Ex 1

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2017 1
Exercise 1
Exercise 1 – Review of PVT behavior and simple volumetric reservoir calculations
Conversion factors
1 bar = 100.000 pascal = 14.5 psi
1 m3 = 35.31 ft3 = 6.290 bbl
Definitions:
(reservoir volume of fluid)
Formation volume factor B=
(surface volume of fluid)
(surface volume of solution gas)
Solution gas-oil ratio Rso =
(surface volume of oil)
1 ∂V
Fluid compressibility c = − ( )T
V ∂P
1 ∂φ
Pore compressibility c r = + ( )T
φ ∂P
Total compressibility c T = cr + ∑c S
i =o,w, g
i i
Expansion due to compressibility ΔV = V2 − V1 ≈ −V1 c(P2 − P1 )

Gas law for hydrocarbon gas PV = nZRT
ρ oS + ρ gS Rso
Reservoir oil density ρoR =
Bo
ρ gS
Reservoir gas density ρgR =
Bg
ρ
Reservoir water density ρwR = wS
Bw
Reservoir data (reservoir is initially undersaturated):

Gross reservoir volume V = 109 m 3
Porosity ϕ = 0.3
Water saturation
Sw = 0.2
Pressure P = 331 bar
Pore compressibility c r = 4 ⋅10 −5 bar −1
Water compressibility c w = 5 ⋅10 −5 bar−1
Gas density at surface ρgS = 0, 5 kg / sm 3
Oil density at surface ρoS = 760 kg / sm3
Water density at surface ρwS = 1030 kg / sm 3
Water formation volume factor BW = 1.05
In the following, use values for Bo , Rso and Z from the figures on the next page as needed.
Part 1.Derive and compute following fluid parameters:

1. An expression for oil compressibility expressed in Bo
2. An approximate value for initial Bo
3. An approximate value for initial compressibility of oil
4. An expression for gas formation volume factor expressed in Z and P
5. An expression for gas compressibility expressed in Z and P
6. An approximate value for initial compressibility of gas
7. At which pressure is the gas compressibility highest?
8. An approximate value for initial Bg
9. An approximate value for initial oil density in the reservoir
10. An approximate value for initial gas density in the reservoir
Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe

Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics 21.8.17
Exercise 1
11. An approximate value for initial water density in the reservoir
Part 2. Compute following initial volumes for the reservoir:

1. Pore volume (rm3)
2. Hydrocarbon pore volume (rm3)
3. Water pore volume (rm3)
4. Oil reserves, OOIP (sm3)
5. Solution gas reserves (sm3)
6. Water reserves (sm3)
Part 3. Volumetric calculations for an undersaturated reservoir:

The reservoir is producing oil only until the pressure reaches 275.86 bar. Use initial oil compressibility.
1. Neglect pore and water compressibilities and compute oil recovery in % of OOIP
2. Neglect water compressibility and compute oil recovery in % of OOIP
3. Compute oil recovery in % of OOIP with all compressibilities included
Part 4. Volumetric calculations for a gas cap reservoir:

Assume (hypothetically!) that the reservoir has a gas cap of equal volume to that of the oil zone, and that we can
• neglect that gas comes out of solution,
• assume that the relative volumes in the reservoir are constant, and
• we can use fluid parameters at initial pressure.
Again let the reservoir produce only oil until the pressure reaches 275.86 bar.
1. Compute oil recovery in % of OOIP with all compressibilities included
2. Compute oil recovery in % of OOIP if only gas compressibility is included
Part 5. Volumetric calculations for a reservoir under water injection:

If the reservoir is to be pressure maintained through water injection, and the oil production initially is kept at
3000 sm3 per day, what water injection rate is required?
Part 6. Gas drive reservoir:

1. Show a typical plot of producing gas oil ratio as a function of the average reservoir pressure for a
typical solution gas drive reservoir. Explain the plot briefly.
2. The oil and gas rates during the production time are:
Oil rate: A stb oil/day
Gas rate: B scf gas/day
What is the total underground withdrawal rate in reservoir bbls/day?

Explain the difference withdrawal rate in saturated and undesaturated condition.
(Hint: producing gas oil ratio (R) is R = B/A)
3. Calculate the daily underground withdrawal:
- If the average reservoir pressure is 4800 psia?

- If the average reservoir pressure is 3000 psia? In this pressure, an oil production of 3000 stb/day
and a gas rate of 6000000 scf/day. (Bg = 0.001 rb/scf)
Use the PVT relationship shown in figures below.

Exercise 1

Exercise 1
Z-factor vs. P
0.95
Z-factor for gas
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure (psia)


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TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2017 1

Exercise 1 – Review of PVT behavior and simple volumetric reservoir calculations

Expansion due to compressibility ΔV = V2 − V1 ≈ −V1 c(P2 − P1 )

Reservoir data (reservoir is initially undersaturated):

Part 1.Derive and compute following fluid parameters:

Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe

11. An approximate value for initial water density in the reservoir

Part 2. Compute following initial volumes for the reservoir:

Part 3. Volumetric calculations for an undersaturated reservoir:

Part 4. Volumetric calculations for a gas cap reservoir:

Part 5. Volumetric calculations for a reservoir under water injection:

Part 6. Gas drive reservoir:

What is the total underground withdrawal rate in reservoir bbls/day?

- If the average reservoir pressure is 4800 psia?

Use the PVT relationship shown in figures below.

Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe

Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe

Z-factor for gas

Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe

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