Ipy = ina =2624A Vpy = a =127kV i Th ratio = ~~ = 8.66 ums ratio= ven @ 11 KV Y/Y 22 kV Tums ratio = 11/2.2 = 5 1000 Ipy(LV) = 2624 A eo 3x22 Vpy(L¥) = 1.27 kV pV) = 7824 = 5.60 Vpy(HV) = ae =6.35 kV 5 (d) 11 kV AVA 2.2 kV Turns ratio = 11/2.2 = 5 Ipg(L¥) = 100, = 151.5 3x22 fey = 2DKV Ip(HV) = aye =303A Vpy(HV) = 11 kV 3.32. A 3-phase bank consisting of three single- phase 3-winding transformers (Y/A/Y) is employed to step down the voltage of a 3-phase, 220 kV transmission line. The data pertaining to one of the transformers is given below: Ratings Primary 1: 20 MVA, 220 kV; Secondary 2: 10 MVA, 33 kV Tertiary 3: 10 MVA, 11 kV. Short-circuit reactances on 10 MVA base: Xj. = 0.15 pu, Xp; = 0.1 pu, X,, = 0.2 pu. Resistances are to be ignored. The A-con- nected secondaries supply their rated current toa balanced load at 0.85 pf lagging, whereas the tertiaries provide the rated current to a balanced load at upf (constant resistance). (a) Compute the primary line-to-line volt- age to maintain the rated voltage at the secondary terminals.(b) For conditions of part (a) find the line- to-line voltage at the tertiary terminals. (©) If the primary voltage is held fixed as in part (a), to what value will the tertiary voltage increase when the secondary load is removed? Refer to Fig. 3.36. Solution: 1 Moh a 212-31 2 $ (0.15 + 0.2 - 0.1) = 0.125 pu $ .1 + 0.15 -0.2) = 0.025 pu X= i (0240.1 -0.15)= .075 pu All computations are carried out in pu. Assumption To simplify calculation, we shall as- sume that the phase angle of V; with respect to the reference voltage V, is 0°. It actually has a small angle which must otherwise be determined, The error caused is negligible. (a) Vy= 1+ 1 2-31.8° xj 0.025 = 1.013 +j 0.0212 Ty =1 231.8" + 1 = 1.85-j0.527 V, = (1.013 +f 0.0212) + j 0.125 (1.85 —j 0.527) = 1.08 + j 0.252 V, = 1.109 x 220 = 243.98 kV (b) V, = (1.013 + 70.0212) -j 0.075 x 1 20° = 1.013 —7 9.0538 V, = 1.014 11 = 11.16 kV (©) Secondary load removed Vy = (1.08 + j 0.252) -j0.2 x1 20" = 1.08 + j 0.052 V, = 1.081 x 11 = 11.89 kV Transformers 3.33 A 500 KVA, 11/0.43 KV, 3-phase delta/star- connected transformer has on rated load an HY copper-loss of 2.5 kW and an LY loss of 2 KW. The total leakage reactance is 0.06 pu. Find the ohmic values of the equivalent re- sistance and leakage reactance on the delta side. Solution: Refer to Fig. 3.37. so0nva kv wa oasKy = 443 a7 od Ipy(rated) = Tu qa TOA A 500. _ Fa 21524 2000 3 R — =148x 1079; Ww" 3x 6714 2500 Ryy = —— = WY 3x (5.27 Ry HV = 3.6 + 1.48 x 10° x (44.3)? 5 (per phase A) X (pu) = 0.06 Xpae(HV) = 11000 723.79 Xqq HV = 0.06 x 723.7 = 43.4.9 (per phase A) 3.34 Two transformers, each rated 250 kVA, 11/2 kV and 50 Hz, are connected in open delta on both the primary and secondary. (a) Find the load kVA that can be supplied from this transformer connection. (b) A delta-connected three-phase load of 250 KVA, 0.8 pf, 2 KV is connected to the LV terminals of this open-delta transformer. Determine the transformer60 Electric Machines currents on the 11 kV side of this connection. Solution: Refer to Fig. 3.38. Fig. 3.38 250 @ 4, y= ISA Sopen era = V3 Vigy = V3 «2x 125 = 433 kVA &) V3 Via = 250 250 L = =72.2A paccconiary) 3x2 Iige(11 KY side) = 722 2.0 13.12 A Tyyase( 1 RV side) = 13.12 A 3.35 Two 110 V, single-phase furnaces take loads of 500 kW and 800 kW respectively at a power factor of 0.71 lagging and are supplied from 6600 V, 3-phase mains through a Scott- connected transformer combination. Calculate the currents in the 3-phase line, neglecting transformer losses. Draw the phasor diagram. 7 2M, Solution: Refer to Figs. 3.39 and 3.40. ca he ca cad = 123.2245 Furnace A: 500 kW at 0.71 pf lag; Furnace B: 1 . 800 KW at 0.71 pf lag . na . 1M, $600 _ gy Be= OS = 170.7 2-45 Ny 7 _F 1, V3 ™ hy = Igo -* = 170.7 0.71 -j 0.71) We 75196 2 ee Pea ns - 282 @n+j07 800 x 1000 8001000 _ = cos"0.71) = 45° TOS OTT ~1O2A3A y= c0s""(0.71) = 45 With V, as reference{isc 2 4) =-1707 (0.71 -j0.71)- [ES (0.71 + 70.71) = 164.93 + 77.46 [p= 1822 A 3.36 Figure 3.41 shows a Scott-connected transformer, supplied from 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz mains. Secondaries, series-connected as shown, supply 1000 A at a voltage of 100 V2 to a resistive load. The phase sequence of the 3-phase supply is ABC. Resistive load Note V and I are in phase because of a resis- tive load. Ty = Toc“ =9.1- 195 -9.1-525=3.854 (lagging V,. by 45°) Fig. 3.42 (a) Calculate the turns-ratio of the teaser transformer. (b) Calculate the line current /, and its phase angle with respect to the voltage of phase A to neutral on the 3-phase side. Solution: Refer Fig. 3.41. 100/2 (a) V, — = =100V @ V, Tr Vac _ 11000 Fe to = 0 V3 M V3 = N Ay *100= 95.26 Fig. 3.42 3.37 The core of the transformer shown in Fig. 3.43 is made of silicon sheet steel (B-H curve of Fig. 2.1). Calculate the no-load cur- rent with primary excited at 200 V, 50 Hz. Assume iron loss in core to be 230 kW/m? (of core volume). What is the pf of the no- load current and the magnitude of no-load power drawn from the source. Solution: 200 = 4.44 x $0 x 150 X bay or Yruax = 6.06 mWb Buyas, = (6.06 x 10-)((10 x 5 x 10-4) =1212TElectric Machines 62 | Sem thick 75 tums From the B-H curve of Fig. 2.1 Hoggq = 250 AT/m AT gg = 250% I, = 250-2 (30 + 35) 107 = 325 i,,(max) = 325/150 = 2.17 A Iq (ms) = 2.17/ V2 = 1.535. A Core volume = 2 (20 x 10 x 5) + 2 (45 x 10x 5) = 6500 cm? Core loss, P, = (6500 x 10-6) x 23 x 10? = 150 W J, = 150/200 = 0.75 A With reference to Fig. 3.2, we see that % = 0.95 -j2.17 =2.3 £-70.9° A or f= 2.3 A (no-load current) (pf), =cos 70.9° = 0.327 lagging (no-load pf) Py = 150 W (no-load power drawn from mains) 3.38 Assume the transformer of Fig. 3.43 to be an ideal transformer. The secondary is con- nected to a load impedance of 530° Q. Calculate the primary and secondary currents and their pf; the impedance seen on the pri- mary side, and the primary and secondary real powers. Solution: i V, = 100 V 00.20° 3230 = 20 2-30° A 1,=20A; pf=cos 30° 0.866 lag Primary and secondary real powers (these are equal because the transformer is loss less) = 20° Re (5 230°) = 400 x 4.33 = 1.732 kW 3.39 Consider again the transformer of Fig. 3.43 with the load impedance as specified in Example 3.38. Neglecting the voltage drops (resistive and leakage reactive), calculate the primary cur- rent and its pf. Compare with the current as calculated in Example 3.38. Solution: Primary and secondary voltages are in phase (no voltage drop in transformer) 7, =20 2-30" T= 10 230° 75 — 72.17 ).75 — j 2.17 + 10 2-30" 41-7717 = 11.83 237° A; pf = cos 37° = 0.8 lagging The difference in primary current value compared toas calculated in Example 3.38 is because of con- sideration of magnetising current. Notice, the pri- mary current slightly increases and its pf slightly reduces. 3.40 ‘The maximum efficiency of a 50 kVA trans- former is 97.4% and occurs at 90% of full load. Calculate the efficiency of transformer at (a) full-load, 0.8 pf and (b) 1/2 full load at 09 pf. Solution: @ JR ()=09or PJP, (fl) = 0.81 1-0.974 PL = gyq” 452 1.33 KW =2P,=2P.(0.9 fl) 0.665 kW 2x (0.9)? P, (fl 3 P. (£1) = 0.82 kW T1= 10141.485 = 96.4% (b) (1/2) full load 0.9 pf P(out) = 25 x 0.9 = 22.5 kW P, = 0.665 + 0,82/4 = 0.87 kW 1 = 22.51(22.5 + 0.87) = 96.3% 3.41 A S00 kVA transformer has 95% efficiency at full load and also at 60% of full load both at upf. 63 (a) Separate out the transformer losses. (b) Determine the transformer efficiency at 75% full load, upt. ‘Transformers Solution: (a) (b) PROBLEMS P3.1 The parameters of the circuit model of a 150 KVA, 240/240 V transformer are: 13020 — r,=2x103O x=045Q x,=45x107Q r=10kQ x, =16k2 {as seen on 2400 V side) Draw the circuit model as seen on the HV side and determine therefrom (a) the volt- age regulation at full-load, 0.8 lagging pf and (b) efficiency when the transformer is oper- ating at 3/4" full-load at rated voltage 0.8 lagging pf. Also calculate the HV cur- rent and its pf for part (b). For the transformer of P3.1, calculate: (a) Open-circuit current, power and pf when the test is conducted on LV side Calculate the HV side voltage to con- duct a short-circuit test (LV shorted) for circulating full-load current. What is the short-circuit power and the power factor? P32 P33 P34 500 300+ PR +R This results in P, + P,= 26.32 P, +0.36 P, Solving, we get Pi.= 16.45 kW, P,=9.87 kW P, = 9.87 + (3/4)? x 16.45 = 19.12 kW = (500 x 0.75)(500 x 0.75 + 19.12) = 95.15% 5.79 A 15 kVA, 2200/20 V, 50 Hz transformer gave the following test results: OC (LV side) V=220V 1=272A = 185W SC (HV side) V=112V 1=63A =197W ‘Compute the following: (a) Core loss (b) Full-load copper loss (c) Efficiency at full-load 0.85 lagging of (@) Voltage regulation at full-load 0.8 lag- ging/leading pf A transformer of rating 20 kVA, 2000/ 200 V has the following parameters: R,g(HV side) = 2.65 2 Z, (HV side) = 4.23 2 Core loss at rated voltage = 95 W (a) Calculate transformer efficiency when delivering 20 kVA at 200 V at 0.8 pf lagging.