Title: 205 Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and

social care

Level: TWO

Credit Value: 3

GLH 26

Learning Outcomes Assessment Criteria

The learner will; The learner can;
o Define the following types of abuse:
- Physical abuse
Physical abuse consists of non-accidental physical
touch or physical contact and create injuries. This
create psychical trauma from punching, slapping,
hitting, biting, shaking, burning and handcuffing.

- Sexual abuse
Any physical touch that is not with the partner's
consent is called sexual abuse. It can meet anywhere or
any being regardless of age or gender,
Regards to children any inappropriate sexual touch
with consent or not is sexual abuse. Also part of the
sexual abuse is: sexual penetration, masturbation
involved child in any sexual activity or watch with him
1. Know how to recognise signs at adults movies
of abuse

- Emotional/psychological abuse
Emotional or psychological abuse involves any verbal
or non-verbal behavioral attitude that produces a
negative impact on a person's emotions.

A part of the negative impact can be: worthless;

aggressor addiction; confused; sad; angry; isolated;
lack of control over your own life; depressions.
The most common methods of emotional abuse that
aggressors use are:
Verbal insults; domination; emotional blackmail,
destroying reputation

- Financial abuse
Financial abuse is the illegal use of the finances or
things of another person without having her consent.
This type of abuse has met most of the times when a
person is in the care of another person. The aggressor
benefits from the victim's finances, uses food, personal
shopping card, or phone for personal use.

- Institutional abuse

Institutional abuse is when an organization, company

are not give enough resources to support an individual
even they are responsible for his good. They are
breaking is privacy, dignity or independency. Most of
the time institutional abuse is happen when social care
standards are too low or are not followed. This type of
abuse can happen in hospitals, care residence, medical
centers, schools and any place where people are living
or working.

- Self neglect

Self-neglect is when an individual neglect the basics

needs of any human being such personal care,
appropriate clothes, feeding. Usually this affect him
medically or can affect the neighbors or community.
The individual can be serious injuries or emotional
harm or loss of assets.

- Neglect by others

Neglect by others is when an organization didn’t

provide enough support (assistance, guide, attentions)
to their inviduals and this can create physical injuries or
mental harms. Also neglect can be when support people
are stop involve individual in different activities what
help him to remain safe and health.

Neglect by others can be related with institutional

abuse if is happen in medical centers, hospitals and
residential care homes.

o Identify the signs and/or symptoms

associated with each type of abuse

Physical Abuse
The most common symptoms and sign

- Multiple bruising
- Fractures
- Burns
- Bed sores
- Fear
 - Depression
- Unexplained weight loss

Most of the victims of Physical abuse, avoid eye

contact or have the tendency of isolating themselves
from the outside world. The victims will try to avoid
people to come closer to them, will give not true reason
for what happen because they are afraid.

Sexual abuse

The victims’ starts to be more attention for

sexuality, their behaviour can change very easy and
without many reasons.
Also the victims care have bruises, they are quite
and are not sleeping for long period of time. The
female can be pregnant for young age and have
sexually transmitted diseases.
The children in general can have blood on underwear
and they ask for more privacy then before.

Emotional Abuse

Emotional abuse sign is easy to see it: The aggressor is

yelling or swearing to the victims, humiliate the victim
and insults or call in different names.

Other sign of this kind of abuse is the results isolating,

intimidation and fear.

In general the victim is afraid to run or to report to

authorities because is starting to think the fault is not
the aggressor.

The aggressor in general abuse the victim and after is

come back with excuses. The aggressor feels full of
power and make the victims to feel weak.

Financial abuse

Most victims of this type can be individuals who are

supported or cannot to have full control of his life. In
general most of the signs are related with money. The
bank account activity is increased and are missing
money from account without to be related with
supported person.
The person who are supported do under pressure
different transaction even if they are not related with
their activity. In general this is happen when support

Also when support staff speak more than support

person when is about the financial activity. Other sign
about this type of abuse is when from bank account are
missing an amount of money and are not enough
money for paying the basic needs.

Financial abuse is when a support person is buying an

item and after is selling with a big different amount
less. Someone else signs/forges individual's signature.

Institutional abuse

Institutional abuse sign can be:

- When the social care standards are low or missing

different procedures.
- The individuals are doing what the support staff
wants and not what they like.
- Poor feeding,
- Missing personal care
- Limiting freedom.
- Some of the support staff control everything for
support.
- When the company are not giving equal
development for all employers.

Institutions may include residential and nursing homes,

hospitals, and day centers sheltered housing schemes,
group or supported housing projects. It should be noted
that all organizations and services, whatever their setting,
can have institutional practices which can cause harm to
vulnerable adults.

Self neglect

The most common symptoms about self-neglect are:

- A person has clothes are not clean

- Personal care is missing
- Missing appointments,
- Forget to eat or water.
- Neglecting household maintenance
- Collecting a large number of animals in
inappropriate conditions
- The house is not tidy and cleaned.
In general self-neglect is when a person lost the basic
needs for a period of time and can be harm emotional,
psihical or mental.

Lack of self-care to an extent that it threatens personal

Neglect by others

Neglect by other sign can be:

Individuals are isolated; inappropriate clothing; The staff

forgot to provide medication; the staff doesn’t involved the
individual in different activity. Staff refuse to go out with
any strong reason. Individuals has depression and avoid to
speak with people.

The staff don’t remind the individual about the GP

appointment, eyes control.

This all together will results the individuals to be isolate, to

be not motivate develop themselves or to be involved in
different activities.

o Describe factors that may contribute

to an individual being more
vulnerable to abuse
Abuses may happen anytime, anywhere and
involving anyone.
The most common factors which contribute an
individual to be abused can be:
Low self esteem - People with low self-esteem are
very easily influenced especially if you gain their
trust. These people often seek the approval of others
for anything they do because they do not see
equality with those around them.

They may be less aware of their rights –

This factor is often found in people who have low
education or people going abroad. Lack of
information often leads to abuse. Also this factor
depends about the education and how much they
develop their skills.

They may need help with personal care and daily living
One of the most category of people who are
vulnerable to be abuse is people who need support
in their life. In specially they are not communicate
right or clearly. For that some people can take
advantage .
 Other factors can be: culture, family culture and
community where they come from.

They may live in poor housing

These people can easily be victims of abuse because

they have lacked basic needs over the years
(education, money, sexual education, parents)
They are willing to make many sacrifices to have
money, attention or feel valued but very hard realize
they are actually abused. From here are a lot of girls
who are abuse, children to beg and people who work
very hard for less money.

2.1 Explain the actions to take if there are

suspicions that an individual is being abused
If I suspect that one of the people I work with or
support with has been abused, it is very important
to report them further.
As a carer I have a responsibility to safeguard the
residents and ensure their safety. It is important to
remember that if acts of abuse are taking place the
individual may not be aware they are being abused
and even more sensitivity is required.
When I suspect an abuse is very important to inform
my manager. If no decision is made, it should be
reported at a higher level of management.
Another important step is to talk to the abused
person but not to force him to say what happened.
It is very important to record everything exactly as
the person abused does and not say personal
opinions. This information can be used in the
2. Know how to respond to
upcoming investigation and should be as clear as
suspected or alleged abuse possible.

In the report I have to write any symptom or sign

that has led me to believe it is an abuse.
2.2 Explain the actions to take if an individual
alleges that they are being abused
If one of the people tells me he's been abused, it's
good to consider what he's saying. If the company
or agency has a standard procedure, I will have to
follow it every single step without jumping one.
I have to listen carefully and record everything
exactly as she says. I have to empathize with him
and not judge.
I have to record the evidences exactly as they are
without altering them. Take pictures if they're in
evidence.
I have to report to my manager or to a higher level
of managers or the police.
 2.3 Identify ways to ensure that evidence of abuse
is preserved
I need to record always the facts immediately. I
need to report evidence immediately to line
manager and not tamper with any evidence. I
need to ensure that no one else enters the
premises or to talk with victims until de
manager or authorities will arrive. I need to
record any physical signs or injuries using a
body map or hand drawing. I will write a
description of any physical signs or injuries
including size, shape, colour etc. Also I will add
the time and the date when happened and
when I record.
3.1 Identify national policies and local systems that
relate to safeguarding and protection from
abuse
CQC, Court of Protection, Housing organisations, Crown
Prosecution &Service, The Deprivation of liberty safeguards
(DOLS), The Mental capacity act 2005
3.2 Explain the roles of different agencies in
safeguarding and protecting individuals from
abuse
CQC - The role of the Care Quality Commission (CQC) is
to register health and adult social care service providers in
England and to inspect whether or not standards are being
met. CQC is directly involved in safeguarding adults’ process
where people who needs support are supported by
organisation or individuals support staff. They are the
3. Understand the national and
authority who supervise that individuals standards of social
local context of safeguarding care are high level.
and protection from abuse
Court of Protection

The court of protection deals with decisions affecting

people who have low capacity. The court can make major
decisions about health and welfare, as well as property and
financial affairs. The Court has power to decide whether a
person has capacity to make a particular decision for
themselves or they need support for living their life how
they desire.

Housing organisations
They role is to find people who are in risk of abuse, neglect
or exploitation. Also they are providing properties and
support for them to be safety. Housing organisation is one
of the most important authority who offer services in
safeguarding adults who are on risk.
Staff of housing organisations are in position to identify
tenants who are vulnerable and are at risk of abuse, neglect
and exploitation. Supporting People housing has become a
major provider of housing and support services for adults
with a wide range of needs. In addition to recognising the
risks of abuse of adults to whom they provide
accommodation and in many cases care, staff of housing
organisation have an important part to play in establishing
protection plans.

Crown Prosecution &Service

The CPS is the principal public prosecuting authority is

headed by Director Public Prosecutions. The CPS has
produced a policy on prosecuting crimes against older
people which is equally applicable to adults at risk, who
may also be vulnerable witnesses. The CPS has a key role to
play in making sure that special measures are put in place
to support vulnerable or intimidated witnesses to give their
best evidence. Special measures were introduced by the Youth
Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 and are available both in the
Crown Court and in the magistrate’s courts.

The Deprivation of liberty safeguards (DOLS

The DOLS, implemented April 2009, provide a legal
protection for those vulnerable people who are, or may
become, deprived of their liberty. Safeguards exist to
provide a proper legal process and suitable protection in
those circumstances where deprivation of liberty appears
to be unavoidable, in the person’s own best interests.

The Mental capacity act 2005

The Mental Capacity Act. 2005 provides a statutory frame
work to empower and protect people who may lace
capacity to make decisions for themselves and establishes a
framework for making decisions on their behalf. This
applies whether the decisions are life-changing events
everyday matters. All decisions taken in the safeguarding
process must comply with the Act.

Care home policy

The person in charge should be aware of the general and
sometimes specific whereabouts of their clients and
employees. Clients are given a Complaints Procedure in
their contract with the Home, this includes who to contact
outside the Home if they are dissatisfied with a particular
issue.
3.3 Identify reports into serious failures to protect
individuals from abuse

http://www.cqc.org.uk/news/releases/cqc-report-
winterbourne-view-confirms-its-owners-failed-
protect-people-abuse

18 July 2011

The Care Quality Commission has published details of

the enforcement action it has taken against Castlebeck
Care (Teesdale) Ltd which failed to protect the safety
and welfare of patients at Winterbourne View. The
effect of this action is that the assessment and treatment
centre near Bristol has been closed.

Today CQC publishes the findings following an

inspection of services provided at Winterbourne View.
After considering a range of evidence inspectors
conclude that the registered provider, Castlebeck Care
(Teesdale) Ltd, had failed to ensure that people living
at Winterbourne View were adequately protected from
risk, including the risks of unsafe practices by its own
staff.

The report concludes that there was a systemic failure

to protect people or to investigate allegations of abuse.
The provider had failed in its legal duty to notify the
Care Quality Commission of serious incidents
including injuries to patients or occasions when they
had gone missing.

Inspectors said that staff did not appear to understand

the needs of the people in their care, adults with
learning disabilities, complex needs and challenging
behaviour. People who had no background in care
services had been recruited, references were not always
checked and staff were not trained or supervised
properly. Some staff were too ready to use methods of
restraint without considering alternatives.

The review began immediately after CQC was

informed that the BBC television programme
Panorama had gathered evidence over several months
including secret filming to show serious abuse of
patients at the centre.

Inspectors who visited Winterbourne View considered

taking urgent action to close the centre, but decided
that it was in the best interests of the patients to allow
NHS and local authority commissioners further time to
find alternative placements.

CQC ensured that there would be an immediate stop on

admissions and that extra staff would be brought in to
protect patients until they could be moved.

When they were satisfied that those arrangements were

in place, CQC took enforcement action to remove the
registration of Winterbourne View, the legal process to
close a location. The hospital closed in June.

The report which is published today finds that

Castlebeck Care Ltd (Teesdale) was not compliant with
10 of the essential standards which the law requires
providers must meet. CQC’s findings can be found
below.

 The managers did not ensure that major

incidents were reported to the Care Quality
Commission as required.
 Planning and delivery of care did not meet
people's individual needs.
 They did not have robust systems to assess and
monitor the quality of services.
 They did not identify, and manage, risks
relating to the health, welfare and safety of
patients.
 They had not responded to or considered
complaints and views of people about the
service.
 Investigations into the conduct of staff were not
robust and had not safeguarded people.
 They did not take reasonable steps to identify
the possibility of abuse and prevent it before it
occurred.
 They did not respond appropriately to
allegations of abuse.
 They did not have arrangements in place to
protect the people against unlawful or excessive
use of restraint.
 They did not operate effective recruitment
procedures or take appropriate steps in relation
to persons who were not fit to work in care
settings.
 They failed in their responsibilities to provide
appropriate training and supervision to staff.
Amanda Sherlock, CQC’s Director of Operations said:
“This report is a damning indictment of the regime at
Winterbourne View and its systemic failings to protect
the vulnerable people in its care.

“It is now clear that the problems at Winterbourne

View were far worse than were initially indicated by
the whistleblower. He has stated that he was not aware
of the level of abuse until he saw the footage from the
secret filming.

“We now know that the provider had effectively misled

us by not keeping us informed about incidents as
required by the law. Had we been told about all these
things, we could have taken action earlier. We will now
consider whether it would be appropriate to take further
legal action.

“CQC has already acknowledged that we would have

acted earlier if the evidence from the television report
had been made available to us.

“However it is incorrect that CQC had failed to act on

warnings by the whistleblower. Our internal
investigation has confirmed that while we were aware
of those concerns, our inspector believed they were
being dealt with through the local safeguarding process
involving a number of agencies. We should have
contacted the whistleblower directly – and this will be
one of the issues which will be addressed by the
independently-led serious case review.

“Immediately we were aware of the extent of the

problem, we took the action which is detailed in this
report. Although Winterbourne View is now closed, we
will continue to monitor Castlebeck's other services
closely.

“The most important outcome of all this is that the

people who had been living at Winterbourne View are
no longer subject to this culture of abuse.

”Our plans for a programme of random, unannounced

inspections of hospitals providing care for people with
learning disabilities are well underway and we will
report back in due course."

Over the last four months CQC has reviewed and

inspected all the services provided by Castlebeck Care
(Teesdale) Ltd at its 24 locations. We will publish the
results of this review, including reports on all locations,
at the end of July. Where we have identified concerns,
measures are in place to address the problems and to
ensure the safety of people using services.

http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2008/11/12/baby-
p-poor-practice-caused-protection-failure/

Baby P: Poor practice caused protection

failure

The failure to protect Baby P was because of poor

practice by health professionals, social workers,
police and lawyers rather than systematic breakdown, a
serious case review found.

Professionals in the London borough of Haringey saw

the boy 60 times before his death, caused by his mother
and stepfather, and the inquiry found agencies
communicated with each other and procedures were
largely followed.

However, there was a poor flow of information in some

areas. Despite being on the child protection register for
the final eight months of his life, there was a “pervasive
belief” that the 17-month-old boy’s injuries were
accidental.

Professionals believed mother

Few professionals challenged the mother’s account that

these were the result of an “active” child who often
bumped into and head-butted things, and only
considered that she was guilty of poor supervision.

Sharon Shoesmith, chair of Haringey local

safeguarding children board and director of Haringey
children’s services, said: “The mother seemed to be co-
operating with us: taking the child to the doctor’s when
he was ill, seeking help.”

Flawed paediatric assessment

However, only one mistake was highlighted as

“critical” in the failure to identify the abuse. This was
made by the paediatrician who examined the boy 48
hours before he died.
By this stage the child had suffered serious injuries,
including fractures to his ribs and spine, but the
paediatrician’s assessment recorded that he was
“miserable” with a viral infection.

The review found that expert medical opinion

“concluded that a diagnosis of abuse should have been
made at that point”.

Care threshold ‘not met’

A week before the boy died, social workers were

advised by Haringey Council’s lawyers that the
threshold for launching care proceedings had not been
met.

The risk was compounded by the presence of the boy’s

stepfather, who lived in the house for up to six months
without the knowledge of the child protection team.

The report made 45 recommendations aimed at

agencies covering six professional areas. These
included inviting paediatricians to child protection
conferences, and training for managers supervising
professionals involved in safeguarding work, ensuring
they were “vigilant” and “open and inquisitive”.

3.4 Identify sources of information and advice about

own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals
from abuse

Social Services: the Adult Services Department of

your local authority will be able to
provide advice and support on safeguarding and
protecting vulnerable individuals.

Care Quality Commission (CQC): the independent

regulator CQC gives guidance
on government policies

Carers Direct Helpline 0300 123 1053: offers all-

week telephone support and advice
to carers in regard to their own support and
safeguarding and protection of the
individuals they care for.
 4.1 Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be
reduced by:
a) working with person centred values
Working with person-centred approaches is in when
the individuals are with learning disability. Each of
the is different and come from different
environment. For that is very important to be
attention all details from their life and to find a way
to communicate with them, to encourage them to
live their life’s how they want. In this way the
individuals will feel in centre and they will feel more
comfortable and motivate to develop their skills.
Also staff need encourage them to plan their life or
activities as much they can. In this way the
individuals will feel in power.

b) encouraging active participation

Encouraging active participation:
Each of the individuals who are active participation can
develop better and fell more powerful. They can really feel
that every decision has been made is with their consent.
This is promoting their independence and motivate to have
4. Understand ways to reduce the goal and chose new things in their life.
likelihood of abuse Active participation is part of a good standard of social care
and individual will not feel anxious because he is receiving
support for every step he is doing. As much he is active in
his care plan, as much he can improve the quality of his life
and ask more independency.

c) promoting choice and rights

Each of the specialist support is play an important
part of the individual life. The specialist need to
encourage individuals to take their own choices and
to find solution for what they want to do. It is
important when they ask us for solution or choices,
to offer them multiple choices and explain each of
them. We can advice but is important that each of
them to choose what they like.
In this way we can know better, to learn about their
history and how they felt in different situations.
In this way specialist know how to communicate
with them, to encourage them, respect them after
their culture and respect their choices.
The specialist need to explain them the right of
choice but the consequences about choosing
different things. In this way each individuals will
 develop to make a difference between a good choice
and one that can be improve.

4.2 Explain the importance of an accessible

complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood
of abuse
Complaints are very important for an organisation
but for each person. This is a form a feedback
and is a way to see where a point to be improve
is. Every organisation should have or should
develop a procedure for complaint. Also each
organisation should encourage their employee
or partners to use it without fear. Is the easy
ease way to solve different issue and keep the
positive imagine of the organisation.
The procedures need to be easy for everyone and to
have a guide how to write one. The complaint is
need to have a follow up and the person who
wrote it need to receive updates.

5.1 Describe unsafe practices that may affect the

well-being of individuals
Any action who put the individual or support worker
in the risk is an unsafe practice.
This can be:
- not wearing personal protective equipment when
support worker are at work
- let the invidividual unsupported in time when he is
in community or home
- don’t follow the exit plan or company procedures
when support worker are in shift.
- unsafe practice can be that the employer don’t
5. Know how to recognise and provide appropriate training or equipment for
report unsafe practices
support workers.
5.2 Explain the actions to take if unsafe practices
have been identified
Our responsibility is to keep safe individuals and us.
As support workers we need to be attention about hazards
and to inform when it is happen. If we hide this and it is
happen the support worker can lose the job or even to take
into the Court if the injury is heavy/dangerous.
If I see unsafe practice from one support worker are few
steps that I can do.
- To put a sign where is the hazards and ask for help to be
solve.
- To inform the team about it and individuals.
- to inform the manager about it
 - To track if it is solve and report higher level if it is not
solve.
- To read the procedures about it.

5.3 Describe the action to take if suspected abuse or

unsafe practices have been reported but
nothing has been done in response
It is very important that any unsafe practice or
abuse to be recorded in write or online if the
employer has this way. Everything need to be
recorded time, date, evidence, pictures...
Usually every incident has a time to be solved and if
the incident is not investigate is my duty to
report to the senior level in the company (follow
the incident procedures). After the senior level
of the company are other local authorities that
can help in this case.

Unit aim (s) This unit is aimed at those working in a wide

range of settings. This unit introduces the
important area of safeguarding individuals from
abuse. It identifies different types of abuse
and the signs and symptoms that might
indicate abuse is occurring. It considers when
individuals might be particularly vulnerable to
abuse and what a learner must do if abuse is
suspected or alleged.

Assessment requirements specified by This unit must be assessed in accordance with

a sector or regulatory body (if Skills for Care and Development's QCF
appropriate) Assessment Principles.

Details of the relationship of the unit HSC 24 HSC 240

and relevant national occupational
Content recurs throughout HSC NOS knowledge
standards
requirements