TENSES

A. PRESENT TENSES

1. Simple Present

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang merupakan:

 Habitual Action (Kebiasaan)
 General truth (Kebenaran Umum)
 Adverb of Time : everyday, once, twice, three
times, etc
Rumus : S + Ve/es
 Adverb of frequency : always, often, usually,
sometimes, seldom, never, etc
Example:
Istia goes to campus everyday
She always wear a green cloth at campus everyday
The sun rises (general truth)

2. Present Continuous

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada masa sekarang

 Adverb of time : now, right now, at this time, at

Rumus : S + is/am/are + Ving
this moment
Example:
Istia is dancing salsa right now
The boys is renovating they room

3. Present Perfect

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah selesai pada masa sekarang (hasil masih
terlihat/terasa)
 Biasanya diikuti oleh : yet, already, just
Rumus : S + have/has + V3
Example :
I have already swept the floor
He has just moved to another country

4. Present Perfect Continues

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang telah berlangsung beberapa lama dan terus
berlangsung sampai sekarang

Rumus : S + have/has +been +Ving

1|BIMBEL STAN LOMBOK
 Adverb of time : for three months, since yesterday, all these years, etc.

Example :
It has been raining since yesterday
The gangga’s boy and Parinda have been playing scrabble for an hour.

B. PAST TENSES

1. Simple Past

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada masa lampau.
 Adverb of time : yesterday, last night, twenty hours ago, just now
Rumus : S + V2
Example :
They went to Medan last Week
I visited my father yesterday

2. Past Continuous

Digunakan untuk menyetakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu pada
masa lampau.

Rumus : S + was/were + Ving

 Adverb of time : at 10 last night, at this time yesterday,
 when + S + V2,
 While + S + was/were + Ving, etc
Example :
She was watching movie at 11 last night
She was waiting him when he came
They were studying English when he was eating

3. Past Perfect

Digunakan untuk menyetakan kejadian yang telah selesai ketika kejadian lain terjadi

Rumus : S + had + V3 Example : I had eaten breakfast before you took

a bath
 Bisa diikuti oleh : already, just

Pemakaian
1. S + had + V3 before S + V2
2. After S + had + V3, S + V2
3. S + had + V3 when S + V2 (atau)
4. S + V2 when S + had + V3

2|BIMBEL STAN LOMBOK

 4. Past Perfect Continues

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah berlangsung selama beberapa lama tetapi
masih terus berlangsung ketika kejadian lain terjadi dimasa lampau

Rumus : S + had + been + Ving

Pemakaiannya:
Before + S + V2, S + had + been + Ving for…
When + S + V2, S + had + been + Ving for…
After + S + had + been + Ving for…, S + V2
for…
*catatan: harus diikuti oleh for

Example :
My little brother had been playing football for half an hour when I came by.

C. FUTURE TENSES

1. Simple Future

Digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada masa yang akan dating
Adverb of time : tonight, tomorrow, soon,
Rumus : S + will/shall + V1 next week, etc
Example:
Istia will go abroad next week
My grandpa will recover from his illness soon

2. Present Future Continuous

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan sedang dilakukan pada waktu tertentu dimasa
yang akan dating
Adverb of time : at 9 tonight, at this
Rumus : S + will/shall + be + V1 time, next week, etc.
Example
She will be swimming in the lake at 3 tomorrow
He will be teaching at this time next month

3. Present Future Perfect

Menyatakan kegiatan yang akan sudah selesai terjadi dimasa yang akan dating

Rumus : S + will/shall + have + been + V3

Adverb of time:
Example
By next:week, by next july
By the end of this year Example : They will have sent the letter , by
By the time + S + V1 / Vs/es + O/C the time you remind them

3|BIMBEL STAN LOMBOK

 4. Present Future Perfect Continues

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang telah akan berlangsung beberapa lama dan terus
berlangsung sampai masa yang akan datang.
Adverb of time : by tomorrow, by
the end of this month, by the time,
etc
Catatan : harus diikuti oleh for
Example:
By the next week, he will have been living here for five years
Aditya will have been teaching English for four months by the end of this week

RUMUS PRAKTIS MENGHAFAL TENSES

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONT.

S + was/were + S + had been

PAST S + V2 S + had V3
Ving Ving

S + is/am/are + S + have been

PRESENT S + V1 (s + es) S + have/has V3
Ving Ving

S + will/shall + be S + will/shall have S + will have

FUTURE S + will/shall + V1
Ving V3 been Ving

4|BIMBEL STAN LOMBOK

 LATIHAN SOAL

1. She will _____ us. 6. She has been _____ in Jamaica in

a. Follow the last three years.
b. Follows a. Work
c. Following b. Working
d. followed c. Works
2. I have ______ a beautiful rose for d. Worked
her. 7. Computers that once took up
a. Bring entire room___ now small enough
b. Bringing to put on desktops and into
wristwatches.
c. Brought
a are
d. brings b would be
3. I ______ go to Washington D.C c will be
next week. d will be
a. going to
b. Will 8. The boys ______ television every
c. Was going to night unless they have homework.
d. Plans to a Watch
b watches
4. Gerry … Indonesia before he came c watched
to Jakarta to study in the d watching
International student program.
9. A river ______ downstream.
a. Has never visited a. flows
b. Never visited b. will flow
c. Would never visited c. is flowing
d. Had never visited d. was flowing
5. I started school when I was five
years old. I … a student for 10. He ______ never ______ since he
nearly ______ .
seventeen years now.
a. has ... swum, drowned
a. Am b. had ... swum, was drowning
b. Am being c. was ... swimming, drowned
c. Have been d. did ... swum, had drowned
d. Am to be

5|BIMBEL STAN LOMBOK

 CAUSATIVE

Pola kalimat yang mengandung arti “ MENYURUH orang lain ” untuk melakukan suatu
pekerjaan tertentu.
ASK, TELL, PAY, GET, PERSUADE someone else to …

RUMUS PRAKTIS

a. Active

S + have/has/let/make/help + Someone + Do (V1)

S + want/get/order/command + Someone + to Do (to V1)

Example : Erwin has Hasan cut his hair
SBY get Hidayat to copy the text

b. Passive

Has / get
Have / order
S + Make / want + Something + Done
Let / Command (object) (V3)
Help / Ask

Example: My family had our house painted white

We must have the watch repaired
I have my hair cut

Notes : Make : memaksa

Have : meminta
Get : membujuk

6|BIMBEL STAN LOMBOK

 LATIHAN SOAL

1. My little girl wants us to let her 6. Your car engine is making some
___ overnight at her friend's place. strange sounds. Why don't you
a. to stay have a mechanic ____ at it
b. staying a. to look
c. stayed b. looking
d. stay c. looked
2. We had our landlord ___ the d. look
broken window. 7. Her parents don't let her ___ out
a. to fix late on school nights.
b. fixing a. to stay
c. fixed b. stayed
d. fix c. stay
3. We got the computer guy ____ the d. staying
new software for us. 8. We've got to get our neighbours
a. to install ___ having loud parties every
b. installing weekend.
c. installed a. stopping
d. install b. to stop
4. My friend lets me ____ his car c. stop
sometimes. d. stopped
a. to borrow 9. She had her hair ___ at QuickCuts
b. borrowing for only $25.
c. borrowed a. cutting
d. borrow b. to cut
5. I can help you ___ into your new c. cut
apartment if you want. d. cutted
a. to move 10. I hope the teacher can help me
b. moving ___ these math questions.
c. moved a. figuring out
d. move b. to figure out
c. figure out
d. figured out

7|BIMBEL STAN LOMBOK

 MODALS
Modals adalah kata kerja bantu yang memberikan arti tambah pada kalimat dan harus diikuti dengan
kata kerja bentuk dasar (Vinf) yang terdiri dari :

SHALL COULD NEED

SHOULD MAY DARE
WILL MIGHT USED TO
WOULD MUST
CAN OUGHT TO

MODAL + VERB I

1. Can/ could/ may/ might

 Menyatakan suatu kemungkinan suatu peristiwa
Example : It might be rain tomorrow
2. Should
 Menyatakan suatu anjuran/ saran
Example : You should study hard to pass USM STAN
 Menyatakan arti seharusnya dalam bentuk present
Example : As a good moslem, we should obey our parents
3. Must
 Keharusan mutlak
Example : You must work at department of finance to be rich young man
 Kesimpulan logis
Example : Andi bought new Ferrari, he must be rich

MODAL PERFECT S +Modals + Have + Verb III + Object

1. Could have + Verb III
Menyatakan suatu yang SEBENARNYA KEJADIAN YANG BISA TERJADI di waktu lampau namun
TIDAK TERJADI
2. Might have + Verb III
Menyatakan suatu KEMUNGKINAN DARI SUATU KEJADIAN yang telah terjadi di masa lampau
3. Should have + Verb III
Menyatakan suatu kejadian YANG SEHARUSNYA TERJADI di waktu lampau namun tidak terjadi
4. Must have + Verb III
Menyatakan KESIMPULAN LOGIS dari kejadian di masa lalu

8|BIMBEL STAN LOMBOK

Modals adalah kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) yang memberi tambahan arti pada kalimat.

FUNGSI MODALS:

1. Ability > MENYATAKAN KEMAMPUAN

Modals : can/ could
Notes : can/ could = to be + able to [atau] to be + capable Ving

2. Permission > MENYATAKAN IZIN

Modals : Makna aktif : can/ could; may/ might
Makna pasif : to be allowed to; to be permitted to

3. Possibility > MENYATAKAN KEMUNGKINAN

Modals : can/ could
May/ might

4. Obligation > MENYATAKAN KEHARUSAN

Modals : must, should, Ought to
Notes : must = have/ has/ had + to = harus

5. Logical conclusion > MENYATAKAN KESIMPULAN LOGIS DARI SUATU KEJADIAN/

PERNYATAAN

1. Jika pernyataan (keadaan) berbentuk PRESENT TENSE, maka kesimpulan dinyatakan dengan
menggunakan modals:

Can/ could
May/ might Verb I be
Must + be + complement +
Should/ ought to Verb ing

2. Jika pernyataan (keadaan) berbentuk PAST TENSE, maka kesimpulan dinyatakan dengan
modal perfect

Could/ might
Ought to/ Should Verb III
Must + have been + Ving
Could been + complement
Might have = mungkin sudah …

Contoh :
 Ought to/ should + have = seharusnya sudah
(digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang tidak terjadi dimasa lampau
 Must have = pasti sudah …
(digunakan untuk menyimpulkan sesuatu yang pasti terjadi dimasa lampau)

9|BIMBEL STAN LOMBOK

  Could have = seharusnya …
(digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang tidak terjadi dimasa lampau)
 Would + Verb I adalah modal yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang
dilakukan secara rutin (berulang-ulang) dimasa lampau

10 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL
1. We ____ when the traffic light shows red.
a. must stop b. may stop c. can stop d. ought to stop

2. He asked me whether he ____ my car to go to the party

a. must borrow b. might borrow c. may borrow d. would borrow

3. I could not find the museum you told me about. I ____ the wrong bus
a. must have taken c. might have taken
b. should have taken d. could have taken

4. She did not tell me where she ____ after classes.

a. would go b. should go c. might go d. must go

5. “Does Anton know that Myrna had an accident yesterday?”

“I don’t think so, we ____ him as soon as we were informed.”
a. may have told c. should have told
b. must have told d. would have told

6. “I can’t find my phone book in my bag”

“Well, you ____ in the car, let’s take a look.”
a. must leave b. will leave c. can leave d. may leave

7. “Don’t you think the driver is speeding?”

“Yes, I am afraid he ____ the lives of the passengers.”
a. may endanger b. should endanger c. must endanger d. can endanger

8. “The players spent the night before the big match at a party.”
“That was foolish of them, they ____ to bed early.”
a. must have gone c. could have gone
b. should have gone d. would have gone

9. “The oil was frozen, mother could not use it to fry the fish.
“I am sure, it ____ very cold last night.
a. must have been c. should have been
b. might have been d. could have been

10. She looks so hungry and weak. She ____ some food.
a. may buy b. must buy c. will buy d. can buy

11. She missed the train yesterday. She ____ earlier.

a. would have left b. should have left c. must have left d. might have left

12. “She did not answer the phone when I called her.”
“She ____ yesterday.”
a. must have slept c. would have slept
b. could have slept d. should have slept

11 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
13. I did not know there was a test yesterday, you ____ me about it.
a. should have told c. could have told
b. might have told d. must have told

14. “I wonder how old he is. He was Asti’s classmate in 1985, so he ____ at least twenty five now.
a. will be b. shall be c. can be d. may be

15. “I am sorry I was not able to finish typing your paper.”

“Well, it was my fault, I ____ you with too much work.”
a. might not have burdened c. could not have burdened
b. should not have burdened d. must not have burdened

16. Rita has just missed the plane to Medan. She ____ at the airport at least two hours before the
departure.
a. could have been c. should have been
b. might have been d. must have been

17. Many people didn’t eat during the war ten years ago. They ____.
a. could have suffered c. must have suffered
b. may have suffered d. should have suffered

12 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice adalah bentuk kalimat dimana subjek atau pokok kalimatnya dikenai suat tindakan

Pola Passive :
[to be]I : am, is, are
[to be]II : was, were
[to be]III : been
[to be]ing : being
[to be]inf : be

NO
TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE

S + Verb I (s/es)
Present is/ am/ are
1 Simple S + Verb II S Verb III
Past was/ were

Future S + Shall/will + Verb 1 shall/will be

Present S + is/ am/ are is/ am/ are

Verb being
2 Continous Past S + was/ were S was/ were
ing Verb III
Future S + will be Jarang dipakai

Present S + have/had has/ have

been Verb
3 Perfect Past S + had Verb III S had
III
Future S + will + have will + have
4 Modals Aux. S + modal Verb I S modal + be Verb III

Example :
Andi help Maria > Maria is helped by Andi
Andi was helping Maria > Maria was being helped by Andi
Andi has helped Maria > Maria has been helped by Andi
Andi is going to help Maria > Maria is going to be helped by Andi

13 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL
1. SBY and Budiyono are visiting the embassy b. Isn’t helped
of Indonesia in USA. c. Isn’t helping
a. Embassy of Indonesia in USA was d. Is being helped
visited by SBY and Budiyono.
b. Embassy of Indonesia in USA is 6. The farmer’s wagon _____by the two
being visited by SBY and Budiyono. horses.
c. Embassy of Indonesia in USA has a. Is pulled
been visited by SBY and Budiyono. b. Was pulled
d. Embassy of Indonesia in USA will c. Is being pulled
be visited by SBY and Budiyono. d. Was being pulled

2. Some students are arranging a reunion 7. Customers _____________________ by

party in the class room. waitresses and waiters.
a. A reunion party is being a. Will be served
arranged by some students b. Is being served
in the class room. c. Have been served
b. A reunion party had been d. Is going to be served
arranged by some students
in the class room. 8. The letter is being written by Jim.
c. A reunion party is arranged a. Jim was writing the letter
by some students in the b. Jim will write the letter
class room. c. Jim writes the letter
d. A reunion party will had d. Jim is writing the letter
been arranged by some
students in the class room. 9. The assignments are being collecting by
teacher.
3. Neither James nor Jenny is telling the a. Teacher had collected the
truth. assignments
a. Truth isn’t being told either b. Teacher is collecting the
by James or Jenny. assignments
b. Truth isn’t told either by c. Teacher is being collected by
James or Jenny. the assignment
c. Truth was told neither by d. Teacher had been collecting
James nor Jenny. the assignments
d. Truth isn’t being told neither
by James nor Jenny. 10. The contract is being signed by Mr.
Thomas.
4. The plant _____________ by Tania. a. Mr. Thomas signing the
a. Is watered contract
b. Was watered b. Mr. Thomas has been
c. Is being watered signing the contract
d. Was being watered c. Mr. Thomas will have
signing the contract
5. The boy _________________ by her. d. Mr. Thomas is signing the
a. Is helped contract

14 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 GERUND & TO INFINITIVE

1. GERUND

Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berubah fungsi menjadi kata benda dengan penambahan –ing
setelah kata kerja. Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai:

 Subjek
Example : running was my hooby, swimming makes us healty

 Objek (setelah kata kerja khusus)

Example : Dyan avoided kissing to cow, It’s no use cheating at test

 After preposition
(am, in, on, for, by, after, off, up, down above)
I’m afraid of being left, he’s clever at making tricks

 Noun modifier
Example : Sleeping bed > the bed for sleeping
Reading book > the book for reading
Sleeping lady > bukan gerund tapi participle

Pada contoh berikut, mana yang gerund?

a. Walking stick
b. Walking blind man

Adapun kata-kata yang harus diikuti bentuk Gerund adalah :

Mind Risk Detest Prefer

Avoid Admit Forbid Neglect
Keep Appreciate Stop Practice
Enjoy Image Forget Regret
Finish Dislike Remember
Deny Consider Can’t help
Permit Delay Can’t stand

15 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
2. INFINITIVE
Dibagi menjadi dua:

A. With to
1. Noun I don’t know how to make plane
We need the water to drink Do you know what to do?
The power to do more! 4. After certain Verb
2. Adjective Steve decide to go to cici house
English is simple to understand I hope to come, we need to eat
USM STAN is easy to do first
It’s impossible to do the test 5. Adverb of purposes
Why do you come here?
Jawaban To treat you
3. Question word

B. Without to

LEMAH + O + Verb I S + Let/Make/Help + O + Verb

I

O + to Verb
Advise
Admit
Encourage
Allow Bila tanpa objek
langsung Verb ing

Contoh :
I encourage you to study / I encourage you studying
I allow entering the class

Kata-kata dibawah ini bisa diikuti oleh gerund atau to invinitife yaitu:
REFOREST (REmember, FOrget, REgret, STart)
BELI DISKON (BEgin, LIke, DISKlike, CONtinous)

KATA KERJA KHUSUS (certain verb)

W= want, wish A = advise C = care, claim

A = ask H = hesitate consent
N = need E = expact,
D = decide T = tell encourage
A = agree O = o treaten R = remember,
P = promise, regret,
H = hope persuade, require
A = allow prepare
M = manage,
mean
I = invite
D = demand

16 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL

1. ____ all the way make us tired. a. He writes

a. Walk b. He has written
b. Walking c. Writing
c. We walk d. He has written
d. We have walked e. I am writing
e. By walking
7. After ____ his pass, he has allowed
2. I don’t like ____ to another school to enter the building
a. Mira moves a. Shown
b. Mira she’s moving b. Have shown
c. Mora move c. Showed
d. Mira’s moving d. Showing
e. The moving of mira e. To show

3. I’m sorry for ____to move to 7. Although dino has denied ____ the
another school money, they are still suspecting him
a. Doing a. Stolen
b. Making b. Steal
c. Causing c. To steal
d. Creating d. Stealing
e. Developing e. Have stolen

4. Little children are usually afraid 8. The man sitting next to ratu said,
of___ by their mother “do you mind______?”
a. Left a. Smoking
b. To left b. Smoke
c. Being left c. To smoke
d. Leaving d. My smoking
e. Been left e. Be smoking

5. My brother has been away from 9. He must avoid____ too hard

home for years without ever because of his poor health
______to us a. Be working
a. To write b. In working
b. To be written c. Work
c. Have written d. Working
d. Writing e. To be working
e. Written
10. Would you mind_____ so loud?
6. Before ____his essay he read books a. To talk
on the subject b. To not talking

17 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
c. Not talking
d. You not talk 15. Her parents advised her daughter
e. Not to talk. ….. too much money on clothes.
11. I ____ to his behaving so rudely to A. do not spend
ward his sister B. not to spend
a. Object C. did not spend
b. Dislike D. not spending
c. Disagree E. not spend
d. Complain
e. Regret 16. The progress of my class needs ….
A. to be evaluated
12. I am looking forward to _____ a B. evaluated
salary raise next month C. in evaluating
a. Get D. be evaluated
b. Be getting E. to evaluate
c. Getting
d. Have got 17. The crowd has been waiting outside
e. Got the monix hotel for hours just … a
glimpse of the famous singer.
13. Have you considered _____ to an A. get
apartment closer to your office? B. they get
a. Move C. get
b. To move D. for getting
c. Moved E. to get
d. Moving
e. To be moving 18. I sometimes take a walk in the
morning … some fresh air.
14. She has not got enough experience A. getting
…. the headmaster of our school B. get
A. promoted C. to get
B. to be promoted D. I get
C. being promoted E. be getting
D. be promoted
E. She will be promoted

18 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 CLAUSES

A. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Jenis-jenis relative pronoun dapat dilihat pada table dibawah ini

Subject Object Possesive

Person Who / That Whom / That Whose
Thing Which / That Which / That Of Which

1. Who
Subject of person
Example: - The girl is my sister
- She broke the this door 4. Which
yesterday Subject and object of thing
+ The girl who broke this Example : - The book is
door yesterday is my expensive
sister - I bought it in the bookstore
2. Whom over there
Object of person + The book which I bought in
Example : - The man looking the bookstore over there is
so tired expensive
- I saw him driving a car 5. Of Which
+ The man whom I saw Possesive of thing
driving a car looked so Example : - The car is old
tired - Its door are broken
3. Whose + The house, doors of which
Possesive of person and thing are broken, is old (or)
Example : - The boy looks + The house of which door
hungry broken, is old
- His shoes is green
+ The boy whose shoes is
green looks so hungry

KESIMPULAN
Which/ Who sebagai > S (bila ketemu) + P
Which/ Whom sebagai > O (bila ketemu + SP

19 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
B. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan. Jenis-jenisnya :

1. Adverb of Reason
Anak kalimat yang berfungsi menerangkan alas an
Kata : Because, as, since, for
Example : He forgot to lock the door because he as in hurry

2. Adverb clause of Result

Anak kalimat yang berfungsi menyatakan hasil dari suatu pekerjaan
Kata : - so/ hence/ thus/ therefore/ consequently
- so + adj/ adv + that (sangat … sehingga …)
- such + noun + that (… sehingga)
Example : He didn’t study hard; therefore,he didn’t pass the test

3. Adverb clause of Purpose

Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan tujuan dari suatu pekerjaan.
Kata : so that, in order that, in order to + V1
Example : - The question is so difficult that I can’t answer it
- This is such a difficult question that I can’t answer it

4. Adverb clause of Contrast

Anak kalimat yang berfingsi menunjukkan pertentangan
Kata : - althrough, eventough
- however, nevertheless, whereas, still +S+P
- on the other hand, but, yet
Example : althrough it rains heavily, he still goes out

5. Adverb clause of Place

Anak kalimat yang menyatakan untuk menyatakan tempat
Kata : where, wherever
Example : This is town where I was born

6. Adverb clause of Time

Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu
Kata : when, after, before, while, since
Example : It’s the week when I started to work here

20 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
C. NOUN CLAUSE
Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda dengan menggunakan:
That, what, who, which
+S+P
Where, when, why, whether

Posisi Penggunaan

1. Sebagai subjek
Terletak di awal kalimat
Example : - What he has done admired everybody in his classroom
- Whether he could pass the test will be announced next week

2. Sebagai objek
Terletak setelah kata kerja
Example : - Nobody knows why she has involved in the school fighting yesterday
- She realizes that she has lost her new green shoes

3. Sebagai pelengkap
Terletak disebelah to be atau berfungsi sebagai pelengkap keterangan
Example : - That is what I want
- I have no idea why she leaves me alone

21 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL
Fill in : who, whom, whose, which 5. The time ____ the plane takes off and
lands will be changed soon.
1. That is the girl _____father got an A.When B.Who C.Ø D.That
accident last week

2. Do you know Ali’s box in ___ he put his 6. Lumajang is the place ____ I was born.
tools? A.That B.Where C.When D.Whose

3. To ____did you give the letter 7. Andrea was a married woman ____
yesterday ? lived in Brockbourne.
A.That B.Where C.Who D.When
4. I don’t know ___will be responsible for
that. 8. Hirata shivered at the snow ____ was
piled in the fields.
5. ____shirt do you think suitable for me,
A.Whose B.Who C.That D.Which
the red one or the blue one?

6. With ____did you go to Ani’s party 9. She missed listening to the radio, ____
yesterday? had been stolen.
A.Which B.Whose C.That D.Who
7. ___book is that in the drawer of the
table ? 10. Rizky stopped for an old lady ____ was
standing by the road.
8. I am not sure from _____the package I A.Whom B.Who C.That D.Whose
got this morning.

9. ____town is bigger, Semarang or 11. The old lady had a sign ____ was
Surabaya? handwritten.
A.Whose B.Which C.That D.Whose
10. Those ___come late will be punished?
12. Kurniawan opened the door for the
NEXT lady, ____ was very fat.
A.That B.Whom C.When D.Who
1. The man ____ is sitting over there is
my father. 13. Mario was afraid of the old lady, ____
A.Who B.Whose C.When D.Ø voice sounded strange.
A.Whose B.That C.Whom D.When
2. The book ____ you bought yesterday
is very interesting. 14. Conan was terrified ____ she saw her
A.Who B.Which C.Whose D.When arms, which were hairy.
A.Whose B.When C.Whom D.Which
3. This is the place ____ I visited some
years ago. 15. Kurniawan realized it was a man ____
A.Where B.When C.That D.Who was dressed as a woman.
A.That B.When C.Who D.Ø
4. Mr. Kurniawan ____ son is my friend is
presenting a paper in a seminar.
A.Who B.What C.That D.Whose

22 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Pembentukan Adjectives Untuk Comparative dan Superlative Degree.

Terdapat dua jenis pembentukan adjectives untuk comparative dan superlative degree, yaitu untuk
one-sylable adjectives (adjectives dengan satu ucapan) dan more than one-syllable adjective
(adjective dengan lebih dari satu pengucapan).

1. One-syllable adjectives

Banyak orang berpikir pembentukan one-syllable adjectives untuk comparative dan superlative
degree sesimple dengan manambahkan er/est pada akhiran adjectives saja, tetapi ada beberapa hal
yang harus diperhatikan seperti hal berikut di bawah ini.

Adjectives Comparative Superlative

Old Older Oldest
Tall Taller Tallest
Cheap Cheaper Cheapest

Late Later Latest

Nice Nicer Nicest

Angry Angrier Angriest

Funky Funkier Funkiest
Lucky Luckier Luckiest

Fat Fatter Fattest

Big Bigger Biggest
Thin Thinner Thinnest

 Kebanyakan adjectives hanya ditambahkan -er/-est dalam membentuk adjectives untuk

comparative dan superlative degree. Misalkan:

No Comperative Supelative
01 Old + -er = Older Old + -est = Oldest
02 Tall + -er = Taller Tall + -est = Tallest
03 Cheap + -er = Cheaper Cheap + -est = Cheapest

23 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
  Untuk adjectives yang berakhiran huruf hidup (vowel) pembentukan adjectives untuk
comperative dan superlative degree hanya ditambahkan -r/st. Misalnya:

No Comperative Supelative
01 Late + -r = Later Late + -st = Latest
02 Nice + -r = Nicer Nice + -st = Nicest

 Untuk adjectives yang berkahiran huruf 'Y', pembentukan adjectives untuk comperative dan
superlative degree yaitu dengan cara merubah huru 'Y' tersebut menjadi huruf 'I' kemudian
ditambahkan -er/-est. Misalnya:

No Comperative Supelative
01 Angry = angri + er = Angrier Angry = angri + est = Angriest
02 Funky = funki + er = Funkier Funky = funki + est = Funkiest
03 Lucky = lucki + er = Luckier Lucky = lucki + est = Luckiest

 Untuk adjectives yang berakhiran huruf mati (consonant) yang sebelumnya didahului oleh satu
huruf hidup (vowel), misalkan fat, big, thin, pembentukan adjectives untuk comperative dan
superlative yaitu dengan mengulang huruf akhir adjectives tersebut dan ditambahkan -er/-est.
Misalnya:

No Comperative Supelative
01 Fat = fatt + -er = Fatter Fat = fatt + -est = Fattest
02 Big = bigg + -er = Bigger Big = bigg + -est = Biggest
03 Thin = thinn + -er = Thinner Thin = thinn + -est = Thinnest

Irregular Comparison

Selain terdapat pengecualian dalam pembentukan one-syllable adjectives untuk comparative dan
superlative seperti di atas, anda juga harus memperhatikan apa itu irrigular comparison. Irrigular
comparison adalah pembentukan adjectives untuk comperative dan superlative yang tidak mengikuti
ketentuan-ketentuan di atas. Misalnya:

Adjectives Comperative Suupelative

Good/well Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Far Further/farther Futhest/farthest
Little Less Least
Old Older/elder Oldest/eldest

24 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
2. More than one-syllable adjectives

Adjective dengan lebih dari satu pengucapan adalah kata adjective yang memerlukan dua pengucapan
atau lebih untuk mengucapkannya, misalkan kata 'beautiful' memerlukan tiga pengucapan byu-ti-ful,
dsb.

Pembentukan comperative dan superlative untuk adjective dengan lebih dari satu pengucapan relatif
mudah, yaitu dengan menambahkan kata more/ most di depan kata adjective tersebut. Misalkan:

Adjectives Comperative Supelative

Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Handsome More handsome Most handsome
Ugly More ugly Most ugly

Setalah memahami pembentukan comperative dan superlative untuk one-syllable dan more than one-
syllable adjective di atas, seperti yang penulis janjikan, mari kita simak penjelasan dari tiga jenis
Degrees of Comparison.

1. EQUALITY COMPARISON (PERBANDINGAN SETARA)

Pada equality comparison ini, menggambarkan perbadinginan yang setera antara pembading dan
yang dibandingakan. Terdapat dua jenis equality comparison yaitu Postive comparison dan Negative
Comparison.

Positive Comparison

Rumus:
Subject + To be + As + Adjectives + As + Object
Contohnya:
- My hands were as cold as ice. (Tangan-tangan ku sedingin es)
- She is as beautiful as her mother.(Dia (pr) secantik ibunya)

Negative Comparison

Rumus:
Subject + To be + Not + As/so + Adjectives + Object
Contohnya:
- She is not as/so beautiful as her mother. (Dia (pr) tidak secantik ibunya.)
- Andi is not as/ so tall as Tomy. (Andi tidak setinggi Tomy.)

2. Comparative

Comparative adalah struktur kebahasaan dalam bahasa Inggris yang membandingkan satu
orang/benda (tunggal) dengan satu orang/benda lainnya (tunggal). Biasanya dicirikan dengan adanya
kata More/-er (lebih) dan Than (dari pada). Untuk mengetahui bagaimana membentuk adjectives yang
mendapat imbuhan more/-er, lihat penjelasan di atas.

25 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
Rumus:
Subject + To be + More/-er + Adjectives + Than + Object
Contohnya:
- She is more beautiful than her mother. (Dia (pr) lebih cantik dari pada ibunya.)
- Andi is more handsome than Tomy. (Andi lebih tampan dari pada Tomy.)

Selain mengguankan rumus di atas, terdapat pula pola yang mencerminkan Comparative yaitu dengan
penggunaan The .... The ..., misalkan:
- The sooner the better. (Lebih cepat lebih baik.)
- The older I get, the happier I am. (Semakin tua, semakin bahagia saya.)
- The more dangerous it is, the more I like it. (Semaikin berbahaya, semakin saya suka.)

3. Superlative

Superlative adalah struktur kebahasaan dalam bahasa Inggris yang membandingkan satu orang/
benda (tunggal) dengan orang/ benda yang lain (jamak). Biasanya dicirikan dengan adanya kata Most/-
est (paling) dan artikel the sebelum kata most/-est. Untuk mengetahui bagaimana membentuk
adjectives yang mendapat imbuhan most/-est, lihat penjelasan di atas.

Rumus :
Subject + To be + The + Most/-est + Adjective
Contohnya:
- She is the most beautiful creature in the world. (Dia adalah mahluk paling cantik di dunia.)
- I am the smartest students in the class. (Saya siswa paling cerdas di kelas.)

26 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL

Lengkapilah kalimat berikut ini dengan bentuk ‘COMPARATIVE’ yang tepat!

1. Andi is 165 cm tall. Donna is 167 cm tall. So, Donna is _________ than Andi.

2. My father is 45 years old. My mother is 46 years old. So, My mother is _________ than my father.

3. A buffalo is big. But, an elephant is ________ than a cow.

4. Bengawan Solo river is long but Nil river is ________ than Bengawan Solo river.

5. Most students think Mathematic is ___________ than Social Science.

1. Rio : Which is more interesting. 4. Which sentence is written correctly?

The Safari Park or Ragunan Zoo? a. Nathan was most courageous
Daud : I think Ragunan zoo is …… as the than his friend, Colin Whitefield
Safari Park. Both of them have many good b. Nathan was the most courageous
things to see. boy in the settlement.
a. more interesting c. Weasel was the less courageous
b. less interesting than any of the government
c. the most interesting agents.
d. as interesting d. Pa was the most courageous man
of the two.
2. Ani : Do you prefer traveling by
train or by plane? 5. Which of the following sentences is NOT
Ita : I prefer traveling by train. correct?
Ani : Why? a. Nathan had the most cunning
Ita : Buying the train ticket needs plan to capture Weasel.
….. money than the plane ticket. b. Ezra was more cunning than Pa.
a. fewer c. Job was the most cunning animal
b. few in the barn yard.
c. less d. Duffy and Win were more
d. little cunninger than Miz Tizz.
6. Which of the following sentences is NOT
3. Look at the data below! correct?
Name : Mrs. Laila Name : Mr. Umar a. Job was less afraid of Weasel than all
Age : 35 Age : 34 of the other animals.
Job : doctor Job : teacher b. Nathan is the most fastest runner of all
Children : Children : the boys.
1 son, 3 daughters 2 sons, 1 c. Molly was the sassiest one of the
daughter bunch.
Mr. Umar is ………. than Mrs Laila d. Ezra was braver than Weasel in fighting
a. as old evil
b. as young
c. older
d. younger

27 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (IF)

If clauses digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah kondisi atas kejadian atau keberadaan sesuatu.
Contoh : If you mix sugar with water, it will dissolve
Here, the sugar will dissolve on the condition that you mix it with water.

Ada tiga tipe if clauses:

Rumus Praktis
Main clause Sub Clause
(1) S + Will + V1 If S + V1 (s/ es)
(2) S + Would + V1 If S + V2 (were)
(3) S + Would have + V3 If S + had + V3

Pengandaian Bentuk Kalimat

FAKTA Tipe 1 Tipe 2 Tipe 3
CONDITIONAL Tipe 2 Tipe 3 Tipe 3

Kalimat pengandaian Means (faktanya)

I will come IF you invite me > there’s posibility that I come

I would come IF you invited me > I don’t come because you don’t invite me

I would have come IF you had invited me > I didn’t come because you didn’t invite me

Type 1. Mengenai kejadian nyata

Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present,
future, atau imperative
Contoh:
 If you go to the drug store, buy me a soft drink. (present ; imperative)
 If mary calls, I’ll Invite her to the concert. (present ; future)
 If Mary should call, I’ll invite her to the concert. (modal ; future)

Type 2. Tidak nyata

Tipe 2 berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini
Contoh:
 If I had the money, I would buy a motorcycle. (disebut khayalan karena aku tidak mempunyai
uang untuk membelinya

Type 3. Tidak nyata di masa lampau

Tipe 2 berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata pada masa lampau.

28 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
Contoh :
 If I had known you were, I would hare made you some soup. (past perfect-modal past)

Kata if sangat membantu untuk mengenali if clause, namun tidak

selalu digunakan!!!!!!

Type 1 : Should
If you shuld get a letter from Greece, give me a call
Should you get a letter from Greece, give me a call

Type 2 : Were
If you were taller, you could reach the light
Were you taller, you could reach the light

Type 3
If I had agreed, Jim would have married me.
Had I agreed, Jim would have married me

29 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL
1.If you washed your cloth tomorrow,I would have dried it. (answer:A_had washed)
A B C D
2.If the market service is good the customer would not complain.
A B C D
3.If you has not buy a dictionary,you can’t find english word.
A B C D
4.If you have not reading poetry,I will have to learn you.
A B C D
5.Mei:You know,I have a headache,what should I do?
A B
Harly:If I was you,I would go to doctor.
C D

6.If his mother had not been ill, Tony would 10. We … swum in the sea if there had not
have joined the study tour to Jakarta. been so many sharks there.
We conclude that Tony ….. a. Can c. was
A. has just come back from the study tour b. Would have d. Could
B. went to Jakarta for Study tour
C. left his sick mother at home 11. If she had taken the bus, she would not
D. refused to join the study tour to Jakarta have arrived on time.
E. went to jakarta after her mother had a. Can c. was
recovered b. Would d. Could

7. If you hungry, you … take something to

12. If he ……..… well, he would win the game
eat.
A. play C. playing
a. Were c. are
B. played D. Plays
b. Was d. Can
13. If you had been sick, you ……..… some
8. If Septia … after the barbeque, Tiwi will
medicine
let the guests in.
A. would have taken C. Would had take
a. Will have c. will play
B. could have taken D. Could had taken
b. Had play d. can playing
14. You ……..… if you walk in the rain (sick)
9. If you had spoken English, she
A. will sicks C. Would sick
… understood.
B. will sick D. Could sicks
a. Can c. was
b. Would have d. Could

30 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SENTENCE (REPORTED
SPEECH)

 You want to tell someone else what Jesse said

Direct : Jesse said, “I’m feeling ill”
Indirect : Jesse said (that) she was feeling ill

 When we used reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So verbs usually change
to the to the past in reported speech.

Am/is > was Can > could

Are > were Do/want/know etc > did/wanted/knew etc
Have/has > had Did > did or had done
Will > would

Other example:
 I want to go on holiday but I don’t know where to go.
Jesse said (that) he wanted to go on holiday but he didn’t know where to go.
 Rock said, “ I woke up feeling ill and so I stayed in bed”
Rock said (that) he woke (or had woken) up feeling ill and so he stayed (or had stayed) in
bed

 If you are reporting something and you feel that it is still true, you do not need to change the
tenses of the verb

Example :
 John said, “New york is bigger than London”
 John said (that) New york is (or was) bigger than London.

 Must, might, could, would, should, and ought stay the same in reported speech.
“May” in direct speech normally changes to “might” in reported speech.
May (direct) > might (reported)

 Say and tell

If you say who you are talking, use tell:
Zack told me that he didn’t like Thomas. (not Zack said me …)
Otherwise, use say
Zack said (that) that he didn’t like Thomas. (not Zack told (that) he …)

 We also use to infinitive ( to do, to stay, etc) in reported speech. Usually for orders and
requests)

31 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 i. “Stay in bed for a few days”, the doctor said to me
The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days
ii. “Don’t Shout”, I said to Gina
I told Gina not to shout

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

this = ini that = itu
these = ini those = itu
come = datang go = pergi
here = di sini, ke sini there = di sana, ke sana
hence = dari sini thence = dari sana
hither = ke tempat ini thither = ke tempat itu
ago = yang lalu before = lebih dahulu
now = sekarang then = pada waktu itu
today = hari ini that day = hari itu
tomorrow = besok next day = hari berikutnya
yesterday = kemarin the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
last night = tadi malam the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
next week = minggu depan the following week = minggu berikutnya
thus = begini so = begitu
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”. He said that he would go there

PERUBAHAN dalam MATERI INI

Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Simple present Simple past
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Simple past Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Future Past
Present Past

32 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL
1. The woman says to him: “you play the could eat
piano well.” E. She asked me how many pieces of bread I
The girl says to him that …………. can eat
A. you play the piano well.
6. “Where did you go four days ago?” John
B. he play the piano well
asked.
C. he plays the piano well
Tony asked …….
D. he played the piano well
A. where did I go four days ago
E. you played the piano well
B. where I did go four days ago
2. “Did he leave a message for me?” C. Where I had gone four days before
“yes, he said………. tonight”. D. where I had gone four days ago.
A. he called you E. where I went four days before
B. he would call him
7. “Did you have an assignment last
C. you called her
month? Father asked me
D. he would call you
Father asked me ……
E. I would call you
A. did I have an assignment last month
3. “You mustn’t forget what I told you.” B. I did have an assignment last month
She told me ……….. C. if I had had an assignment the month
A. that I hadn’t to forget what she had told before
me D. if I did have an assignment the month
B. that I didn’t have to forget what I had told before
her. E. if I had had an assignment the month
C. that I mustn’t have forgotten what I told before
you.
8. “Were you at the party last night?” Tony
D. that I didn’t have to forget what she had
said.
told me
A. Tony said that I was at the party the night
E. that I was not to forget what she had told
be tofore
me.sing so loudly
B. Tony wanted to know if he was at the
4. Tony said to me: “Why does she sing so party the night before
loudly?” C. Tony asked me if I was at the party
A. Tony said to me why does she sing so D. Tony wanted to know if I had been at the
loudly party the night before
B. Tony asked me why did she sing so loudly. E. Tony said to me that I had been at the
C. Tony asked why does she sing so loudly party the night before
D. Tony asked me why she sang so loudly
9. Rudy said to me, “Can I help you find a
E. Tony asked me why she did sing so loudly
hotel?”
5. “How many pieces of bread can you eat?” A. Rudy asked me if I could help her find a
She said hotel
A. She said how many pieces of bread I can B. I wondered if my friend could help me
eat find a hotel
B. She wanted to know how many pieces of C. Rudy said that I could help me find a hotel
bread you cculd eat D. Rudy asked me to find a hotel for him
C. She asked how could I eat a lot of bread E. Rudy asked me whether he could help me
D. She asked how many pieces of bread I find a hotel

33 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 SUBJUNCTIVE

 Wish

Kita menggunakan wish untuk mengandaikan sesuatu, kita mengharapkan apa yang terjadi
namun itu tidak terjadi.

Present:
Subject + wish + Subject + Verb 2
I wish I knew Dita’s telephone number  (Fact: I don’t know it)

Past :
Subject + wish + subject + had + Verb 3
I wish I had known that Anna was ill. I would have gone to see her.
(Fact: I didn’t know that she was ill, so I didn’t go to see her.)

 As if/ as though

Kita menggunakan as if untuk menyatakan bagaimana sesuatu atau seseorang terlihat/

terdengar/ rasanya, dan lain-lain.

Contoh:
Tom sounded worried > Tom sounded as if he has worried (He wasn’t worried)
She acted as if she had loved him (The fact: she didn’t love him)
She acted as though he had been a good teacher (The fact: he wasn’t a good teacher)

 Would rather

A. Would rather + bare infinitive (Keinginan dimasa sekarang atau dimasa depan)
Examples:
I would rather stay at home
I would rather not go out

B. Would rather + Subject + past tense (Menginginkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu)

Examples:
I would rather you went to the shop
I would rather she cooked

Wish + Verb II (WERE)

As if
As though + HAD + Verb III
+ SUBJECT +
If only
Would rather + Would have + Verb III
Suppose

34 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL

1. Is Ratu still sick? Yes, I wish she ……….here now to help me type the report.
A. Is C. Were E. Would be
B. Will be D. Had been
2. I am planning to go to the party tonight, but it’s raining very hard now. I wished….
A. It stops C. It would stop E. It had stopped
B. It will stop D. It stopped
3. I wish ……( now ) to watch our play.
A. He is here. C. He were here E. He will be here
B. He has been here. D.He be here
4. I wish you ……tomorrow.
A. Have gone C. Will go E. Would Go
B. Are going to go D. Shall go
5. Let’s Go Swimming, I wish I …we have a test tomorrow and still have to study.
A. Am able C. Could E. I had been able
B. could be D. Will be able
6. you look tired, why don’t you take a rest? I wish ……I still have to finish this report.
A. I would be able D. I could
B. I can E. I had been able
C. I will be able
7. Sasa are you going to see the dentist this afternoon? I wish I didn’t have to. We may
concluded that ………to the dentist.
A. She doesn’t have to go D. She is willing to go
B. She needs to go E. She has gone
C. She is not going this afternoon .
8. Setiawan has won a medal for swimming. I wish I .........as good as he is.
A. Were C. Will be E. Am
B. Should be D. Should be
9. Is Dona sick? Yes, I wish she were not ill.
The fact of the above sentence is…
a. She is sick
b. She isn’t sick
c. She was sick
d. She was not sick
e. She is well.
10. I am planning to go to the movie tonight, but it’s raining very hard now. I wished it had not
rained heavily. The fact of the above sentence is…
A. It didn’t rain
B. It rained
C. it rains
D. It doesn’t rain
E. It has rained

35 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 ADVERBS OF MANNER

Adverbs of manner adalah adverbia yang menerangkan tentang cara atau bagaimana sesuatu
terjadi. Umumnya adverbs of manner terletak setelah main verb atau setelah objek.

Contoh:
- He speaks English well.
- He ran quickly.
- She spoke softly.
- John coughed loudly to attract her attention.
- She plays the flute beautifully.
- He grabbed the bottle and drank greedily.
- I must study hard.
- He drives the car slowly.
- She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

 Sebaiknya tidak meletakkan adverbia di antara verba dan objek:

- He ate greedily the chocolate cake. (salah)
- He ate the chocolate cake greedily. (benar)

 Jika ada preposisi sebelum objek, misalnya: at, towards, etc., kita dapat meletakkan
adverbia sebelum preposisi atau setelah objek.
- The child ran happily towards his mother.
- The child ran towards his mother happily.

 Adakalanya adverbs of manner diletakkan sebelum verba dan objek untuk memberi
penekanan pada adverbia tersebut:
- He gently woke the sleeping woman.

 Adverbs of manner juga dapat diletakkan di awal kalimat untuk menarik perhatian dan rasa
ingin tahu pembaca:
- Slowly she picked up the knife.

(Kata slowly di atas membuat kita ingin tahu apa yang terjadi, siapa yang
melakukan itu, dan mengapa harus dilakukan dengan perlahan (slowly))

 Sebaiknya, adverbia ini selalu diletakkan sesudah intransitive verbs (verba yang tidak
memerlukan objek).
Contoh:
- The town grew quickly
- He waited patiently

 Begitu juga dengan adverbia pada umumnya yang hampir selalu diletakkan setelah verba,
misalnya: well, badly, hard, fast, etc.

 Letak adverbia sangat penting ketika dalam sebuah kalimat ada lebih dari satu verba. Jika
terletak setelah klause, maka adverbia itu akan menerangkan seluruh tindakan atau
kejadian yang digambarkan pada klausa tersebut.

36 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
  Perhatikan perbedaan arti diantara kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini:
- She quickly agreed to re-type the letter (=quickly menerangkan verba agreed)
- She agreed to re-type the letter quickly (=quickly menerangkan verba to re-type)
- He quietly asked me to leave the house (=quietly menerangkan verba asked)
- He asked me to leave the house quietly (=quietly menerangkan verba to leave)

Irregular adverbs

Most adverbs are formed by adding -

ly to an adjective (e.g. slow - slowly).
However, there are some irregular
adverbs.

ADJECTIVE ADVERB

good well

fast fast

hard hard

late late

early early

daily daily

straight straight

wrong wrong / wrongly

37 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL
Gunakan kata-kata berikut :
badly hard heavily late later loudly quietly seriously silently
slowly successfully well

1. I think I am a good singer and I like to sing. When people say that I sing , it makes me
happy.

2. We asked our teacher to speak more because she always spoke too and we
couldn't hear her at all.

3. It's very important to work when studying another language. Don't give up!

4. The robber lifted the window so nobody could hear him as he entered the house.

5. Sara completed her Master's Degree in Business. Isn't that great?

6. A: Did her airplane arrive last night? B: Yes, it did. It arrived much than she
expected.

7. It was raining so this morning that we cancelled the picnic.

8. A: How do you think you did on the test today? B: Oh, terrible! I think I did quite .I
didn't study and I don't really understand the grammar.

9. Darren is a slow eater. He eats so that he's always the last one at the dinner table.

10. The dog was injured in the accident, but it recovered and is healthy now.

38 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 PHRASAL VERBS

Phrasal verbs adalah rasa yang lazimnya terdiri atas dua kata yang memenuhi struktur verb +
adverb atau verb + preposition.
Dibawah ini adalah sebuah daftar yang berisi 200 phrasal verbs yang umum digunakan. Satu
phrasal verbs bisa saja mempunyai lebih dari satu makna, tergantung konteksnya.
Beberapa phrasal verbs memerlukan objek langsung (someone/ something), sementara yang lain
tidak. Selain itu, beberapa phrasal verbs dapat dipisahkan objek, sementara yang lain harus
digunakan serangkai.

Verb Meaning Example

ask someone out invite on date Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie
ask many people the
ask around I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet
same question
add up something equal Your purchase add up to $ 205.32.
You'll have to back up your car so that I can
back something up reverse
get out.
My wife backed me up over my decision to
back someone up support
quit my job.
the racing car blew up after it crashed into the
blow up explode
fence
we have to blow 50 dinamits up for the
blow something up add air
mission
stop functioning Our car broke down at the side of the highway
break down
(vehicle, machine) in the snowstorm.
The woman break down when the police told
break down get upset
her that her son had died
break something divide into smaller Our theacher broke the final project down
down parts into three separate parts
force intry to a Somebody broke in last night and stole our
break in
building stereo
break into The firemen had to break into the room to
enter forcibly
something rescue the children
wear something a few
I need to break these shoes in before we run
break something in times so that it
next week
doesn't look/ feel new
The TV station broke in to report the nwes of
break in interrupt
the president's death
My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved
break up end a relationship
to America
start laughing The kids just broke up as soon as the clown
break up
(informal) started move
the prisoners broke out of jail when the
break out escape
guards weren't looking
break out in develop a skin
I broke out in a rash after our camping trip
something condition

39 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 bring someone
make unhappy This sad music is bringing me down
down
My grandparents brought me up after my
bring someone up raise a child
parents go to heaven
start talking about a My mother walks out of the room when my
bring something up
subject father brings up sports
He drank so much that he brought his dinner
bring something up vomit
up in the toilet
phone many different We called around but we weren't able to find
call around
places/ people the car part we needed
I called the company back but the offices were
call someone back return a phone call
closed for the weekend
Jason called the wedding off because he
call something off cancel
wasn't in love with his fiance.
ask for an answer or
call on someone The professor called me for question 1
opinion
We called on uou last night but you weren't
call on someone visit someone
home
phone many different Give me your phone number and I will call you
call someone up
places/ people up when we are in town.
You are still mad. You need to calm down
calm down relax after being angry
before you drive the car
not care for
someone/ not like (formal) I don't care for his behaviour
something
get to the same point You'll have to run faster than that if wou want
catch up
as someone else to catch up with Marty
arrive and register at
check in We will get the hotel keys when we check in
a hotel or an airport
You have to check out of the hotel before
check out leave a hotel
11:00 AM.
check
look at carefully,
someone/something The company checks out all new employees
investigate
out
check out someone/
look at (informal) Check out the crazy hair on that guy!
something
cheer up become happier She cheered up when se heard th good news
cheer someoneup make happier I brought you some flowers to cheer you up
If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen
chip in help
painted by noon
Olease clean up your bedroom before you go
clean something up tidy, clean
outside
come across I came across these old photos when I was
find unexpectedly
something tidying the closets
The top and bottom come apart if you pull
come apart separate
hard enough
come down with My nephew came down with chicken pox this
become sick
something weekend
volunteer for a task or The woman came forward with her husband's
come forward
to give evidence finger prints

40 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 come from
originate in The art of origame comes from Asia
somewhere
count on someone/ Ia m counting on you to make dinner while I
rely on
something am out
cross something Please cross out your old adress and write
draw a line through
down your new one
cut back in My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets
consume less
something and fatty foods
cut something make something fall We had to cut the old tree in uour yard down
down to the ground after the storm
We had to cut in while I was dancing with your
cut in interrupt
uncle
pull in too closely in
cut in front of another The bus driver got angry when that car cut in
vehicle
start operating (of an
The air conditioner cuts in when the
cut in engine or electrical
temperature gets to 22 degree
device)
remove with The doctors cut off his eg because it was
cut something off
something sharp severely injured
The phone company cut off our phone
cut something off stop providing
because we didn't pay the bill
My grandparents cut my father off when he
cut someone off take out of a will
remarried
remove part of
something (usually
cut something out I cut this ad out of the newspaper
with scissors and
paper)
do someone/ beat up, ransack He's lucky to be alive. His ship was done over
something over (Br.E., informal) by a street gang
My teacher wants me to do my essay over
do something over do again (N.Amer.)
because she doesn't like my topic
It's time to do away with all of these old tax
do away with discard
report
Do your coat up before you go outside. It's
do something up fasten, close
snowing!
dress up wear nice clothing It's fancy restaurant so we have to dress up
move back in a Andrea dopped back to third place when she
drop back
position/ group fell off her motorcycle
come without an I might drop in/ by/ over for tea some time
drop in/ by/ over
appointment this week
take someone/
drop someone/ something I have to drop my sister off at work before I
something off somewhere and leave come over
them/ it there
quit a class, school, I dropped out of Science because It was too
drop out
etc difficult
eat out eat at a restaurant I don't like cooking tonight. Let's eat out
eventually reach/ do/ We ended up renting a movie instead of going
end up
decide to theatre

41 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 My new dress fell apart in the washing
fall apart break into pieces
machine
The picture that you hung up last night fell
fall down fall to the ground
down this morning
separate from an
fall out The money must have fallen out of my pocket
interior
(of hair, teeth)
His hair started to fall out when he was only
fall out become loose and
35
unattached
figure something understand, find the I nedd to igure out how to fit the piano and
out answer the bookshelf in this room
to write information Please fill in the form with your name, adress
fill something in
in blanks and phone number
to write information
fill something out The form must be filled out in capital letters
in blanks
fill something up fill to the top I always fill the water jug up when it's empty
We don't know where he lives. How can we
find out discover
find out?
We tried to keep the time of the party a
find something out discover
secret, but Mardy found it out
communicate, make
get something I tried to get my point across/ over to the
understateman-
across/ over judge but she wouldn't listen.
temanble
I was surprised how well my new girlfriend
get along/ on like each other
and my sister got along/ on
My grandfather can get around fine in his new
get around have mobility
wheelchair
We worked so hard this year that we had to
get away go on vacation
get away for a week
get away with do without being Jason always gets away with chating in his
something noticed or punished maths tests
get back return We got back from our vacation last week
receive something Liz finally got her science notes back from my
get something back
you had before room-mate
get back at My sister got back at me for stealing her
retaliate, take revenge
someone shoes. She stole my favourite hat.
get back into become interested in
I finally got back into my novel and finished it
something something again
We're going to freeze out here if you din't let
get on something step onto vehicle
us get on the bus
recover from an
get over something I just got over the flu and now my sister has it
illness, loss, difficulty
The company will have to close if it can't get
get over something overcome a problem
over the new regulations
get round to I don't know when I am going to get around to
finally find time to do
something writing the thank you cards
get together meet Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend
get up get out of bed I got up early today to study for my exam
You should get up and give the elderly man
get up stand
your seat

42 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 reveal hidden
give someone away information about His wife gave him away to the police
someone
take the bride to the
give someone away My father gave me away at my wedding
altar
give something My little sister gave the surprise party away by
ruin a secret
away accident
give something give something to
The library was giving away old ooks on Friday
away someone for free
give something return a borrowed I have to give these skates back to Franz
back item before his hockey game
reluctantly stop My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet,
give in
fighting or arguing but he finally gave in
give to many people They were gibing out free perfume samples at
give something out
(usually at no cost) the departement store
I am giving out free perfume samples at the
give something up quit a habit
departement store
My math homework was too diffcult so I gave
give up stop trying
up
go after someone follow someone My brother tried to go after the thie in his car
try to achieve I went after my dream and now I am a
go after something
something published writer
We are going against the best soccer team in
go against someone compete, oppose
the city tonight
Please go ahead and eat before the food gets
go ahead start, proceed
cold
go back return I have to go back home and get my lunch
leave home to to on a
go out We're going out for dinner tonight
social event
Jesse has been going out with luke since they
go out wih someone date
met last winter
Please go over your answer before you submit
go over something review
your test
I haven't seen Tina for a Long time. I think I'll
go over visit someone nearby
go over for an hour or two
go without suffer lack or When I was young we went without wonter
something deprivation boots
stop being friends My best friend and I grew apart after she
grow apart
over time changed schools
grow back regrow My roses grew back this summer
grow up become an adult When jack grows up he wants to be a fireman
grow out of Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because
get too big for
something she has grown out of her old ones
grow into This bike is too big for him now, but he should
grow big enough to fit
something grow into it by next year
hand something give something used I handed my old comic books down to my little
down to someone else cousin
hand something in submit I have to hand in my essay by Friday
to distribute to a
hand something out We will hand out the invitations at the door
group of people

43 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 hand something give (usually The police asked the man to hand over his
over unwillingly) wallet and his weapons
stay positive Hang in there. I'm sure you'll find a job very
hang in
(informal) soon
wait a short time
hang on Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes
(informal)
spend time relaxing Instead going to the party we are just going to
hang out
(informal) hang out at my place
hang up end a phone call He didn't say goodbye before he hung up
hold someone/ prevent from doing/ I had to hold my dog vack because there was a
somethingback going cat in the park
hold something Jamia held back his tears at his grandfather's
hide an emotion
back funeral
wait a short time Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales
hold on
(informal) Departement
hold onto someone/ hold firmly using your Hold onto your hat because it's very windy
something hans or arms outside
hold someone/ A man in a black mask held the bank up this
rob
something up morning
keep on doing
continue doing Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil
something
keep something We kept our relationship from our parents for
not tell
from someone two years
keep someone/
stop from entering Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room
something out
continue at the same If you keep those result up uou will get into a
keep something up
rate great college
fail to support or help, I need to be on time. Don't let me down this
let someone down
dissapoint time
let someone in allow to enter Can you let the cat in before you go to school?
look after
take care of I have to look after my sick grandmother
someone/something
look down on think less of, consider Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your
someone inferior dad has looked down on me
look for someone/
try to find I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding
something
look forward to be excited about the
I'm looking forward to the chrismas break
something future
We are going to look into the price of
look into something investigate
snowboards today
be careful, vigilant,
look out Look out! Thats car is going to hit you!!!
and take notice
look out for
be especially vigilant Don't forget tolook out for snakes on the
someone/
for hiking trail
something
look something Can you look over my essay for spelling
check examine
over mistakes?
search and find
information in a We can look her phone number up on the
look something up
reference book or internet
database

44 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 have a lot of resepect
look up to someone My sister has always looked up to me
for
invent, lie about
make something up Josie made up a story about why w were late
something
We were angry last night, but we made up at
make up forgibe each other
breakfast
My sisters made me up for my graduation
make someone up papply cosmetics to
party
confuse two or more
mix something up I mixed up the twins' names again!
things
His uncle passed away last night after a long
pass away die
illness
It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady
pass out faint
passed out
give the same thing to The proffessor passed the textbooks out
pass something out
many people before class
decline (usually I passed up the job because I am afraid of
pass something up
something good) change
Thanks for buying my ticket. I'll pay you back
pay someone back return owed money
on Friday
be punished for doing That bully will pay for being mean to my little
pay for something
something bad brother
pick something out choose I picked out three sweaters for you to try on
point someone/ indicate with your
I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by
something out finger
put what you are
put something You can put the groceries down on the kitchen
holding on a surface
down counter
or floor
insult, make someone The students put the substitute teacher down
put someone down
feel stupid because his patns were too short
We are putting off our trip until January
put something off postpone
because of the hurricane
The neighbours put the fire out before the
put something out extinguish
firemen arrived
put something I have to put the crib together before the baby
assemble
together arrives
put up with
I don't think I can put up with three small
someone/ tolerate
children in the car
something
put clothing/
Don't forget to put on your new earrings for
put something on accessories on your
party
body
run into someone/
meet unexpectedly I ran into an old school-friend at the mall
something
run over someone/ drive a vehicle over a I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the
something person or thing driveway
run over/ through Let's run over/ trough these lines one more
rehearse, review
something time before the show
leave unexpectedly, The child ran away from home and has been
run away
escape missing for three days

45 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my
run out have none left
hair with soap
send something return (usually by My letter got sent back to me because I used
back mail) the wrong stamp
Our boss set a meeting up woth the president
set something up arrange, organize
of the company
The police set up the car thief by using a
set something up trick, trap
hidden camera
I want to shop around a little before I decide
shop around compare prices
on these boots
act extra special for
show off people watching He always shows off on his skateboard
(usually boastfully)
stay somewhere for You should sleep over tonight if the weather is
sleep over
the night (informal) too bad to drive home
organize, resolve a We need to sort the bills out before the first of
sort something out
problem the month
continue doing
something, limit
stick to something You will lose weight if you stick to the diet
uourself to one
particular thing
switch something stop the energy flow,
The light's too bright. Could you switch it off.
off turn off
switch something start the energy flow,We heard the nwes as soon as we switched on
on turn on the car
resemble a family I take after my mother. We are both
take after someone
member impatient
take something purposely break into He took the brakes apart and found the
apart pieces problem
take something I have to take our new TV back because it
return an item
back doesn't work
take off start fo fly My plane takes off in five minutes
remove something Take off your socks and shoes and come in the
take something off
(usually clothing) lake!
remove from a place Can you take the garbage out to the street for
take something out
or thing me?
pay for someone to go My grandparents took us out for dinner and a
take someoneout
somewhere with you movie
I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave
tear something up rip into pieces
them back to him
remember (often + to, When I think back on my youth, I wish I had
think back
sometimes + on) studied harder
think something I'll habe to think this job offer over before I
consider
over make my final decision
throw something We threw our old furniture away when we
dispose of
down won the lottery
decrease the volume
turn something Please turn the TV down while the guests are
or strength (heat,
down here
light, etc)
turn something I turned the job down because I don't want to
refuse
down move

46 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 stop the energy flow, Your mother wants you to turn the TV off and
turn something off
turn off come for dinner
start the energy flow,
turn something on It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights on.
turn on
Can you turn the music up? This is my
turn up appear suddenly
favourite song
I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't
try something on sample clothing
think they will fit.
I am going to try these jeans on, but I don't
try something out test
think they will fit
I am going to try this new brand of detergent
use something up finish the supply
out
We have to wake up early for work on
wake up stop sleeping
Monday
warm someone/ increase the You can warm your feet up in front of the
something up temperature fireplace
prepare body for I always warm up by doing sits-ups before I go
warm up
exercise for run
Most of my make-up wore off before I got to
wear off fade away
the party
work out exercise I work out at the gym three times a week
work out be successful our plan worked out fine
We have to work out the total cost before we
work something out make a calculation
buy the house

47 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL

Select the Meaning that corresponds to the A. start to fly

displayed Verb. B. continue doing (something), limit
yourself to one particular thing
1. grow up C. spend time relaxing (informal)
A. remove with (something) sharp D. add air
B. search and find information in a
8. fill (something) up
reference book or database
C. rob A. regrow
D. become an adult B. fill to the top
C. visit (someone)
2. hang up D. eventually reach/do/decide
A. finish the supply
9. find (something) out
B. rob
C. finally find time to do (N.Amer.: get A. stop being friends over time
around to (something)) B. phone
D. end a phone call C. discover
D. put what you are holding on a surface or
3. tear (something) up floor
A. fall to the ground
10. break into (something)
B. become happier
C. increase the volume or strength (heat, A. increase the temperature
light etc) B. enter forcibly
D. rip into pieces C. start, proceed
D. Vomit
4. call on (someone)
Select the Verb that corresponds to the
A. arrange, organize
displayed Meaning.
B. start talking about a subject
C. end a relationship 11. decrease the volume or strength (heat,
D. ask for an answer or opinion light etc)

5. turn (something) up A. hang on

B. turn (something) down
A. increase the volume or strength (heat, C. run over (someone)/(something)
light etc) D. use (something) up
B. reveal hidden information about
(someone) 12. eventually reach/do/decide
C. stand
A. go ahead
D. have mobility
B. run over (someone)/(something)
6. use (something) up C. find (something) out
D. end up
A. finish the supply
B. wait a short time (informal) 13. quit a class, school etc
C. become sick
A. call on (someone)
D. grow big enough to fit
B. drop out
7. take off

48 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
C. come forward A. turn (something) on
D. blow up B. cut (something) off
C. take off
14. confuse two or more things D. go over
A. mix (something) up
18. stop being friends over time
B. hold onto (someone)/(something)
C. call (something) off A. break out in (something)
D. turn (something) down B. make (something) up
C. sleep over
15. tidy, clean D. grow apart
A. break up
19. come without an appointment
B. switch (something) on
C. keep (something) up A. cheer up
D. clean (something) up B. drop in/by/over
C. get back into (something)
16. like each other D. turn (something) on
A. get along/on
20. resemble a family member
B. come down with (something)
C. work out A. hang out
D. put (someone) down B. look down on (someone)
C. do (someone)/(something) over
17. visit (someone) nearby D. take after (someone)

49 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nouns

Countable nouns mudah dikenali. Yang termasuk countable nouns adalah kata benda
yang dapat dihitung. Contohnya: ‘pen’. Kita bisa menghitung banyaknya pulpen. Contoh lain
sebagai berikut:
Dog Man Box Note Plate Chair
Cat Person Litre Dollar Fork Suitcase
Animal Bottle Coin Cup Table Bag

 Countable nouns bisa berbentuk singular atau plural:

My dog is playing. (singular)
My dogs are hungry. (plural)

 Kita dapat menggunakan indefinite article (a/ an) dengan countable nouns:
A dog is an animal

 Ketika bentuknya singular, kita harus menggunakan kata a/ the/ my/ this sebelumnya :
I want an orange. (bukan I want orange)
Where is my bottle? (bukan Where is bottle?)

 Ketika bentuknya plural, kata itu dapat berdiri sendiri:

I like oranges
Bottles can break

 Kita dapat menggunakan some, any, few, every, all, dan many dengan countable nouns:
I’ve got some dollars
Have you got any pens?
I’ve got a few dollars
I haven’t got many pens
All dogs go to heaven
Every book is a source of knowledge

 “People” termasuk dapat dihitung. “People” adalah bentuk jamak atau plural dari
“Person”:
There is one person here
There are three people here

50 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns adalah benda atau zat, konsep, dan sebagainya yang tidak dapat
dibagi menjadi elemen-elemen terpisah. Kita tidak dapat menghitung hal tersebut. Sebagai
contoh, kita tidak dapat menghitung ‘milk’. Kita dapat menghitung ‘bottles of milk’ atau ‘litres of
milk’, namun kita tidak dapat menghitung ‘milk’ itu sendiri

Dibawah ini contoh lain dari uncountable noun:

Music Information Sugar Power

Art News Butter Money
Love Furniture Water CurrencY
Happiness Luggage Electricity
Advice Rice Gas

 Biasanya uncountable nouns diperlakukan sebagai kata singular. Kita menggunakan singular
verb/ predikat tunggal.
Contohnya:
This news is very important
Your luggage looks heavy

 Kita tidak menggunakan indefinite article a/ an dengan uncountable nouns. Kita tidak dapat
mengatakan ‘an information’ atau ‘a music’.
Tetapi kita harus mengatakan:
A piece of news
A bottle of water
A grain of rice

 Kita dapat menggunakan some dengan any dengan uncountable nouns:

I’ve got some money
Have you got any rice?

 Kita juga dapat menggunakan little dan much dengan uncountable nouns:
I’ve got a little money
All the love in the world is here
I haven’t got much rice

51 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
Countable and Uncountable
Terkadang, kata benda yang sama dapat menjadi countable maupun uncountable, biasanya dengan
adanya penggantian makna

Countable Uncountable
There are two hairs in my coffe!!! Hair I don’t have much hair
There are two lights in our bedroom. Light Close the curtain. There’s too much
light!
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise. Noise I want to draw a picture. Have you got
some paper?
Have you got a paper to read? Paper I want to draw a picture. Have you got
(=newspaper). some paper?
Our house has seven rooms. Room Is there room for me to sit here?
We had a great time at the party. Time Have you got time for a coffe?
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s Work I have no money. I need work!!!
greatest works.

52 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL

1. I think the _____ not very effective. 6. Mark and Marie _____.
a police are a were stepbrother and sister
b police is b were stepbrothers and sisters
c policemens are c is stepbrother and sisters
d policeman are d is stepbrother and sister
e policemans is

7. My grandparents ____ eleven

2. The 'Sunflowers' _____ Van Gogh's children.
most famous work. a are
a is b has
b have been c have
c are d is
d could

8. The Evans have four _____, two boys

3. This _____ very dangerous. and two girls.
a crossroadz is a childs
b crossroad is b child
c crossroad are c children
d crossroads is d childrens

4. The lost _____ very important. 9. Three or four ____ are sitting on
a data was chairs.
b data were a man
c datum was b men
d datum were c mans
d mens

5. The _____ too young for the film

being shown. 10. Mrs Brown is speaking to three or four
a audiense is ____.
b audiences is a woman
c audience are b women
d audiense are c womens
d womans

53 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions atau konjungsi berfungsi menghubungkan kata dengan kelompok kata dalam satu
kalimat atau menghubungkan kalimat dengan kalimat yang lalu. Beberapa diantaranya sebagai
berikut:

1. Therefore = karena itu 8. Otherwise = jika tidak

UI is famous university in Indonesia. Please study hard otherwise you’ll fall the
Therefore many students want to study exam.
here.
9. Nevertheless = however = namun/ akan
2. After all = bagaimanapun juga tetapi
We have to be thankful for what we have She is poor. Nevertheless, she is happy.
now. After all, there are more people less
fortunate than us. 10. Although/ though/ even though/ in spite
of/ despite = walaupun/ menyatakan
3. All the same = namun demikian hubungan pertentangan
The new government has given them a Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our
new market. All the same, some of them holiday.
keep selling at the dirty place. In spite of the rain, we enjoyd our holiday
Even tough I was really tired, I can’t sleep.
4. Consequently = akibatnya
His father died 5 years ago. Consequently, 11. Unless = kecuali jika/ menyatakan syarat
he can’t study in university. I’ll see you tomorrow unless I have to work
late
5. For = since = because = as = karena
Everybody is looking for him because he is 12. As long as/ providing/ provided = hanya
the only person who knows where the key jika/ tetapi hanya jika/ menyatakan
is. syarat
You can borrow my car as long as you
6. In order that = in order to = supaya promise not to drive too fast
We must study hard in order that we can
pass the exam/ in order to pass the exam. 13. During/ for = selama
I fell asleep during the film
7. In case = kalau-kalau
You’d better take an umbrella in case it 14. While = sementara
rains I fell asleep while I was watching the film

54 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL

1. You’ll have to call me early in the morning; ………., I will have left for work.
a. however
b. otherwise
d. Moreover
c. furthermore
e. Consequently

2. My uncle doesn’t earn much, ………, he can send his children to college.
a. however
c. therefore
e. so
b. and
d. hence

3. ……… she likes him very much, she always pretends to ignore him.
a. Since
c. Whereas
e. Eventhough
b. Because
d However

4. The hotel provides good facilities; yet ………..

a. the occupancy rate is very low
b. foreign tourist like to stay there
c. it is located on a beautiful beach
d. job training is provided for the employees
e. it is advertised in the yellow pages

5. John is a very lazy student; besides, …………

a. he is good in extra-curricular activities
b. he always does his homework
c. he prefers studying until late night
d. he never pays attention in class
e. he sometimes practices English

55 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 PARALLEL VERBS

Biasanya sebuah subjek memiliki dua kata benda yang dihubungkan oleh kata and. Kedua kata benda
itu harus parallel dengan dengan bentuk sebagai berikut:

Contoh:

James makes his bed and cleans up his room every morning.
V and V
Makes and cleans = parallel verbs

Contoh lain:

Ann is cooking dinner and (is)* talking on the phone at the same time
I will stay home and (will)* study tonight.

*Auxiliary verb atau helping verb tidak perlu diulang ketika kedua kata kerja dihubungkan oleh kata
and

56 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL

1. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

We found the film repulsive, offensive, and we thought it was embarrassing.

We found the film repulsive, offensive, and embarrassing.

2. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

Professor Ali rewarded his students for working hard on the final project and going beyond
the call of duty.

Professor Ali rewarded his students for their hard work on the final project and going
beyond the call of duty.

3. I swept the yard, weeded the garden and …. the clothes.

a. was washing
b. wash
c. washed
d. washing

4. James decided to get up early, practice some yoga and …. healthy foods.
a. eat
b. ate
c. eating
d. eaten

5. Although I trained hard, practiced every day and …… to my trainer, I never won a tournament.
a. listening
b. were listening
c. was listening
d. listened

6. I wish he would listen to me, take my advice and …… smoking.

a. stop
b. stopped
c. to stop
d. stopping

7. He is an articulate, intelligent and ….. speaker.

a. thoughtfully
b. was thought
c. thoughtful
d. were thoughtful

57 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 CONCORD/ AGREEMENT

A. Singular
1. Subject sebuah kalimat yang diawali dengan kata : every.., each of.., one of…
2. Subjek yang menyatakan jumlah, jarak, waktu, volume, uang.
3. Subjek yang diikuti oleh kata benda abstrak/ gerund
4. Apabila diikuti oleh ungkapan as well as, with, along with, together with, in addition to,
accompanied by maka subjeknya berbentuk singular jika subjek pertama berbentuk tunggal
(singular)
5. Kata a lot of, most, more, some, all, half bila diikuti oleh uncountable noun maka subjeknya
berbentuk singular.
6. Either of.., or.., neither.., nor.., dianggap singular bila noun keduanya berbentuk tunggal
7. Kata yang selalu dianggap singular
Anybody Somebody Nobody
Anyone Someone No one
Anything Something Nothing

A number + plural noun > plural

The number of + plural noun > singular

B. Plural
The + adjective
Both.., and.., membutuhkan kata kerja plural
Kata many, few, several membutuhkan kata kerja plural
Kata none, all, majority, half, bila diikuti kata benda jamak maka butuh kata kerja plural

C. Kata hubung and menghubungkan pemakaian jenis dan bentuk kata yang sama seperti gerund,
noun dengan noun
Nothing Neither____nor____
Each Either____or____
Verb
One of And____both____
I
None of Not only____but also____

58 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 LATIHAN SOAL
1. Many people ___ by a mysterious virus which kills human only in five minutes.
a. Has been infected
b. Had been infected
c. Have been infected
d. Has been being infected
2. Watching TV ___ us become lazy person.
a. Makes
b. Have made
c. Are making
d. Was making
3. Both Mr. Jusuf Kalla and Mrs. Megawati ___ the candidate of the President of Republic of
Indonesia in the next election.
a. Wants to become
b. Want to become
c. Has wanted to become
d. Wants becoming

4. The distance between Palembang and Indralaya ___ 32 Kilometers.

a. Are
b. Is
c. Were
d. To be
5. Neither the children nor their parents has to (A) take important rules (B) to build (C) an effective
communication (D)
6. The majority universities in Indonesia ___ scholar for their clever collegian.
a. Was given
b. Has given
c. Give
d. Is giving
7. All of poor students in my province ___ given the school’s uniforms by our governor, Mr. Alex
Noerdin last month.
a. Has been
b. Are
c. Is
d. Were

59 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 READING

Reading adalah pokok bahasan yang cakupannya luas. Namun bagian reading dalam USM STAN
sebenarnya tidak begitu sulit, asal mengetahui maksud soal dan bagaimana cara menentukan
jawabannya.

Biasanya, soal-soal reading mencakup hal-hal sebagai berikut:

 Tittle identification (menentukan judul)
 Identifying the main idea (menentukan ide pokok/ gagasan/ inti sebuah tulisan)
 Expressions and meanings and their usage (menentukan arti dan maksud dari sebuah kata, istilah
atau gaya bahasa tertentu)
 Finding contextual answers according to the passage (menjawab pertanyaan sesuai konteks
berdasarkan isi dan maksud sebuah wawancara atau tulisan)
 True or false (menentukan kebenaran atau kesalahan suatu pernyataan dikaitkan dengan bacaan
yang ada)

Jenis teks
Mengetahui jenis teks membantu kita dalam menjawab soal, misalnya dalam menentukan judul, ide
pokok dan maksud yang ingin disampaikan. Jenis-jenis teks secara umum sebagai berikut:

1. Recount : menceritakan kembali suatu

peristiwa dengan tujuan sekadar 6. Procedure : Mendeskripsikan bagaimana
memberitahu atau menghibur pembaca sesuatu terjadi lewat langkah-langkah atau
rangkaian kejadian tertentu.
2. Report : mendeskripsikan sesuatu
hal dengan apa adanya, berdasarkan 7. Description : Mendeskripsikan seseorang,
fenomena alami, buatan manusia, ataupun tempat tertentu, atau hal tertentu.
social di dalam lingkungan kita.
8. Review : Kritik/ ulasan tentang suatu
3. Discussion : memaparkan skurang- karya atau acara untuk khalayak ramai.
kurangnya dua pendapat mengenai suatu Review juga menunjukkan bagaimana
isu/ masalah. suatukarya termasuk film, acara televisi,
buku, drama, opera, pameran, konser, dan
4. Explanation : Menjelaskan proses-proses pertunjukan balet.
yang ada terkait pembuatan atau
pelaksanaan dalam fenomena/ kejadian 9. Exposition (hortatory) : Karangan
alami atau sosial budaya. yang berusaha meyakinkan pembaca, berisi
argument-argumen tentang suatu masalah
5. Narrative : Menceritakan suatu hal
dengan tujuan menghibur. Hal-hal yang 10. News item : Menginformasikan kepada
diceritakan bersifat problematic, dengan pembaca tentang kejadian tertentu yang
urutan kejadian tertentu yang berujung dianggap penting untuk diberitakan.
pada konflik atau krisis yang diakhiri diskusi.

60 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
11. Anecdote : Karangan yang bertujuan
untuk menceritakan kejadian yang unik,
lucu, atau luar biasa

61 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 losses in housing- related industries, and as
LATIHAN SOAL long as real income continue to go up,
Neither a Borrower nor a Lender Be consumers might complain, but they unlikely
Both borrowers and lenders in the sub- to go on a buyers’ strike on a scale that will
prime mortgage market are wishing they had make this slowdown become a recession.
listened to the old saying: Neither a borrower Therefore, we should not be too worried, but,
nor a lender be. at the same time, we should be a bit cautious
Last year people with poor credit and watch closely how things develop.
ratings borrowed $ 605 billion in mortgages, a
figure that is about 20% of the home loan 1. Sub-prime mortgage loans were offered
market. It is includes people who cannot a. Only to low income families
afford to meet the mortgage payments on b. To people who wanted to by very
expensive homes they have bought, and low expensive house
income buyers. In some cases, the latter could c. To people with poor credit histories
not even meet the first payment. Lenders d. To people with sufficient credit
include banks like HSBC, which may have 2. Who believed that rising house prices
almost $ 7 billion. would cover them in the event of a
Both sides can be blamed. Lenders, default?
after the 2 – 3 percentage point premium they a. Borrowers
could charge, offered loans, known as ‘liar b. Lenders
loans’, with no down payments and without c. Both
any income verification to people with bad d. None of the above
credit histories. They believed that rising 3. Borrowers have been caught out
house prices would cover them in the event of a. Because they lied when applying for
default. Borrowers ignored the fact that the loan
interest rates would rise after an initial period. b. Because house prices have risen
One result is that default rates on these sub- c. Because house prices have declined
prime mortgages reached 14% last year-a d. Because interest rates rise after a
record. The problems in this market also while
threaten to spread to the rest of the mortgages 4. According to the text, people with
market, which would reduce the flow of credit adjustable-rate mortgages
available to the shrinking numbers of a. Will not be able to get credit
consumers still interested in buying property. b. Will buy new houses
So, the housing market will remain c. Will have to economize
weak; borrower with weak credit histories will d. Have weak credit histories
find the credit window closed; people with 5. The writer is
adjustable-rate mortgages will have to spend a. A bit concerned about the housing
less so they can meet their increased payment; market
tighter lending stteman-temanrds and falling b. Very worried about the housing
home prices will reduce consumers’ ability to market
tap the equity in their homes. c. Not worried about the housing market
But as long as the labor market d. Not concerned about the housing
remains strong, which it has done despite job market

62 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 ERROR RECOGNITION

Ø Contoh-contoh pertanyaan dan pembahasan

Contoh 1 :
Patient : I have trouble with my skin. It’s very sensitive and irritable.
A
Doctor : Take this medicine twice a day. But you should avoid to eat fish.
B C D
Pembahasan : Jawab D
Kata to eat seharusnya eating karna muncul setelah avoid. Avoid termaksud salah satu kata yang
diikuti Ving/gerund.
Contoh 2 :
Rekha : Is your sister in collage?
A B
Jay : No, she work in the hospital.
C
Rekha : And your little brother?
Jay : He studies in a Senior High School.
D
Pembahasan : Jawab C
Kata work seharusnya works (dengan “s”) karena subjectnya she (orang ketiga tunggal) dan
tensenya simple present.
Contoh 3 :
Dani : What would you do if you were a milionare?
A B
Fian : I will take a trip around the world.
C D
Pembahasan : Jawab C
Kata will take seharusnya would take karena dialog tersebut berpola “conditional sentence tipe 2.”

63 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K
 TIPS MENGIDENTIFIKASI KATA

Untuk jenis kata murni (base), ada hal-hal yang dapat anda lakukan untuk menganalisa sebuah kata,
yaitu:
1. Tambahkan "the" di depannya. Kalau bisa, maka kata tersebut pasti noun.
Contoh: the people, the child, the tree, etc.
2. Tambahkan akhiran (-ing) di belakangnya. Kalau bisa, maka kata tersebut pasti verb.
Contoh: working, speaking, sleeping, etc.
3. Tambahkan "very" di depannya. Kalau bisa, maka kata tersebut pasti adjective.
Contoh: very handsome, very afraid, very tired, etc.

Selanjutnya, yang kadang-kadang susah adalah ketika kita menghadapi pilihan kata yang seperti
berikut: attend, attendant, attendance, attended ^___^. Untuk jenis kata yang seperti ini, kita
harus menganalisa suffix (akhiran) yang mengikuti kata dasar (base) nya.

Berikut ini adalah suffix (akhiran) untuk mendeteksi bahwa sebuah kata itu pasti NOUN:
1. -ment : government, development, investment, etc.
2. -ship : friendshep, citizenship, relationship, etc.
3. -ness : tiredness, friendliness, awareness, etc.
4. –ance, -ancy, -ence, -ency : attendance, relevance, proviciency, existence, etc.
5. –ion, -sion, -tion : organization, acquisition, cohesion, etc.
6. -ism : pluralism, plagiarism, nationalism
7. -er, -ar, -or : driver, liar, conductor, etc.
8. -ee : employee, nominee, refugee, etc.
9. -ian : civilian, American, Korean, Indian, Christian, musician, etc
10. -ist : pianist, communist, Nationalist, etc.

Berikut ini adalah suffix (akhiran) untuk mendeteksi bahwa sebuah kata itu pasti ADJECTIVE:
1. -able, -ible : capable, invicible, durable, etc.
2. -al : natural, environmental, classical, etc.
3. -ed : tired, bored, exhausted, etc.
4. -ful : helpful, careful, doubtful, etc.
5. -ic : metallic, realistic, patriotic, etc.
6. -ing : boring, annoying, tiring, etc.
7. -ish : reddish, Spanish, British, etc.
8. -ive : exclusive, conclusive, inconclusive, effective, etc.
9. -less : careless, helpless, hopeless, etc.
10. -ous : courtageous, obvious, obnoxious, etc.

Berikut ini adalah suffix (akhiran) untuk mendeteksi bahwa sebuah kata itu pasti ADVERB:
-ly : beautifully, carefully, honestly, etc.

Berikut ini adalah suffix (akhiran) untuk mendeteksi bahwa sebuah kata itu pasti VERB:
1. -ize : specialize, organize, utilize, etc.
2. -fy : simplify, beautify, verify, etc.
3. -ate : manipulate, relate, integrate, etc.

64 | B I M B E L S T A N L O M B O K