for ArcGIS 10.1 GISTUTORIAL Spatial Analysis Workbook Pores ae { as eae com David W. Allen |Contents Preftce oe Ackcowledgments xi Chapter 1: Mapping where thingsare 1 Tutoriald Working with categories 2 Exercise 11 12 Tutorial1-2 Controlling which values are displayed 14 Exercisel2 19 Tutorial 1-3. Limiting values to display 21 Exercisel3 27 Chapter 2: Mapping the most and least 29, ‘Tutorial21 Mapping quantities 30 Exercise 2141 Tutorial22 Choosingclasses 44 Exercise 2256 Tutorial? Crestingamapseries 58 Exercise23. 66 Tutorial 2-4 Working with chares 68 Brercise2-4 72 Chapter3: Mappingdensity 75 Tutorial34 Displaying density foranalysis 76 Exercise31 85 Tutorial 3-2 Creatingdotdensitymaps 87 Exercise32 91 Tutorial 3-3 Creating density surface 93 Exeise3-3 98 Chapter 4: Finding what's inside 101 Tutorial41 Overlaying datasets foranalysis 102 Exercised-1 110 Tutorial 4-2 Finding what's partiallyinside 112 Exercise4-2 120 adlalclalbh aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterChapter Chapter Chapter Finding what’s nearby 123, Tutorial 5-1 Selectingwhat's nearby 124 EyerciseS1 129 ‘Tutorial 5-2 Creating bufferfearures 131 Enercise52 137 Tutorial 5-3. Clipping features 139 Enercise5-3 146 Tutorial 5-4 Buffering values 148 Bvercise5-¢ 151 Tutorial 5-5 Using multiple butferzones 153 Frercise5-5 160 ‘Tutorial 5-6 Quantifyingnesmness 162 Exercise5-6 169 Tutorial S-7 Creating distance surfaces 171 Excrcise5-7 177 Tutorial 5-8 Calculating cost along anetwork 179 Exercise5-8 189 Tutorial 5-9 Calculating neamess alonga network BrerciseS-9 195 Mapping change 197 ‘Tutorial 6-1 Mapping change inlocation 198. Exercise6-1 205 ‘Tatorial 62 Mapping change in loc Exercise6-2 212 ‘Tutorial 6-3 Mappingpercent change invalue 214 Bxercise6-3. 220 Measuring geographic distribution 223. Tetorial71 Caleulatingcenters 224 Exercise71 229 Tutorial 7-2 Adding weights to centers 281 Exercise72 235 ‘Tutorial 7-3 Calculatingstandard distance 237 Bxercise7-3. 241 Tutorial 7-4 Calculating standard devistional elipoe Exercise 7-4 247 Tutorial 7-5 Calculating the linear directional mean Exercise75 253 act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center GIS TUTORIAL 2 at snandmagnitude 207 243 49GIs TUTORIAL 2 Chapter 8: Analyzing patterns Tutorial 6. ‘Tutorial 8.2 Tutorial 8.3 ‘Tutorial 8-4 Chapter 9: ‘Tutorial 9-1 Tutorial 9-2 Independent projects Appendix AppendicB Appendix C “Appendix D Identifying clusters 255 Using average nearest neighbor Exerclse8-1 264 Identifying the clustering of values Exercise8-2 272 Checking for mulidistance clustering Exercise8-3 282 Measuring spatial autocorrelation Exercise8-¢ 269 256 266 274 284 291 Performing cluster and outlier analysis Exercise91 299 Performing hot-spot analysie Exercise9-2 304 292 201 307 Taskinder S12 Datascurce credits 515 Data license agreement 319 Intaling the data and eofsrase 329 adel ed bs JS) scebook.com/Gis.Arab.CentersdibgclbblysPreface Spatial analysis is the problem-solving aspect of GIS, From a cursory evaluation, the tools seem very basic—buffers, overlays, selections—but when combined in a particular sequence they can reveal things about the data that can't be seen, in aspreadsheet or chart With this book, the reader will not create any new data, but will generate new files based on existing data. That's because analysis, isnt about creating new data; i's about making existing data say new things. ‘The ey s to know the tools well and design the right sequences to bring the big picture into view. GIS Tutorial 2: Spatial Analysis Workbook focuses readers on data presentation and equips them with the skills to build “big picture” maps. ‘This workbook is a compilation of exercises based on the two-volume get The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis by Andy Mitchell. For best results, itis recommended ‘that you read the corresponding pages in The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis before ‘each tutorial ‘Tutorials 1-6 correspond with chapters from The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, ‘Volume 1. These correlations are easily identified because corresponding chapters hhave the same titles. Tutorial 1 concentrates on symbology and categorization with. the viewer in mind, The material in tutorial 2 deala with mapping quantities and recognizing patterns through classification. In tutorial 3 the exercises and content cover density mapping for value comparison. Tutorial 4 focuses on creating boundaries using visual overlays for performing ineide-outside analysis, ‘Tutorial 5 addresses the analysis of distance relationships between features, In tutorial 6 readers learn how to represent data fluctuations over time. ‘Tutorials 7-9 correspond with content from The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2. The exercises in tutorial 7 deal with displaying geographic distribution ‘9 sid analysis. Tutorials 8 and 9 address spatial statistics and introduce a higher level of mathematics for establishing a statistical confidence level for analysis, ssllcly all bh aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 Each tutorial contains several elements that build context and engage critical thought in order to reinforce the skills earned, Review sections appear after each exercise that recap the actions taken. Study questions are provided to encourage further analysis. “Your turn” tasks appear within certain tutorials to support independent skill demonstration. The ‘workbook also offers “Other real-world examples" throughout, which pravide the reader swith real-world scenarios in which the skills covered would be utilized. Additionally, the “Independent projects" section outlines six different sconatios for independent projects that build upon skills acquired in the tutorials. ‘This workbook is geared toward a more advanced readership than the introductory GIS ‘Tutorial 1: Basie Workbook and was written for those who want to learn more about analysis tools in ArcGIS and how to use them. It assumes an existing knowledge of ArcMap and ‘ArcCatalog and requires the use of ArcGIS extensions, as well as third-party tools and scripts, ‘which are included on the accompanying disks ‘his book comes with a DVD containing exercise and assignment data and a DVD containing a trial version of ArcGIS Desktop 10. You will need to install the software and data in order ‘to perform the exercises and assignments in this book. (If you have an eatlier version of ArcView, ArcBditor, or Arcinfo installed, you will need to uninstall it) The ArcGIS Desktop. 10 DVD provided with this book will work for instructors and basic level students in exercise labs that previously used an ArcView license of ArcGIS Desktop. Instructions for installing, the data and software that come with this book are included in appendix D. For teacher resources and updates related to this book, go to wnn.esri.con/esripress. addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterAcknowledgments As the program coordinator for the GIS degree offerings at Tarrant County College, 1see 2 lot of what they term “nontraditional” students in my classes— students who have been in the workforce for some time and are returning to college for additional education. Nothing impresses or inspires me more than when someone who decides to add college classes to their already busy schedule comes into my classroom and says “Help me be better.” It isto these studenta I give the ‘most recognition. Td like to thank ESRI Press and Andy Mitchell for producing the two volumes that inspired this one. We've used those book in class for many years, and developed these tutorials to reinforce the topics that are presented there. The _great people at ESRI include Judy Hawkins and Shelly Sommer, who helped get ‘the manuscript noticed; Arthur Gelmis and Amy Collins, who catefully edited the ‘manuscript; ESRI Press marketing and distribution staffs Dr. Lauren Scott, who helped review the statistics tutorials; and good friend Clint Brown, who always ‘makes this technology seem so approachable. ‘Thanks also to Doug Zedler ofthe City of Fort Worth Fire Department and Gini Connolly ofthe City of Hurst, Texas, for their help with the reviews. And finally, thanks tothe City of Euless administration, which allowed te vich GIS datasets to be used in the making of these tutorials, While the data and process are based in reality, all the scenarios ae fictional and should not be associated with the City of Buless. salle bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CentersdibgclbblysMapping where things are ‘The simplest form of analysis is to show features on a map and let the viewer do the analysis in the mind’s eye. It falls on the cartographer to use various colors and symbols and to group the data in a logical manner so that the viewer can dlearly see the information being highlighted. More complex methods involve categorizing the data and designing symbology for each category. sdldlelyeallals iS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterMapping where things are GIS TUTORIAL 2 Tutorial 1-1 Working with categories ‘The most basic of maps simply show where things are without complicated analysis. These can be very useful and enhanced by symbolizing diffevent categories. By symbolizing categories you can show both location and some characteristics of the features. Learning objectives Preparation + Work with unique value categories + ‘Read through page 29 in Andy Mitchell's The ESRI Gui to GIS Analysis, Volume 1 I Press 1999). + Determine a display strategy + Group category displays + Adda legend +8: + Use visual analysis t0 see geographic patterns legend parameters Introduction In the realm of geographic analysis, the first and most simple type is visual analysis —just view it. You can display data on a map with various colors and symbology that will enable the viewer to begin to see geographic patterns. But deciding what aspects of the map features to highlight can take some thought. Te may be as important to map where things are not located as itis to map where they are, Visual analysis allows you to see the groupings of features, as well as areas where features are not grouped. All this takes place in the viewer's mind, since visual analysis doest't quantify the results. In other words, display the data with good cartographic principles and the viewer will determine what, if any, geographic patterns might exist. Viewers aren't explicitly given an answer, but they can determine one on their ovrn. ‘You can aid the process by determining the best way to digplay che data, but that will depend on the audience. If the audience is unfamiliar with the type of data being shown or the area of interest on the map, more reference information about the data may need to be included. You may also want to simplify the way the data is represented or use a subset of the data to make the information more easily understood by a novice audience. Conversely, act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centercis Tvronat2 Mapring wher tings oe QE ‘you may make the data very detailed and specific ifthe audience is technically savvy and familiar with the data. In making the map, you will decide what features to display and how to symbolize them. ‘Sometimes simply using the same symbol to show where features are will be enough. For example, seeing where all the stores are in an area might give you an idea of where the shopping district is. All you really want to know is where stores are, and nat concern yourself with the type of store. A more complex method of displaying the data is by using categories, ar symboliaing each feature by an attribute valuein the data. This also requires a more conaplex dataset. Your dataset will need a field to store a value describing the feature's type or category. A dataset cof store locations may also have a field storing the type of store: clathing, convenience, auto repair, supermarket, fast food, and so on. For other instances, you may want to see only a subset of the data. These may still be shown with a single symbol but show only one value of afield. It might be fine to see where all crimes are occurring, but the auto-theft task force may only want to see the places ‘where cars have been stolen. The additional data will ust confuse the map and possibly obscure a geographic pattern. When making the map, you can use this “type” or “category” field to assign a different ‘symbol to each value. You might symbolize clothing stores with a picture of a clothes hanger, ora supermarket with a picture of a shopping cart. This still daesn't involve ‘any geographic processing of the data; we're merely showing the feature’ location and symbolizing it bya type. The analysis is still taking place in the viewer's mind, Scenario You are the GIS manager for a city of 60,000 in Texas, and the city planner is asking for a map showing zoning. The target audience isthe city council, and each members very familiar with the zoning categories and the types of projects that may be built in each area. Council members wil frequently refer to this map to see in which zoning category a proposed project may fall and what effect that project may have on adjacent property. For example, a proposed concrete mixing plant would only be allowed in an industrial district, and would adversely affect residential property if it were allowed to be adjacent, Since you will have a technically savvy audience, you can use a lot of categories and not worry about the map being too confusing or hard to read. The city plannar asks you touse colors that correspond to a standard convention used for zoning. Later, you'll work with setting categories and symbology. Data ‘The frst layer is a zoning dataset containing polygons representing every zoning case ever heard by the city council. An existing field carries a code representing the zoning category assigned to each area. This was already satas the “value field” to define the symbology, 30 you will only deal with how the categories are shown. This data was created by the city, and alist of the zoning codes and what they mean, called a data dictionary, is provided sslllclyeall bh aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterMapping where things are GIS TUTORIAL 2 later in the chapter. You also may find similar datasets from other sources with 2oning Classifications, and itis important to get theie data dictionaries as well. ? Start ArcMap and open a map document 1. Fromthe Windows taskbar, click Start > All Programs > ArcGIS > ArcMap. Depending on how ArcGIS and ArcMap have been installed, or which Windows operating system you are using, there may be a slightly different navigation menu from ‘which to open AreMap. You may also have an ArcMap icon on your desktop, which, ‘when double-clicked, will start ArcMap. 2 tn the resulting ArcMap windows, click the Existing Maps header and then clic “browse for more.” B Browse tothe drive on which the : tutorial data has been installed (eg. ‘C\ESRIPress\GIST2\Maps, click Tutorial 14.maxd, and then click Open. “ais will add the map document to your Existing Maps lst. These chould be your ‘most commonly used maps. ‘The data shown is zoning categories, each colored differently. Note that your toolbar locations may differ from those shown. The city planner, for whom you are doing this ‘work, uses this map to visually determine ‘the zoning classification of property. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGis TUTORIAL 2 Mapping where things are QUEREEEIG wa Open a layer attribute table 1. inthe table of contents, right-tick the Zoning Districts layer and select Open Attribute Table, The datas shown ina ‘ebular format. The columns are the fields in which the datais stored for this ayer, and the rows represent exch indivical feature in the layer addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center| Mapping where things are 1s TUTORIAL 2 The field CODE contains the zoning catagory foreach parce, representing various single-family, multifamily, commercial, and industrial uses. Other ‘elds contain the ordinance number (ORDNO) from the zoning case, a display marker, and the acreage reeee saat 2 Close the attribute table Change a category label Hayes cae pil Has cide rloey pled for eat catory Witte Hg ay ene for ee ee eee eee ee ee Eee et eer eee erate een cera bee eee ee! 1. nthe table of contents, right-click ‘the Zoning Districts layer and click Properties. 2 cliccthe Symbotogy tab. Note that the Categories selection eset to Unique values snd the Value Fields set to CODE, This means that every unique value of the feld CODE will be represented in the legend : To acity planner or someone experienced ‘with zoning districts, these codes would tell the whole story. But for the layperson, they can be difficult to interpret. You will change them to match the simplified list provided by the city planner. addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping where things are QUEEN B Click the RC entry under the Label ‘column and type in a new description: Single Family Custom Dwellings. @ Click OK to close the dialog box. The text you typed in the Label column is what will be shown ia the legend, YOURTURN Properties dialog box. “Matl-Femy Dwelings 25 units! Tighbornood Busine Distt (Community Business District “Texas Hwy 10 Business District “Texas Hwy 121 Business Distt amie Limite industrial District ‘Mul-Famly Dwelings 76 une) iibieaaees acre Heavy industiai District Muli-Famly Dwelings 20 units? | Planned Development cr fel ‘Community Unit Development RA_| Shale Pani Detached Doetings iL_|_ Single Fariy Lined Dwetings iA Single Fanily Attached Dwalings 2 Duplex Dwetings TH Towshouses All of the descriptions are in, but they are not in the order that the eity planner would like. These can be moved in the list to appear in the came order as the iet above. 5 Highlight the value RA, then cick the up arrow to move it sbove RAC in thelist. sdjdletyel daha 35 ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center6 Click OK toclose the Layer Properties. © [gag] dislogbox. Once youhave moved the valies | w= rmnoney | into the correct order, your table of contents aaraicommmy. | should look like the image to the rich. This zoning layer is used alotin city maps, so it would be a good idea to save all this work to be used again in the future. This canbe done by creating a layer file (layer filenames end in “Iyr"). A layer le will saveall the symbology settings for alayer, but does not save any of the data. This is useful when a dataset such as zoning needs to be symbolized in several different ways to match different audiences, but you would not want to save the dataset several times. ‘This would lead to-a problem in updating the data if you had to make updates in sev- eral files and worry about keeping them all current. With a layer file, you maintain one dataset along with several ways that the dataset caa be eymbolized. "7 Right clicethe Zoning Districts layer and select Save As Layer File, Save the file as DetsiledZoning.Iyr in your \GISTA\ Myfxercies folder. The nex time you want touse the zoning data, dont ada the feature class or shapefiles ada the layer fileand the data willbe added already symboized Add a legend to your map layout Now that you've set everything just right, you can ada a legend to the map layout. In fact, even if everything is not exactly how youllike, or ifthe city planner decides to ‘make changes later, any changes you make to the table of contents will automatically be reffected in the legend, 1. Onthemsin mena, click the Insert mena, then click Legend. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center GIs TUTORIAL 21s ToTostac2 vepping where things we QE 2 intheLegend Wizard window, highight AT the Lot Boundaries layer in the Legend eee nee Ieemscolamn and lick the < button. This | tales a will remove the Lot Boundacies layer fom == > == =| thelegend. ee of ae + ee Ce eye is es B Setthenamber of columns inthe legend ALL to and click Nest. Sreennntante — | > ae 5) \2) 44 a a ig r Change the Legend Title to City of Oleander. Click the Color drop-down ‘menu and change the font color to Lapis Lazuli. Click Next. | salilctycall bls aS10) curren ) Mapping where things are 1s TUTORIAL 2 5 Click the Background color box and select Grey 10% from the drop-down menu Click Next. Complete the legend with the remaining defaule values by clicking Next and Finish. The legend s complete and has been added tothe map. However is alittle bit to large and notin the right place. You will use the Select Elements tool Ie to resize and moveit When a graphic element is selected, cyan boxes appear at the corners of the element, By clicking these with the Select Elements ‘tool, the element can be altered, Your map «contains a specific spot for the legend, so you are going to place it with page coordinates anda set frame size in the egend’s properties dialog box With the Select Elements tool active, right-click the legend and select Properties. Click ig ee the Size and Position tab. 7 Enter the newX and ¥ values forthe Position and the new Width and Height values for Size as shown in the graphic below. Click Apply and OK. You may need to lickthe Zoom Whole Page button on the Layout toolbar to see the entire sap. Your completed map should ook like the one on the following page. This type of map, showing “where things are” allows viewers todo the recognition and analysis of items in ther own mins eye You arent identifying every feature on the map; you are only giving users a color ‘reference they an use to identify features, Likewise you aren’ plating out any spetial telationships between the data, but letting viewers perform visual analysis to dvaw their wn conesions. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping wh 8 Save your map document as Tutorial 1-1.mxd in the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. Ifyou are not continuing on to the exercise, ext ArcMap.2) cr: ae Exercise 1-1 ‘The first tutorial showred how to use categories to help the ‘ap viewer determine the zoning fora piece of property. ‘The user looks at the property on the map, notes the color, ‘hen matches that color in the legend to determine the associated zoning code. Youalso helped the viewer better understand zoning codes by providing a text translation of the otheruise cryptic values. Jn this exercise, you will repeat the process using land-use codes, which show how property is currently being used a8 opposed to zoning codes, which show the future use of land. These are also somewhat cryptic, so you will change the labels to a simple description, You will also add the legend to the map layout, then resize and move the legend ‘to an appropriate place om the map, * Continue with the map dacument you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 1-1.mxd from the \GIST2\Maps folder. ‘Turn off the Zoning Districts layer. ‘Add the layer file LandUseCodes.ye from the \GIST2\Data folder. ‘Change the labels for the Land Use values to match the ones at right. + Make any necessary changes to the legend for it to display all the values. Create a layer file for the new symbelogy Save the results as Exercise 1-1.mxd in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder, WHAT TO TURN IN 2 you are working in aclaseroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit ‘the maps you created in tutorial 11. Turn in aprinted map or screen capture ofthe following: ‘Tutorial 1. mxd ‘Exercise 1.mxd GIS TUTORIAL 2 Ai] Single ramiy Getached +] aa Mobile Homes ‘A3_—_| candominums [ae Townhomes id ears | 85 | Single Family Detached Linited AFAQ | Aiport aGlities | APE Airport Private Lang 4 [AoW armen Rom [Bt | Manrenay mechs [53 ee ic [es | Hh bethany ——] [omy Lene TW | veome iy repay] CTY |e r Lies Panay Tomr | enuen [esa ease | eee ea ae cov | eowennent Samora] Uncase tities act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis. rab.Centeraz Tutorial 1-1 review = ae You determined that your audience was very familiar with the data being used and decided to tnake a detailed map of zoning and land use. Next, you checked the attribute table to see which field might contain zoning or land-use data Since this existed, you were able t use ft 10 set the symbology. ‘The codes were rather cryptic, even for your expert auclience, so you changed the display labels in the symbology tab to have both the code and a text description of each category. This will help remind the viewer what each cade represents | Finally you added legendito the map ta display the zoning or land-use codes and make the map more complete STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Select a piece of property on the map. Can you determine the adjacent zoning category? 2, The city council has been asked to approves dry-cleaning plant in the Highoray 10 business district, but members want to make sure that itis adjacent to other commercial uses ‘and not residential. Can you find a place where this district has residential zoning adjacent to it? How about commercial zoning adjacent to it? Other real-world examples Each street ina centerline feature class may have a feld with a code representing its status in the thoroughfare plan. You could symbolize the streets with different line thicknesses according to the codes: thick line for freeways, medium line for major collectors, and thin line for residential streets. A quicklook at the map would let you determine a fast route based on the amount of traffic a street is designed to handle. You may also do this with speed limit and get a similar result. “A forester may symbolize harvestable tree stands by their age. A darker symbol might be stands ready for harvesting, while a lighter color may be immature trees. A quick view of the map may show where to concentrate logging efforts to minimaige the movement of equipment and impact on surrounding areas. ‘A dataset of ll the counties in the United States may have a feld representing the political leaning. of each county, whether they are Democrats, Republicans, Green Party, Independents, and so on. A candidate for national office may symbolize the map according to these categories to determine friendly areas for fundraising and unfriendly areas for political conversions. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterEDISIGGEED © spsine where ning ave cis seronia:2 Tutorial 1-2 Controlling which values are displayed Inthe previous tutorial, you worked with all the values of a given category field. These were very specific codes that the experts use, but sometimes either for larity or ease of use:n an analysis project, you want to display only some of the categories, Learning objectives Preparation * Group similar categories in legend + Read pages 30-36 in The ESRI s Htie bateries Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1 + Add custom categories Introduction mn the previous tutorial, your audience was a technically savvy group that was very familiar with the data, Displaying along list of zoning or land-use codes was appropriate for them because: allowed them to do the detailed visual analysis required, This isn't always the case, and quite often it may be necessary to simplify the display of the data to ft the audience, ‘Thete are two ways to accomplish data simplification. One is to use one of the ‘generalization tools that will physically change, or dissolve, the data to a simpler structure by removing vertices in lines and polygons. This creates a copy of the data in a more simplified form, but also adds to your data-maintenance chores. Any edits of the data will need to be made to both datasets; or perhaps you can delete the simplified data, do your edits, and create the simplified dataset again. ‘Another method sto control the simplification of the datain the way tia displayed, By grouping values together, you can create the same look as a dissolved dataset without creating 2 copy of your dataset. This method works well for visual analysis since all analysis takes place inthe viewer's mind based on what they see. For more complex analysis types that aim to quantify the results, the dissolve methods are preferred because additional Processing may be done to the dissolved dataset that cannnot be done to the entire dataset. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerys TUTORIAL 2 Mapping where things ace QEEERETE Scenario The maps youmade in the frst part of this tutorial were a big suecess with the city council and the city planner. These have caught the eye of the development director, who will be traveling to a developers’ conference to promote the city. The director would like to chow the zoning map to potential developers, but would like the data simplified to something casier to grasp in a quick overview of the map. Developers will quickly scan the map looking for the type of zoning favorable to their business, and only if they see what they like will they stop to talk details. You need to produce the zoning map again, but this time using general categories. Data You are going to use the same datasets as in tutorial 3-1, One change has been made in how ‘the data symbolized in the previous tutorial you used a code that incladed to epecial zoning districts that demonstrate an “aa carte zoning style. This zoning tye allows developers to define housing density and other special festures oftheir projects to create a custom zoning category prior to obtaining city council approval. For this tutorial, you willuse the "translated zoning,” which will generalize the special soning districts into the closest categorical zoning classification. This stored in the field CODE2. nge category labels 1. Se Aretiap, open Totarial 1.2.0nd from the location at which the tutorial data has been installed (e.g, C\ESRIDress\ GIST2\Maps). The map looks similar to the one you finished in the previous exercise. sdllclal bh aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterTDELDELIED rps wre hiogs ar cis ruronta 2 Now you will revise the map for the development director and group all the zoning codes ra our categories: Single antly Residential, Multi-Family Residential, Commer tal ard Jndustrial. By doing this, you will make the map suitable fora general udionee eae Ghins this with a disotve function, you wil change the symbology of the layer tocaarch the grouping ts important to note that you are not changing the underlying data im any ‘way, only changing how itis symbolized. Inthe table of contents, rightclick the Zoning Districts layer and click Properties ig ¥ B B Click the symbology tab. As before, all ofthe values of the field CODE are displayed and symbolized. You want to create 2 simple category called “Single Family” This will include these codes: RAC, Ra, RAL, RIA, R2, TH, and ME.crs tororta Mapping where things ane @OTESEEENGT 4 Click R1C, then hold the Shift key and click MH. All of the single-family zoning ‘categories should be highlighted. Right- click anywhere on the highlighted ‘categories and dick Group Values. All cof the selected values will now be shovrn witha single aymbol. The label becomes all the labels of the grouped values strung together, which is not desizable. Next, you vill change that to a simple description. Click the label for the grouped values and type Single Family Residential Click Apply and OK to close the dialog box. By default, the color of the first value in the group is used for the combined values, Since single-family residential is typically shown in yellow, you can leave this alone. YOURTURN ‘As you did with the Single Family Residential, values: Group R-3, R-4, and R-5. Change the label to Mu ‘When you are done, the table of contents should look like the image to the right. Next, you wll create a layer fl ofthe new symbology for later use.7 Right-click the Zoning Districts layer and select Save As Layer File. Save it in the \GIsT2\MyEsercises folder and cal it Grouped Zoning lyr. The legend sofect the changes, but looks alte strange, You set the legend to display two calumnns when chore were lots of values to shovy, but the simpliied legend decant require two colunane GIs TUTORIAL 2 Modify the legend 1. Inthe tayout, right-click the legend and click Properties, 2. Gotothe Items tab, change the number of columns to 1, and then click OK. The legend will display the grouped symbology along with your updated labels in a single columa. This shouldbe simple enough for the novice audience to understand erase eeu emanate cre Esgimemerepinrnnnigrsceicne Sense anmremene fomscmmrmosna B Take look at the map, which now looks very different from the more detailed version earlier. Ifyou want to zoom into the layout so you can see the legend better, use the Zoom In button &l on the Layout toolbar. Use the Zoom Whele Page button 8 on the Layout toolbar to return the map to the original view: @ save your map document as Tutorial 1-2.mad in the \GIST2\MyExercses folder. Ifyou are not continuing on tothe exercise, exit ArcMap. addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenteriS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping where things are QUEEEEEEWGT) Exercise 1-2 ‘The previous exercise demonstrated how to simplify the look of your map by grouping symbol values. In this exercise, you will repeat the process using land-use codes. These are also somewhat cryptic, so you will change the labels to a simple description. You will also add the legend to the map layout, them resize and move the legend to an appropriate place on the map. Continue with the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 1-2.mxd from the \CIST2\Maps foldes. + Turn off the Zoning Districts layer. “+ Add the layer file LandUseCodes.ir from the \GIST2\Data folder. + Group some of the land-use values together and update the labels to match the definitions ‘below. For values that are not adjacent to each other in the list, selec the first one and hold the Control key (Ctr) down while selecting the others. [Aum aars "Single Farly Psideral (BIL E2. 55,86, 85 MuRi-Farily Residential [ Commercial | (TESwer Fa UN UTIL Trust Sami Parks mTYW.GOV_| Government | AROW,PROWROW | Righi-otway | (APAG, APF IFW Intentional Arport CAH ‘Ghuceh SCH chook VAC: Vacant + Make any necessary changes to the legend for it to display all the values + Create a layer file from the new symbology. + Save the results as Exercise 1-2.maxd in the \GIST2\MyExerciaes folder. WHAT TO TURN IN Ifyou are working in a classroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit ‘the maps you created in tutorial 1-2. ‘Turn in a printed map or screen capture of the following: ‘Tutorial 1.2.mxd Exercise 1-2.maxd act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘CenterGEE Mopping where things are GIs TUTORIAL 2 Tutorial 1-2 review ‘This time your intended audience was not familiar with all the nuances of zoning and land use, so you simplified the display of the map. You could have simplified the data if more analysis stepe were required. However, since you are only doing visual analysis, grouping the symbology will produce the required map without altering the daca, ‘The simplified legend looks cleaner and dearer than the more complex legend, and yout had to change how it was displayed. A simple legend with five values waz suitable for your audience STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Take alook at themap and count how many different zoning categories you can identify How complex a question could you answer with this level of data? 2. A developer is looking fora commercial corridor in which to locate a business, Can you geta .eneral dea of where the developer should start looking? 3. The city council is reviewing an ordinance to require special fencing between light-industrial and heavy-industrial zones. Is this map suitable for that purpose? Why or why not? Other real-world examples Police department data may include up to eight categories of burglaries. While this is great fora Aetalled study, the map produced for the general public might group all of these into one category ‘Tae Dallas Area Rapid Transit produces detailed maps for each bas route, ut when producing 2 system-wide map, it groups all bus routes into one symbel. Similarly, it groups all train routes into ‘one symbol and all light-rail lines into one symbol, This simplified map reads very well on a regional scale, although it may only answer general questions and not guide you toa specificbus or train, act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping where Tutorial 1-3 Limiting values to display Legends are the key to how the person creating a map wants the viewer to interpret it, Sometimes all the data is shown in a complex form, and sometimes the data is simplified but still shows the entire dataset. It may also be necessary to display only a subset of the data in order to have the map convey the desired message. Learning objectives + Add only specific values to the legend + Work with legend properties + Work with definition queries Introduction Scenario Data You've seen how to group a number of values together to simplify the way data is displayed on a map, but there may be other times when groups of values do not need to be shown atall. In other words, you may want to keep some of the values from ever showing on the ‘map. Perhaps you want to show only auto-related crime and disregard all other types of crime, or maybe show only major roads and not show local and residential streets, In this tutorial, you will look at ways to restrict which data ie symbolized on your maps. ‘The city planner has looked at the maps you produced earlier and now has another idea for ‘more maps that you could do. You will display only the single-family 2oning categories on the zoning map to produce an inventory of residential zoning. This means that you need to remove all other types of zoning from the map and display only the requested values, You are going to use the same datasets as in tutorial 1-1, but this time the datasets will net have a symbology schema already set. You will nead to set the symbology value feld to CODE and manually define what values to show. piety IS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterEWETTETED rs inc wer esnss ve aus sorontat Set symbol values 1. te ArcMap, open Tutorial -3.mad from the \GIST2\Maps folder. Ths time, the ‘map has no symbology set. Youll need to setup contvols that will display only the data meeting the request that's en made. ‘The residential zoning inventory requires that you only display the following values: RA, RA, RAL, R2, TH, ME. ‘These represent the single-family 2oning types. The first method you will use will beto.add only these values to the symbology editor, 2 Inthe table of contents, right-click the Zoning Discricts layer and click Properties. B_ Click the Symbology tab In the Show box, click Catagories, and then click Usique values. ‘You need to set the Value Field to the attribute field that contains the zoning classifications. You know from the previous tutorial that it is the CODE field, Click the Value Field drop-down list and choose CODE. Click the Ada Values button, Note: The ‘Add All Values button will add each unique occurrence of the Value Field to the legend, ‘while the Add Valies button willallow you to select specific field valuesIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping where things are eae 6 From thelist, highlight the desired single-family vesidential codes (isted Previously). Hold the Control key £0 select ‘multiple values. fyou don't see a value, click the Complete List button to refresh thelist. When you have the right codes selected, click OK. The symbology editor willow show only the selected values If you missed one click Add Values again and selecit. 7 Asin the previous tutorials, change the labels toa simple description of the ‘2oning categories. (Refer to the image for tthe label names.) Also, clear the option to prevent the unselected values from being displayed. Next, you will deal with the color choices. 8 Double-cick the color symbol to the left of the MH value. This will open the Symbol Selector. Click Yellow, then click OK. Q Repeat the process and set the other colors as follows: Ra _| Medium Yelow RA [Tan Ral) Belge | 2 __| Orange TH | tt Oren 1 salle olla! ‘www facebook.com/Gis.ArDED Mapping where things are LO Verify that your dialog box matches the graphic, then click OK. The resulting map will show only the specified residential zoning categories in the colors you chose, TA create layer file of the new symbology, Right-click the Zoning Districts layer, then select Save As Layer File. Save itin the \GIST2\MyBercises folder and call it ResidentialZoning lyr. YOUR TURN Adda single cofuran legend to this map display symbolized. There are two things that will be ‘Worked with in previous tutorial 1 The legend background willbe clear. Open tab, and set the background to 10% Grey. 2 The edge of the legend box will be ight along th ‘raphics ofthe leyend. To increase the space the background gap for Xand Yto4 points, ‘There are many legend parameters that are the legend properties box and experiment with afew, GIS TUTORIAL 2 Sos were able to display only the categories the city planner wanted and learned litle about legends in the process, But there is one problem with this method, Te city planner Benet ite do some calculations or analysis against the data, and your aurakere would veflect the entire dataset, not just the displayed items, Values thas ae ar displayed Beet database and will sil be used in calculations. Takea look at the arr table to better understand the problem, act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center aixamine the attribute table 1. Inthe table of contents, right-click the Zoning Districts layer and click Open Attribute Table. The attribute table is displayed and you can see that the CODE. column contains values that you did not ‘want shown on the map. D Close the Zoning Districts attribute table ‘when you are finished examining it. You need away to temporarily ignore al values ‘except the single-family residential codes. An easy way to do this i with a definition query. Build a query to select only the values you want and ArcMap will ignore al the other values. It is important to note that the values will notbe deleted, only ignoved. Removing the definition query will restore all ofthe dataset values, Build a definition query Inthe table of contents, right click the Zoning Districts layer and click Properties. 2. inthe Layer Properties dialogbox, click the Definition Query tab and cick Query Builder ‘etal isla cry Fg yale yon shen i yur formal ar ie (pate tla wil une ciple Seed Query agitige QD) ataterienis Compose of “eld name, operator, value.” You can connect statements together with AND or OR to select multiple values. When you use AND, it means thatthe statements on both sides of the operator must be true for a feature tobe selected. Ifyou tse OR, it means thatthe statements on either side of the operator can be true for the feature to be selected. Lets say that you wanted only the values of R-1and R-2. Would the following equation be correct? [CODE] ='R-4! AND [CODE] ='R-2" In order fora feature to he selected, both of these statements would have to be true. Since a single feature cannot be both R-1 and R-2, no features would be selected. Now try, the same statement with OR, where either of the statements can be true for a feature to bbe selected. [CODE] - Ra OR [cops] ~ "RZ A feature with a value of R-1 would be selected, because at least one of the statements is true, and the same with features containing the value R-2. A feature with a value of [1 ‘would not be selected because neither of the statements is true. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterEO Hapbing wee tinge cis noronar ‘Your definition query will need to use ORas a connector and select the following values for the field CODE: RA, R1A, RAL, R-2, TH, MH, ‘The definition query you will build will look like this: [CODE] - 'R-1' OR [CODE] - 'R-1A' OR [CODE] = RAL! OR [CODE] OR [CODE] = "TH' OR [CODE] - "ME" B Inthe fields box ofthe Query Builder, ouble- Graduated colors in the Show window. Set the Value field to Population 2004. ‘The default classification of Jenks with five classes will be selected. In many instances, you could just use the Classes drop-down menu to adjust the number of classes and continue using the natural breaks classification. Sut the city planner ‘wants an explanation of the choice, o look Into it further, D click the Classify button to open the Classification dialog box. The data values sre grouped to the left of the chart, and youcan see thatthe gape betwen the classification break lines in blue are smallest atthe left and get argeras the values increase When you view this on the map, you would expec to se a large number of polygons representing the frst two dlasses and just afew representing the rest ofthe data. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterEDEEITED srrinc tne most onateae cis rorontat 2 3 ick OK. Change the color ramp if you wish, accept the default classification settings, and click OK to close the Properties dialog box. Examine the results on the map. It's easy to see the groupings of data that correspond to the classifications you set. Some circles have been drawn in the image above for emphasis, but these will not appear on yourmap. Allranges are represented on the map, and the data is easy to interpret. So you can tell the city planner that the Jenks natural breaks classification will work well For population data, Printor saves screen capture of this map. Next you will look t the Median Age feld and choose aclassfcation fort. Test the classification scheme for median age ‘As with the total population map, the map of median ages chould highlight both the high and low areas, as well as the mediuim range values for comparison, 1. Right-click the CensussikGrp layer and select Open Attribute Table. Right-click the Median Age field and select Statistics to open the Statistics dialog box. Draw an ; Face congenic tae, | pele ie a ieee (bp dosenstelp gle Tepaauenle ce nes ‘this field. asletyeal ey aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIS TUTORIAL Mapping the most and least D Close the Statistics diatog box and the attribute able B_ Righe ick the CensustliGrp layerand open the properties, Change the Value field to Median Age. 4 Click the Classify button and change the Title, ArcMap will incerta ttle text block at the tof your yer 7 Inthe Properties dialog box, change the tite of the new text box to Tarrant County, Texas. Drag the text overto the lefeand place it under the map ttle. Don't “worry if the text looks too hig or fit isn't exactly centered under the other text, There [2500 Telal Poneto] are some tools you can use to fix that. Tarant County Tees 8 onthe Deaw menu atthe bottom of the map document, click the Font Size drop-down box and select 20. Ifyou aren't sure which isthe Bont Size box, point tothe different icons on the mens with your mouse and read the ToolTip. ‘Next, you will fx the alignment. G Hola down the Shife key and select the map title. You should now have both text boxes selected. 10 Right-aick the text and select Align > a Align Center. Then move the text bacle to the top of the gray box. Another way ‘to accomplish the alignment would be to use text formatsing in the text-editing box. ‘This would also allow you to doa multiple row title with different fonts or text sizes. ‘Read more about this by clicking the ‘About Formatting Text button in the text ‘properties box. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center11 Prine the map or export it as an image or PDF file. st GIS TUTORIAL 2 Now you will duplicate the process to make the other two maps in the map series, First, ‘you will copy the census datafile so that you can symbolize it for the next field. Create the second map in the series ‘1 Right-click the layer CensusBIkGrp and select Copy. D. Right click the data frame Tarrant County and select Paste Layer(s). The layer is pasted into the table of contents, but it looks just like the other ayer and has the same zname. Change the name of the layer to avoid confusion and the syrabolization to reflect a different set of data. Remember that itis {important to use the same classification scale as the total population, so you will use the Import button in the symbology editor to match the other layer. saleby bls Si ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centercs uronat2 Mopping he est anions QEEEETEEIN B_ Open the layer properties ofthe copied dataset and goto the General tab. Type Hispanic Population as the name of the evr layer, Gotothe Symbology tab and click the Import button, 5 There's only one choice of layers to import from, s0 click OK. 6 Change the Value Field to HISPANIC touse this other field for our symbolization, and click OK. Notice that the value fila {snow HISPANIC, and the ranges for the classification are the same 2s those for the total populstion. Ierould be fine to let ArcMap automaticaly set these ranges if you were just looking atone ethnic group, bnutim order to compare them they need to veference the same ranges, 7 When you are finished reviewing the settings, dick OK act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterEEWETEETTED rinse move nareae cts turomta.2 & Turn off the CensusBlkGrp layer. Q Lastly, you need to change the map title. Double-click the map title to open the Properties dialog box and type 2000 Hispanic Population. Click OK to accept the changes. 10 Prine the map or exportit to an image or PDF file, Look at both of these maps side by side. On the Hispanic population ‘map, you don't see the darkest color showing a large population, but you still see some groupings, And you are using the same reference to compare the values <4 rdcly lal tS ‘www facebook.com/Gis Arab CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping the most and least QWauanaem 11 save your map document as Tutorial 2-3.mzxd in the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. Ifyou are not continuing on to the exercise, exit ArcMap. YOUR TURN Repeat the process and create 2 map using the field BLACK ta show the population of blacks. Make sure to import the symbology and retain the same Classification ranges. Change the title to read 2004 Black Population, When you re finished, print or export the map to an image or PDF file. 2000 Black Population ‘heat cary ee act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterExercise 2-3 ‘The tutorial showed the process of making a map series showing ethnic breakdown in Tarrant County, Texas. The key was using the same classification values on all the maps so that comparisons can be made between them. The maps showed the count for various ethnie groups In this exorcise, you will repeat the process showring concentration rather than the count. ‘+ Continue using the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 2-8.mxd from the \GIST2\Maps folder. + Symbolize CensusBlkGrp with graduated colors based on the HISPANIC value field, making sure to use the same ranges as before + Normalize the values by the total population using the POP2000 field + Insert a text box and describe the difference between using a count and using a concentration. + Change elements such 2s the titles, colors, and legend to make a visually pleasing map. + Save the results as Exercise 2-3.mxd in the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. WHAT TO TURNIN Ifyou are working in a classroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit the maps you created in tutorial 2-3. ‘Turn ina printed map or screen capture image of the following: ‘The three maps you created in tutorial 2-3 Exercise 2-3.mxd addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping the most and least (QupEEeatem( me Tutorial 2-3 review Since you wanted to compare the ralnee across the different maps, it was important tobe careful to. ‘use the same Classification ranges, Ifyou were only interested in each map individually, you could eg reset the classification ranges foreach map. But in order todo crose-map comparisons, youhad to tse the same base classification ranges in each map. | This map series showed the differences between various data values captured at the same point in | Sime. Another type of map series shows how a single data value changes over time. This topic is | covered later in this book. STUDY QUESTIONS 1, Why is it important to keep the classification ranges the same in a map series? 2. Would the same rules apply for classifying points, lines, or polygons? 8. Could you show several ofthe field values together on the same map? Other real-world examples ‘The Texas Department of Parks and Wildlife may want to map bird counts done at ezch state park ‘ina given month. In order to compare which parks have the highest concentrations of birds, it ‘would make a map series showing each bird type normalized by the total bird count. ‘The Texas Department of Transportation may have data showing both auto and tractor traffic comnts, Each may be used to create 2 concentration map. The two maps produced would have the ‘same classification range values so that the numbers could be compared an the same scale. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterMapping the most and least GIS TUTORIAL 2 Tutorial 2-4 Working with charts You saw that a map series is helpful in comparing similar values across several ‘maps. But the solid color fill prevented you from showing more than one field value ona map. Charts, however, will let you show several fields at the same time. Learning objectives Preparation + Create charts + Read pages 61-62 in The ESRI esis elie crete Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1 + Compare field values Introduction A chart can display several attributes at the same time and allow the user to quickly compare values against the same scale. The charts can easily be constructed from the attribute tables of your data and added to your map layouts. As youll se in this tutorial, however, charts have visual limitations. Creating charts on a large area map with 2 lot of small polygon areas may make the charts Aifficut to see, and the software will automatically remove some of the overlapping charts for clarity. Charts are best presented on a small area map where more detail can be shown, “Tnove are three types of charts available in ArcMap: apie chart, a bar or column chart, and «a stacked chart. With all,you wll set the symbology method to Chart and select which fields are to be displayed in the chart, These fields will be used for visual comparison by the ‘map reader, and they should have some basis for comparison. With pie charts, the fields selected must represent the whole of what the values represent. For instance, if you are representing marital status, you can't just show married and divorced. “There are move categories, and you would not be representing all the people surveyed. You ‘would need to include categories such as single and widowed to represent all people. By looking at the pie wedges, the viewer can get a feel for the portion of the total each value represents. “These do not lend themselves to showing values very effectively. By looking at two pie charts, ‘you may cee that one category has a larger pie wedge, but you cannot tell exact values. Bar charts, on the other hand, do show amounts rather than the percentage of the total ach value i shown as a barin the chart and a comparison can be made between the addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centercis TuronaL2 ns eters hheights of the bars, Stacked charts also show values, but display the columns en top of each other rather than side by side, The column heights are additive, with the total column height representing the total of al the field values. ‘Which chart style you use depends on if you want to show percentages (pie charts) or compare actual values (bar or stacked charts) Scenario Continuing with the investment opportunity in ethnic themed grocery stores, you found an area that seems ripe for expansion, The bankers are considering your loan, but they want to make sure that you'll have a chance at long-term success. It would be better ifthe houses in the area were primarily owner occupied so that each store can build a relationship with the customers and keep them coming back for a long time. Ifthe houses in the area are ‘mostly rental units, the customers may be more transient and not support the community cfforts you are making. They may also not have as strong a customer loyalty as permanent residents. You also want to note the number of vacant houses, which may represent future customers who will take pride in their neighborhood. Data Continue using Census 2000 block-group-level data. In the attribute table, there isa series of fields representing the occupancy status of the houses in the area that you'll be able to chart. Since the total of vacant, owner-occupied, and rental houses would represent the total number of houses, you can use ple charts to show the data. Examine the attribute table for the census data 1. mArcitap, open Tutorial 2-4.mxd, The map shows an area of grat Hispanic concentration. Some ethnie-themed grocery stores at located near here, but the potential for expansion seems pretty high, Now, if you can just prove to the bank that the housing population here stabe, getting the loan will be no problem, | sdb by al, ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterEDERTEETTED sreing tne most and ieee casturonian2 2 _ Right click the layer Census2000 and open the attribute table. Notice the fields ‘VACANT, OWNER_OCC, and RENTER_OCC. Jn order for these to be valid in apie chart, the total of these values for each census block must represent the total number of housing units. To check that, choose one of the rows and add up the values for these three fields. They should equal the value of the field HSE_UNITS. ii B Close the attribute table and turn on the Census2000 layer. Create a pie chart ‘Open the Properties dialog box for the Census2000 layer. On the General tab, change the layer name to Housing Status. 2 Goto the symbology tab and select Charte > Piein the Show window. Highlight the three fields for the chart—VACANT, ‘OWNER_OCC, and RENTER_OCC—and dlick the“ button. You can ada these one ata time or hold dovn the Control button and select chem ail together Remember, the fields you select must represent the whole; and in this case they total the number of housing units. Once the fields are transferred over, you will set the colors for each pie segment. The Hispanic concentration layer you have already uses darker hued colors, so you should select brighter colors for contrast. B Right-click the symbol box for VACANTand select Big Sky Blue from the color palette. Ses 4, Right-click the symbot box for ‘OWNER _OCC and select Queteel Green. pier color for RENTER_OCC. =. Coder url 5 cick | _- HEE | piety IS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterYou will see that the charts have been drawn, but the layer is covering the Hispanic Population Concentration layer, To correct this, you will set the background of the Census2000 layer to clear, 5 click the colorbox next to Background and select Hollow. Click OK and OK again. The ‘mapnow displays the pie chart of housing status on top of the Hispanic concentration layer. By looking at the pe charts, you can soe that the vacancy rate lowrand that most of the census blocks have ahigh percentage of owmer-occupied housing, Only a few areas have a larger percentage of renter-occupied housing than owner-occupied housing, eo you will be ableto show the bankers thatthe neighborhood has a stable customer bas. Tarant County exes YOUR TURN Experiment with other types of charts and map scales. 2 Change the chart type to Bar Chart and observe the di stacked chart to see what effect it has on the map display get the charts to be readable, When you are done, change: 2 Select Bookmarks > Zoom 2. What happens to the charts G Save your map document as Tutorial 2-4.mxd in the \GIST2\MyEsercises folder. Ifyou are not continuing on to the exercise, exit ArcMap. . palalclecall bls lf, ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center |ZDESIGEREED ovine se mvs ander cis tooniaLa Exercise 2-4 So far we've shown an area of great interest for grocery store development by finding an area with 2 high Hispanic population. Then you demonstrated to the bankers that the housing status of the area is favorable—one with a high percentage of owner-occupied houses. In this exercise, you will repeat the process of cresting a chart to show the male versus female ‘population for each census trac. + Continue using the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 2-4.mxd from the \GIST2\Maps folder. + Display chart symbols for male and feraale population; choose which style you feel would best display these values. * Set appropriate colors for the chart. + Change elements such as the titles, colors, and legend to make a visually pleasing map. + Save the results as Exercise 2-4.mxd in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder. WHAT TO TURN IN Ifyou are working in a clasaraom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit the maps you created in tutorial 2-4 ‘Turn in a printed map or screen capture ofthe following: Tutorial 2-4.mxd Exercise 2-4.msd act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping the most and least (Queue vom Tutorial 2-4 review ‘You looked at several types of charts that can be created with ArcMap. The pie chart shows each | value a a percentage of the whole, provided that all the component fields equal the whole. It does | not however, give you a good feel for amounts. Bar charts and stacked charts give a better display of actual values from the fields. Bar charts Jet you compare field values to each other, and stacked charts let you also compate the totals for an area with the totals for other area= by looking at the height of the stack. They present other challenges in displaying them to read clearly. ‘Charts in general are an excellent way to show attribute data overlaid on other data. By setting the background of the chart layer to hollow, you could see underlying analysis display a= well as the 4nformation from the charts. You do need to be aware of scale as charts tend to cutter and overlap ‘on small area maps. Another caveat with charts is not to include too many fields, The tutorial’s pie chart with 3 fields was aacy to read, but imagine how difficult it might be to read a chart with | 14 fields. bar chart with 14 fields would be very wide and may not fir inside the polygon it is representing. STUDY QUESTIONS What are the advantages and disadvantages of each chart style in regard to the following issues? + Seale + Number of fields + Values versus percentages + Other data layers Other real-world examples ‘The police department has crime statistics for each police district in the city and wants to show a ‘comparison of laat year's crime rate and this year's crime rate. A map with the police districts color shaded in the background might havea bar chart shown in each district with both years' crime rates. A comparison of the values could be made by looking at the chart, and the activity in one district could be compared to another district by comparing the sizes of the bars. ‘The city secretary has compiled the election results and wants to display the vote totale for each. precinct. The totals could be displayed with a map showing the voting precincts in the background and a pie chart with each candidate's total represented by a wedge in the pie. ‘The National Energy Commission wants to display data showing how much of each state's energy comes from cil, natural gas, or nuclear power, It might create a map of the United States with a bar chart over each state displaying the totals. The sizes of the bars could also be compared between clay 363 ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centersdibgclbblysean: geosraphic in : 3 Mapping density Values associated with an area can be shown simply as their value, but they may have a greater impact if shown in comparison to the area of a feature. The relationship between polygon feature values and the area of the polygon is called density. Using density, factoring in the impact of area, makes comparisons across features more precise. No special symbology is needed to show density in most cases. A simple color ramp from light to dark, with dark showing the highest density, is often sufficient. Other instances may use a special symbology called a dot density, or a method of showing density with raster datasets called a density surface. pdhletyrall als iS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterTutorial 3-1 Displaying density for analysis Data summarized by area, such as census data, is often displayed as a straight value or as a percentage of the total, as was demonstrated in the previous tutorial. These values have no relationship to the size of the area they represent. Comparison across polygons of different sizes is difficult until you factor in area, creating a density value. Learning objectives Preparation + Create density values + Read pages 60-75 in The ESRI capes ica pene Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1 different sizes Introduction Scenario In the previous tutorial, you looked at data shown by the amount contained in an area. It ‘was easy to compare values across polygons as percentages or totals, but the data may be giving a false picture of the values. ‘An amount contained in a large area does not have the same significance of an equal amount contained in a small area. Imagine if you compared 50 people in 100 acres of land t0 50 people in 1 ace of land. The people per acre (amount divided by area) tells a different story than just the count, especially ifthe polygons vary greatly in size. “Any value divided by the measured area it represents is called a density. Itis common to hear people refer to people per square mile, value per square foot, or crop yield per acre. Each of these is a value divided by an area measurement. In fact, you can substitute the words “divided by" when you hear the word “per.” Note that the area units can be different for each density calculation, soit is important to display the area units on your map. ‘When density is shown on a map, area is moved as a factor in comparing values. A large residential subdivision with three housing units per acre is no denser than a small subdivision with three housing units per acre ‘The city planner wants to see 2 map of population totals and population density for the year 2000 in people per square mile. The first map is simply the population value field addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping density QUEEEIC symbolized with graduated colors. The second map will divide the value by the area to display density, or people per area value. "Per" can mean "divided by" for your purposes, and if you recall, the word “normalize” also means “divided by.” You should be able to use ‘the normalization field in ArcMap to easily create a density map. Data The datas the Census 2000 block-group-level data. This particular set comes from the ESRI Data & Maps media kit that comes with ArcGIS software, It contains fielde for the total population in 2000 and 2004. The area needed is cut out for you to use, but the ‘analysis could be repeated for any area with the data from the media kit, ‘The other set of data is the street network data to give the map some context. It also comes from the ESRI Data & Maps media. _ Map population density by census block 1. tn ArcMap, open Tutorial 4 mad, The map shows the Dallas/Fort Worth metropolitan senrice area, afour-county region with a population of about 5 million people. Youre interested in secing the total 2000 population by census block group, and.a population density ofthe same data. First, you need to makes copy of the CensusBlkGrp layer, then you'll symbolize the two layers to display the desired data, 2D Right-click the ConsusBIkGrp layer and select Copy. addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerseppigdeety cis ruronias Right-click the Tarrant County data frame and select Paste Layer(s). Turn the copied layer off for now. Now change the layer name and symbology properties for the first layer. This is what ‘will display in the legend, s0 it should be very descriptive of the data it will represent. Right-click the visible CensusBIkGrp layer and select Properties. Go tothe General tab and type 2000 Population for the layer name. Click Apply. 5 Gotothe Symbology tab and select Quantities > Graduated colors in the Show window. G Set the Value field to POP2000. Accept the default classification and colors Click Apply. Examine the change in the map display. This is avery quick and simple display of population. The contrast looks good, but seeing the population count numbers in the legend may not mean alot when viewed at this scale. You really only want to know relative population, so you'll change the labels to read Low, Medium, and High. salle eal bl 1S ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping density 7 lickin the Label column for the lowest value and replace it with Low, Click the next label and press the delete key, removing the label altogether. Make the middle label Medium, leave the next label blank, and name the highest value label High. Click OK. The map now displays the total population for each census block group, and your simplified legend makes the map alittle easier to read. Note where the dares arene are located, and you'll 29e later if these ave infact the ateas of the highest population density. G Print this map orcreatean image file of it. [Next you want to use the copy of the CensusBlkgGrp layer to show population density, or ‘people per area. You'll use POP2000 as the value field again, and you can use the normalization function to automatically divide by area. The city planner wanted to see the results in people per square mile, so youl ned afield that contains the square mileage for each census block ‘group. Firt adda new field to the table, then youl calculate its values in square miles. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterEESTEED rnc sensi cis toronta: 2 Map population density per square mile 1. Right-click the CensusBIkGrp ‘ayer and open the attribute table. {lick the Table Options drop- a =a down menu and select cc = Add Field. = HE 2. Enter SqMiles a the new field fame and then astita type to Flost inthe Type drop-down list. ‘Then click OK. B Right-click the new SqMiles eld and select Calculate Geometry. Click OK on the warning message In the Calculate Geometry dilog boa, male sure the Property is sat ‘to Are, and then wae the dvop- down mens to set the Units field to Square Miles US. Then click OK 5 Close the attribute table. sdllcly al bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center qGis TUTORIAL 2 Mapping density G Tum on the CensusBlkGrp layer, open its properties, and goto the General tab. ‘Change the name to 2000 Population Density and click Apply. 7 Gotothe Symbology tab and select ‘Quantities > Graduated colors in the Show window. Set the Value field to BOP2000 and the Normaliestion Seld to SqMiles ‘Once again you should simplify the legend so that the viewer is getting a general feel for the data, and not necessarily concentrating on individual values. B Setthelabelstomatch the 2000 Popslation Iyer, changing them to Low, Medium, and High, When everything matches the image, click OK. This process added a Geld, calevlated an area, and used that area to set upa display of density. Changing the labels in the legend made the map easier to read eee ee ere act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center2c) crs roTontat 9 Turn off the 2000 Population layer The resulting maps very different from the previous ‘ap. What you saw a large, dark polygons representing lots of people turned out to be :mediurn-to-low density. Now becomes eay to se the concentrations of people. population per square mile using the OP2004 feld in the city planner two sets of data to compare and wil shovr how density in the area have changed over time. ‘These printed maps nicely display how things have changed from 2000 to 2004, but it maybe hard to compare two specific areas, Flipping one sheet over the other is not very ficient. Now you wll look at an ArcMap tool from the Effects toolbar that willlet you do this with great ease sdllcl al bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centercis ruronata erring costy EET Compare maps using the Swipe tool 1. Tom on the layers 2000 Popslation and 2004 Population, Tarn off the two population density layers. On the main menu, select Customize > Toolbars > Effects. 2 Since Effects tools work only = E=Ey eee ‘menu select View > Data View. Make sure the 2000 Population layer is above the 2004 Population layer in the table of contents by dragging it up higher in the list. Set the Layer in the Effects toolbar to 2000 yer Population. 5 Sclect the Swipe Layer tool jon the Bffects toolbar. 6 Move into the right center of the map area, then click and hold the left mouse button. It may take 10 or 20 seconds for the map to be loaded into the Swipe Layer tool memory. When the hourglass disappears, move the cursor to the left and notice that the 2000 Population layer is being replaced as you move the tool across the map. geiledleby eal bal I AIS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.ArWETTED rrnr seer aisroronsi2 | ‘The Swipe Layer tool is very effective for seeing how features have changed between two layers. Grouped layers can also be set as a swipe layer, allowing you to swipe sets of data. Once you have finished examining this data, set up the Effects tool to look at the change ‘between the 2000 Population Density and the 2004 Population Density, 7 Seve your map document as Tutorial 3-1.mxd in the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. you are not continuing on tothe exercise, exit ArcMap. YOUR TURN sdilcleal bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterExercise 3-1 ‘The tutorial showed how to map census values as both totale and deneities, The values used were. population counts, but other data is also useful when mapped as a density ‘The city planner also wants to show the density of housing units, expressed in households per acre. ‘The field HOUSEHOLDS in the CensusBlkGrp layer has the number of households in each census block group. + Continue using the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 3-Lmxd from the \GIST2\Maps folder. + Add a field to the CensusBilkGrp attribute table and calculate the acreage for each polygon. + Change the name of CensusBlkGrp layer and symbolize the households. + Normalize by acceage. + Change elements such as the titles, colors, and legend to make a visually pleasing map. + Save the results as Exercise 3-1.mxd in the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. WHAT TO TURN IN TE yoware working in 2 classroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit the maps you created in tutorial 3-L Turn in aprinted map or screen capture of the following: ‘The four maps in Tutorial 3-1.mxd_ Exercise 3-1.mxd addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centeritis Tutorial 3-1 review In this exercise you saw how density displays data differently from straight counts or totals. By dividing the total value by the area it represents, densities let you do comparisons between dissimilar areas by showing the data ae. concentration, Since rhe normalization feature lets you specify afield to divide into the value field, you can easily set up density displays using any field. ‘While fields that show counts or totals summarized for an area benefit from being displayed as, densities, there are others that are not as suitable. Fields that display calculated values, such as. averages or percentages, are not suitable for density maps. These fields have alveady been divided ‘by another value, so dividing by area doesnlt make sense. A field representing a percent would be the value divided by the total. Showing this asa density wovld be the value divided by the total, divided by the area. A map of “Percent Renter Occupied per Square Mile” has no real meaning. STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Can any field be used for density mapping? 2. Why does using densities or concentrations allow a better comparison between values that have been summarized by area? Other real-world examples ‘A ppolice department may summarize data by police beat and display the density of a particular ‘crime, This would help it determine how many officers to assign ta each beat. ‘Appolitical campaign might take voter registration rolls and summarize them by county. Then it ‘could display the areas of concentration of registered voters to target its efforts Census data is one of the most common things to display as density. Any of the data fields ‘representing totals or counts could be displayed ae 2 density, such 2s paople per square mile or concentrations of high school graduates. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center Mapping density GIS TUTORIAL 2 seriaGIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping density Tutorial 3-2 Creating dot density maps ‘One drawback of density maps that use shaded polygons or a density surface is that only one value can be mapped at a time. The dot density map allows you to display the density using a pattern that can be overlaid with other data. Learning objectives Preparation + Create a dot density map + Read pages 76-77 in The ESRI Sore eee re Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1. + Analyze patterns Introduction In the previous tutorial, you displayed data divided by the area it represented. This type ‘of density mapping works very well in most situations, but causes problems if you want to Dot density. Notice that the dialog box will let you add ‘multiple felds to the Symbol list for dot density. Justlike making charts, the list should contain values that can be compared ‘on the same scale, You can use as many fields as you like, but foo many will make ‘the map difficult to interpret. Having more addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center| | : : GIS TUTORIAL 2 Mapping density than one symbol value also adds a degree of dificulty to setting the dot size and scale. ‘There will be more dots per polygon, and they may begin to interfere with each other. Select the RENTER_OCC field and click. the “” button to add it to the Symbol list. Click Apply and note the change in the map. Try different colors, dot sizes, and dot values to get the map to look the way you feel is the best. Click Apply to check. ‘the results of your settings. When you are satisfied, click OK, ‘The resulting map shows the concentration of rental units as dot patterns, with the underlying population density still visible. Click the Refresh View button at the bottom of your layout a few times and notice what happens to the dot distribution—it changes each time. A quick visual analysis shows a place in the southwestern part of town that would be perfect. its gota igh population density and a concentration of rental units, and is located (on a major thoroughfare. This will be enough to investigate availability of land and perhaps doa survey of what amenities might be desirable. salle bh aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘CenterEDZERLED pring density GIS TUTORIAL 2 the dts. hese aeatcessed by Clicking the P button on the Symbology tab. The frst opti ‘moving around when you refresh the map, While placement is still random, ie willlet you of people over lake. The second choice will referenced area, Perhaps you want to show within your city limits. Note that theres for which you set the dat density asi 5 Save your map document ss Tutorial $-2.mxd in the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. Ifyou are not continuing onto the exercise, exit ArcMap. piel IS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 Exercise 3-2 ‘The tutorial showed how to set up a dot density and display the density data over another color- shaded dataset. For this exercise, you will create another dot density map showing two fields as values. ‘The parks director wants to see the male-to-female comparison in the area of interest, You'l try to show that data as a dot density map with the MALE and FEMALE fields from the CensustilkGrp layer. Continue using the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 3-2.mxd from the \GIST2\Maps folder. + Change the name of CensusBikGrp and make it visible, + Zoom to the bookmark Area of Interest. + Set the symbology to Dot Density and use both the MALE and FEMALE fields. ‘+ Change the dot color, dot size, and dot value to make the data read wel. + Change elements such as the titles, colors, and legend to make a visually pleasing map. + Save the results as Exercise 3-2.mxd in the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. WHAT TO TURNIN Ifyou are working in 2 classroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit the maps you created in tutorial 3-2, | ‘Tum in 2 printed map or screen capture ofthe following: Tutorial 3-2.mxd Exercise 3-2.msd addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘CenterAceyice steep cis TuroRiat2 Tutorial 3-2 review ‘number of dots displayed. ArcMap, however, determines the actual random placement of the dots. Because of this, you must only use the patterns the dots crezte as a general view of density and ‘not read them as grouping or clustering. Every time you redaw the map, the random location of ‘the dots changes, potentially giving a different reading of the map. These can be locked down, but remember that they do not represent groupings, only aandom scattering of dots. inher tata rena | Dot density maps can be created with several value fields, but you saw how this can make the map. hard to read and interpret. Care must be taken in setting the dot value, size, and color. One advantage of using dot density is that you were able ta display a set of data on top of another symbolized layer. In thie cace, che dots were displayed over total population density so that the viewer could look at both the dat patterns and the color shading for viswal analysis. STUDY QUESTIONS 1. When would it be more practical to use dot density maps than charts? 2, Is dot density a true density? 3, Adot density map of the United States is created using each state as one polygon and the total population as the value field. What is the problem with this scenario? What would the map ook like? Could the patterns lead to false conclusions? Other real-world examples A police department may want to show concentration of crime without revealing actual victim locations. It might summarize crime data by police beat, then create a dot density map of the totals to shovr general concentrations. The random assignment of dots would not represent real erime locations, only symbolize that crime had occurred. -Appolitical campaign might want to display the number of registered voters as a dot density on top of the total population of voting age per precinct. Areas with a high eligible population but low registration might be a good target area for recruitment. Census data lends itself so well to density mapping, and dot density allows the overlaying of several types of data om a single map. With the total papalation as the backtirop, interesting maps could be created showing housing. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterssroTontat2 erring dency EEN Tutorial 3-3 reating a density surface A density map was easy to create using the data summarized by area. The polygons ‘made it easy to create solid shade or dots to represent density. Ifthe available data is point data, however, itis not as easy to show density. A density surface will take the points and create acontinuous set of values to display density in a raster format. Learning objectives Preparation + Create density surfaces + Read pages 78-85 in The ESRI + Work with raster data Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1 Introduction ‘The previous tutorial worked with data that was already summarized by area, It was fairly easy to color-shade the polygons to represent density, or to make a dot density map. With data that is not summarized by area, you must create a density surface in order to see the data projected as a density. A density surface isa raster image created from points, making ‘set of discrete features into a continuous phenomenon dataset. ‘There are several parameters to set when calculating a density surface, The firsts cell size, which equates to pixel size in the output data. This can devermine how fine or coarse the patterns will appear. A small cell size will create a finer-resolution raster image but will take longer to process, Conversely, a large cal size will create a coarser image but process ‘quickly. ArcMap will suggest values for you based on the area you are working with. ‘The second parameter that you will deal with isthe search radius, When ArcMap creates the density surface, it will split your map extent into pixels ofthe size you indicate. Then it will count all the features that fall within the search radius of each feature, divide that total by the area of that feature’s search area, and create a pizel with that value. Then it ‘moves on to the next pixel, working its way through the entire dataset. large search. radius will take longer to process and will give the surface a more generalized look. Small variations in the data may be missed because too many features are falling within each search radius. A small search radius will reflect more local variation, with fever features having an effect on each pixel. . act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerpcreoeties crs roroniaLa Scenario Data ‘A density surface may reflect only the features and how they are grouped into the search ‘area, ort may include a weight factor. This will give some features a more important role in the calculation of the density. For instance, a density surface made using only business locations might show one set of data grouping. Buta density surface weighted by the ‘number of employees will create groupings nearer to businesses with alot of employees. “The parks director was impressed with your analysis of suitable sites forthe dog park and ‘has come to you again with another request. Oleander is recognized as “Tree City USA" by the National Arbor Day Foundation, and the director wants you to do a tree inventory and tree-density map of al the city parks, An intern with a Global Positioning System (GPS) ‘unit epent all ast summer mapping trees. You now have the data collected and need to make tree-density map, Since you are starting with point data, youll need to make a density surface to demonstrate tree concentrations. You will also use the measured canopy size as a weight factor, making the larger trees have a stronger effect on the caleulation, ‘The land-use data used to locate all the city parks is the citys cadastre file devived from recorded plats. Each parcel of land has a land-use code, as you may recall from exercise 1-1. ‘The tree data was collected by an intern from Texas A&M University’s School of Forestry, ‘who visited every park in the city and recorded the longitude and latitude of every tree. The {intern also built a data collection menu to collect data such as tree type, diameter, various condition measurements, and estimated canopy width. ‘The other set of data is the street network data to give the map some context. It comes from the ESRI Data & Maps media, addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerroronata soning omer EERE tree density 1. tn ArcMap, open Tutorial 3-3.maxd. The map is zoomed in to the central part ofthe city, ‘where a tee survey has been completed. he areas outlined in green are city pars, and the brown dots are tree locations. You may thin that this reads wells density similar toa dot density map, but there area few things you'll get from creating a density surface. First, you'l get an output ile that represents area, not disrete points, Pus you'll beable to ‘eight the impact ofthe trees on the density calelation based on their canopy size : This tutorial uses the ArcGIS Spatial rm Analyst extension. Youll need to activate [** 8S : the Spatial Analyst extension in thie ES, ‘ArcMap session. Ifyou are unsure if you have this extension, elect Customize > Extensions on the main me and look for Spatial Analyst. Checkit fit is notalready checkoti fit does notappear here, asiyour system administrator for acces. 2 Clickthe Search tabon the ight side ofthe rap document window and type Point Density into the search window. Then dlick the Search button @) to find the fool. Pausing over a tool name will show description of the tool lick the Point Density tool to run it. slot bl aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center‘Mapping density B_ Inthe Point Density dialog box, set Input point features to Treelnventory_Midway and the Output rater to Midway_Trees in the \MyAnavera\MyData.gdb geodatabase. Note: The raster output name fs limited to 13 characters with no spaces. ‘The next values you will set are the search radius and the cell size. The Point Density too] has already analyzed your data and map extent and has suggested a sultable set of rumbers. To get a finer result, you could decrease these values by about 20 percent; and to get a coarser result, increase them by the same factor. Click the input box for Radius and type 53. Replace the Output cell size with 6. When your dialog box matches the graphic to the right, click OK. GIS TUTORIAL 2 act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘CenterTake s lock t the tree locations overlaid on the new density surface to get an idea of howr the two sets of data relate, When you are done, turn off the Tree Inventory layer to get the final map. The parks director wil be able to show thismap tothe park board and help it plan the tree planting effort for next year Youll also be able to use this for area overlain Futuce GIS analysis such a5 showing the effect on the existing tee density of future playgrounds or athletic felds YOUR TURN Oleander ayer. Eventually, the rector will want thi 6 Seveyour map document as Tutorial 5-3.mxd in the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. Ifyou are not continniag on to the exercios, exit ArcMap. sdlilclell bly aS I ‘www facebook.com/Gis.ArExercise 3-3 ‘The tutorial showed how to map densities from point data. The points were used to createa density surface, and the result was a continuous phenomenon dataset. Now the parks director would like you to do a more detailed study of tree density. He would like to see the density of elms and crape myrtles on two mare maps, * Continue using the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 8-3.mxd from the \GIST2\Maps folder. + Open the properties of the Tree Inventory layer and set up a definition query ta show only the elms, * Create a point density raster of the resulting set. + Change the definition query to crape myrtle and create a new point density raster. + Make maps of each of these point density rasters. * Change elements such as the titles, colors, and legends to make visually pleasing maps, + Print or export images of the two maps + Save the results as Exercise 3-3.mxd in the \GIST2\MyBsercises folder. WHAT TO TURN IN Ifyou are working ina classroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit the maps you created in tutorial 3-3, ‘Tur ina printed map or sceeen capture of the following: ‘The two map layers you created in Tutorial 3-3.mnxd ‘The two map layers you created in Exercise 3-3.mxd act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘CenterGIs TUTORIAL 2 Mapping density GEG) Tutorial 3-3 review “The Point Density tool is used to make 2 continuous phenomenon dataset from discrete features. “The surface can be used for further analysis with the data representing the values interpolated across alarge area. ‘The tool creates a raster dataset with the specified cell size, then evaluates each cell for features that fll in and around it. Once each cell is given a value, a colored raster image displays densities ‘or concentrations. Cazemurte takes nating ti alse ond nrchaten, Sting thes vlies igh wieetea aa douse map bce quit Settings on wl ake inte conpuertinebu ld afer ek. QE STUDY QUESTION 1. What are the three types of density mapping discussed in chapter 4 of The ESRI Gute to GIS Analysis, Volume 1, and when should each be used? Other real-world examples ‘The local weather reporter gets rainfall and temperature readings based on discrete measuring stations. The reporter then takes the point data and creates a density surface showing a continuous ‘phenomenon of temperature and rainfall. A fire department may take point locations of calls for service and create a density surface showing the concentration of calls. _Awildlife researcher might take point data of animal observations and create a surface density 10 show animal density. This takes what are known to be limited sample data and interpolates it across alarger area, addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centersdibgclbblyscasas grain org Finding what's inside GIS data deals with relationships among datasets, allowing for many analyses to be done using these relationships. One of the most basic is the concept of data overlays. Quite simply, does one set of data overlay another? This might be used simply as a selection process, with analysis done against the results. ‘More complex processes might involve features that are only partially inside the overlay data. Analysis against the selection here cannot deal with the whole values for these features, but use proportions instead. ieee IS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterFinding what's inside GIS TUTORIAL 2 Tutorial 4-1 Overlaying datasets for analysis Finding features inside a region is a powerful analysis tool. The region can be a graphic drawn by hand, or a feature that exists in another dataset. Once the features are selected, summations and comparisons can be done with the attribute information. Learning objectives Preparation + Create a visual overlay + Read pages 87-104 in The ESRI Seen eatures Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1 + Obtain field summaries Introduction ‘A very powerful concept of spatial analysis is to decide if one set of features is inside ‘another. For example, you might want to know if your house is in a floodplain, an earthquake zone, or in a good school district. To do this with GIS, a polygon region must be defined, then you can search for points, lines, or polygons that fall within those boundaries. ‘The boundaries used for an inside~outside analysis can be created as a graphicin ArcMap (or may exist as a feature in another dataset. The graphics are drawn using the standard drawing tools in the layout view and can be used to do simple selections. Using features from another layer for your selection is a itele more complex but alot more powerful. The desired boundary must be selected anda select-by-location query must bbebuilt. Conveniently the query you build can be easily repeated for other regions. For example, to get a count of houses in a fre district, you would select one ofthe district boundaries from the Fire Districts feature class and use it in a elect-by-location query against the residential parcel data. To repeat this for another district, jst change the selected district and repeat the select-by-location query. Once the features are selected, there are many things that you could do with their associated. data. You could get acount of the features. The example above is a simple answer of how ‘many houses fall within a fire district. You may also want to perform a suramary operation against the data. This could be the total value of the houses or the average water usage. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 Boundaries can also be created by buffering features, but since those deal with setting a distance from an existing featuce, they will be cavered in the “proximity analysis’ tutorials Scenario The city manager has outlined alarge area of land on a map that represents the gateway to the city. The region has many shops, some vacant land, and an apartment complex. You need to select the property within that region and provide some summary statistics such as how many parcels and dwelling units are there, what the total area is, and how much of ‘each of the land-use categories falls within the region. Ifthe city council vote is favorable, the ity will use its parke department staff and plants from the city’s greenhouse to implement a beautification project in the area. The city council meets tonight, and it has asked for a briefing on the project. Data The dataset you will he working with s the cadastre layer for Oleander. Itrepresents platted and sunplatted property and contains afield for land-use codes (UseCode). The field DU represents ‘the number of dwelling units per parcel, and you'll use that for a housing count. You'll also use the Shape_Area field provided automatically by ArcMap for the area calculations. Select features using a polygon tm ArcMap, open Tutorial 4-1.mxd. On the map isa region outlined in red with a gray crosehatch. Thi ie the avea the city’s pavlee department is interested in beautifying Doa preliminary investigation by looking at the map. Basic visual analysis will show that ‘inside the region is some vacant land, some commercial land, some multifamily housing, and some single-family dwellings. So the city manager already has a general idea of land use inside the region and can give the city council a briefing while you take more time to complete the work. This is a simple but effective preliminary analysis, addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center Finding what’sineide QUENGRE‘To get the rest of the information, you'll need to select the parcels that fall within the | region. First try doing a simple selection with a user-defined area. D Click the List By Selection tab at the top ofthe table of contents. B Glick the icon to make Land Use the only selectable lays, 4 On the Tools toolbar, click the Select Features tool drop-dewn and choose Select by Polygon. The Select by Polygon too! will let you daw a ppolygon around the area you want to select frechané, and select whatever the selectable layers ave, Always malke sure to check ‘what layers are selectable when you do this or you could have a mess afterward. 5 Using the selection tool, drawa polygon that follows the outline of the shaded egion. Click to insert a vertex. Double-click the last point to finish, Ifyou make mistake, click the Undo button #9 on the Standard toolbar and start over. The desired parcels ae selected. Youcan nov ‘work with them to get the counts and summaries that you need. This method of selection worked pretty well, but there can be some problems with it. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerz= GIS TUTORIAL 2 Finding what’s i 6 On the main menu, click Selection > Clear Selected Features. This ean also be done by clicking the Clear Selected Features button Jon the Tools toolbar. Well, there's one of the problems. Ths selection method isnot easy to repeat. Your tasle called for doing a summary, and now the selected set is cleared. Next you'll ry another selection method. This method involves drawing a graphic ofthe area you want, then using it for the selection Select features using graphics ‘menu, select View > Data View. Click the Select Elements tool t on the Tools toolbar. ieee) 2 esis 2 tn themap area, select the shaded graphic that was drawn by the city manager. It’s hard fo see on the map, but 2 rectangle that encompasses the shaded are i selected, as evidenced by blue dotted line and selection points act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center3 B Click Selection » Select By Graphics from the main mens. All ofthe features inside the region f interest ate again selected GIS TUTORIAL 2 This graphic clement surrounds the area of interest. 0 ifthe selected features are accidentally cleaved again, they caa be selected again very quickly using this graphic. Ifthe graphic element had not already existed, you could have dvawn one using the New Polygon tool on the Draw toolbar. These an also be symbolized in the same way that regular data features are symbolized. Now you can proceed with the counts and summaries that are required for thie analysis task. The first step isto get 2 count of how many parcels are involved in the project. Obtain counts and summaries for features within an area 1. Goto the List By Selection tab at the top of the table of contents. The number appearing in parentheses next to the Land Use layer is how many features are currently selected. Looks like there are 202 parcals in the redevelopment zegion. That was eaey. Next you need to see how many dwelling units are in the region. The field DU has avalue representing the number of dwelling units on each parcel. Vacant and commercial lots have a value of 0, lots containing single-family houses have a value of 1, and those with ‘multifamily dwellings reflect how many are on each parcel 2 Open the attribute table for the Land Use eae a] layer from the Selection ab bysighe all eieate lye ee = ‘Table Showing Selected Features. [osstoreeer SE etimerm a = = co act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterTUTORIAL 2 Binding what's insidi ‘The table opens to display selected feacures. ‘You can verify the number by checking the bottom of the table window. Yes, 202. Now get the total dwelling units, B Right-click the field name DU and eelect Statistics. The resulting window displays the count, minimum, maximum, sum, a @ mean, and standard deviation, Once again, aS a you can verify the count at 202 and see that | Be Bie, | = the total number of dwelling units is 633. You alsoneed to get atotal areaofallthe §—§§ = parcels. This is done using the statistics feature again, 4 Chee the Statistics window. Right-click ATE the field Acreage and select Statistics. The fener resulting window shows all the stats of the ‘eld, including total acreage. The total acreage is 152.1 acres. The ety io manager needed just one more piece of : information: the breakdown of atea for cach land use. This analysis process so far has only produced the overall total. To get the breakdown, you'll use the Summarize command. This will take the selected features and a selected field, then report back each unique value of that field. In addition, you can add summary statistics to the process and get tatals, averages, or standard deviations on the other fields in the table ‘You can do this using the UseCode field. The Summarize command will list exch unique value in the Land Use field and allow you to add a command to get the total acreage for each category. 5 Close the Statistics dialog box. Right-click the UseCode field and select Summarize. sdllclyal bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterFinding what's inside GIS TUTORIAL 2 6 Inthe Summarize dialog box, click the plus sign next to Acreage and check Sum. | reemingmtpietvstcrnce “Tis will give the total acreage foreach = |g unique value of UseCode in the table. ee Check the box next to “Summarize on ae eee the selected records only,” if necessary. Click the Brovrse button next fo the “Specify output table” box and store the tables LandUseSummary in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder. Click Save. When your dialog boxmatches the following one, lick OK to start the summary process, Por more information on performing field summaries, lice About Summarizing Data in the summary ialog box. 7 When the process has run, click Yes to ‘add the table to the map document. lose ‘the attribute table and click the List By Source button atthe top of the table of contents. You'll see the summary table that you just created. B Right-click the table and select Open to view the resol salle bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center10 sIS TUTORIAL 2 Binding what's ‘The table shows many of the results the city manager needed, and justin time for the ‘meeting. Codes are defined ae follovre: ‘At | Single Family Resisenial | Bt) Mult-Farily Rosier Bs) Duplex | ‘CAH | Church Fi__| Comme { vac | Vacant ] Switch to layout view and add a text box to the map that displays the total number of parcels, the total number of dwelling units, the total acreage, and the breakdown of acreage per land-use type. This exhibit wil be perfect to distribute at the city council ‘meeting and get the ball zolling on this project. gq Save your map document as Tutorial 4-1.mxd in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder. If you are not continuing on to the exercise, exit ArcMap. sdlilclell bly aS I ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterBEDDETEEIED scne wees tne crstororta 2 Exercise 4-1 ‘The tutorial showed how to select features inside a box in two ways: manual select and select with graphic. Jn this exercise, you will repeat the process using a different area of the map. There is another ‘area at the north end of towa that the city manager has outlined. The manager would like you to caleulate the same statistics about that region as you did for the first one. + Continue using the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 4-L.mxd from the \GIST2\Maps folder. + Goto the bookmark Site 2, + Select the features inside the marked area using one of the techniques from the tutorial + Perform statistics or summaries to get the following: + Number of parcels + Number of dwelling units + Total acreage + Breakdown of acreage by land use: BL = Multi-Family Dwelling Units 2 Industrial POS ~ Public Open Space (Park) VAC = Vacant “= Add these values to your map layout. + Change elements such as the titles, colors, and legend to make a visually pleasing map. « Save the zesults as Exercise 4-1.mxd in the \GISTA\MyExercises folder. WHAT TO TURN IN Ifyou are working in a classroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit the maps you created in tutorial 4, ‘Turn in a printed map or screen capture of the following: Tutorial 4-Lmxd Exercise 4.mad addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘CenterGIs TUTORIAL 2 Finding what's inside QEUEENGE Tutorial 4-1 review “This tutorial showed two techniques for finding what's inside a specified region, The regions were either drawn as a selection box or asa granhic that stays on the map. The first technique worked well, ‘but ifyou accidentally clear the selected features, you start all over again. The second technique used ‘graphic clement for the selection. The element ip more permanent and can be used aver and aver. It ‘ean also be symbolized and used as part of the map layous ta mark the area of interest, (Once the features were selected, you used two attribute table functions to get information about the data. The frst gave you simple statistics for a selected field. The Statistics command returns the minimum, maximum, sum, count, mean, and the standard deviation. The second command, the Summarize command, lets you do more with a selected field. returns every unique value in the selected field, then lets you perform any of the statistics operations against the other fields, With tis tool, you were able to obtain the sum of the acreage for each land-use type. aa STUDY QUESTIONS 11, What happens to features that cross the selection boundary? 2. Look at the summary operations for text fields. How do they differ from numeric fields? 4. Is every numeric field suitable for summary operations? Other real-world examples ‘The police department might need to close a road for the Independence Day parade. The department could draw a boundary on the map and use it to select property owners who might need to be notified. After noticing some clogged storm drain inlets, the public warks department might draw a boundary around the clogged inlets and use the map to select pipes to inspect. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centera EDITED Fe wie inrae eis ToTORIAL2 Tutorial 4-2 Finding what’s partially inside Features that fall completely within the study area boundary are easy to work with, ut sometimes the features cross a boundary line. These features must be handled a different way in order to extract correct data from them. Learning objectives Preparation + Select features in relation to a + Read pages 87-104 in"The ESRI boundary Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1 + Understand different overlay functions Introduction ‘When using boundaries to select features, not all features will fall completely within the boundary; they may share an edge with the boundary or they may cross the Boundary. The attributes associated with the feature represent the whole feature. If only a portion of the feature is incide the boundary, then only a portion of the attribute value can be used for overlay analysis. ‘Asan example, examine some census data, Bach census Block has a count of how many pople are init. If feature's boundary crosses through a census black, how many people will be shown to live inside che boundary? Not all of them; only some porticn. How much equate footage ofthe census block s inside the polygon? ArcMap calculates area automaticaly for ‘ach polygon feature (Shape Area, so the census block must be split at the boundary in onder to get the total If the straight totals were used, the results would be wrong. When the selection of features within a boundary is returning whole polygons or lines, it’s OK to get acount or a summary as long as you know you are getting the values for the whole polygons. When features cross the boundary and you need values for Just the areas inside the boundary, then you need to split the polygons at the boundary and in some ‘cases proportionally divide the values. For census data, you can calculate the proportional population within the smaller pieces by multiplying the density times the area, Ibis important to note, however, that the resulting values are a broad estimate, as splitting the values proportionally will not take into account any concentration of values within the addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerr GIS TUTORIAL 2 Finding wha’ ashe polygon. Comparing the results to more accurate data will most certainly highlight the inaccuracies achieved with this method. Scenario The city manager took your map to the city council for review. The council member who xepresents that region remembered that there are some flood zones that would affect this property. The council member would like some of the same calculations performed again, ‘but only for the areas inside the floodplain, including a breakdown of how much of each of the flood zones isin the target area. The city engineer is expecting this information in the ‘morning so that the city can move forward on the project. Data The dataset you will be working with is the cadastre layer for Oleander. Itrepresents platted and unplatted property and contains a field for land-use codes (UseCode). The field DU represents the number of dwelling units per parcel, and you'll use that for a housing count. You'll also use the Shape_Area field provided automatically by ArcMap for the area calculations. Overlaid on this are the food zones as determined by the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) from FEMA. You'll use this to determine what's Inside the floodplain, It also has the flood zone categories in the field ZONE. : ‘A _| 00-year requency storm (an bs filed and vecaiiec)_| 8 _| 80-year frequenoy storm (ean be filed and reclaimed) FW_| Floodway (Cannot be reclsimed) z W__| Standing water (akes and poncs) There's also afield called ZoneName that contains the name of the drainage shed for each flood-prone area, elect features by location 1 tnArctap, open Tutorial .2.moxd ‘The map is similar to the previous tutorial, showing the land tse and the area of interest. You also see the food prone areas A guile visual inspection shows that some parcels acconly partiyinsde the flood zone, so youwill need todo ¢alevlations involving just those areas pilelyenlbl IS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterPe WN aun GIS TUTORIAL 2 ‘You need to find out how many parcelsare in the floodplain, what the total area of land ie ineide the floodplain, a breakdown of area of land use inside the floodplain, anda breakdown of how much of each flood zone category isin the selected area. ‘The 202 parcels inside the study area are already selected. If yours become unselected, repeat the procedure from the previous tutorial and use the graphic boundary to select them. You'lluse the flood zone boundaries to select the parcels that intersect them using the Select By Location tool. This tool lets you select features from one layer based on their spatial relationship to features in another layer. First write out what you want to do: want to select features from the currently selected set ofthe Land Use layer that intersect the Flood Areas layer. [Nowe you will got the parameters in ArcMap to make the desired selection. (On the main menu, click Selection > Select By Location. In the Select By Location dialog box, change the Selection method to “select from the currently selected features in.” In the Target layers(s) pane, click the box next to Land Use. If your list does not contain all the layers, clear the box next to "Only show selectable layers in this list” Set the Source layer to FloodAreas. Set the Spatial selection method to Target layer(s) features intersect the Source layer feature. There are alot of options to describe the relationship you want between the two layers, Intersect means that any portion of the parcels falls within the flood area. Some ofthe others may mean that the features are totally inside the flood area, and some may ‘mean that they only touch the line representing the border ofthe flood area, ‘When your dialog box matches the graphic, click OK to perform the selection. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center‘ArcMap has made a new selection from the previously selected features showing which parcels intersect the flood area. Notice that some cross the boundary and some are completely within the boundary of the Flood Areas layer. Some of the functions that you want todo will not be affected by the whole parcel being sclected, For instance, the frst thing you need to know is how many parcels are affected. 8B Clickthe List By Selectionbutton.at the top ofthe table of contents, How many Land Use parcels are selected? So your first statistic for the city manageris ‘that there are 23 properties in the study area that are inside the floodplain. Next you need to know how much acreage that represents. You can't total the acreage, because it would include the areas of some of the parcels that fall outside the floodplain, You will need to perform an overlay operation to cut the parcels atthe flood boundary. salle al bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center. CDETED cnc wiaesinnice eis rorontat Create an overlay using selected features from different layers Open the Scarch tab and search forthe Overlay toolset. Pause your cursor over cach ofthe resute to see a description ofthe tools, The tools that perform the typeof overlay you want to do are Intersect, Spatial Join, and Union. Ifyou havean -ccinfoKeense, you will have more choices fn the Overlay toolset. You can readin the [ArcGIS Desktop Help what the other tools, do, bur thie tstoral will se Union, ‘Union will take the input feature lasses [Garon (anaiyaay ] and merge them together, creatinganew | Sma | output layer with the features slit at oetvareeree thetr computed intersections. The result is vee te ho ‘that all ofthe features of both ayers are cae & transferred to the output. In addition, all |" i theattributes from both feature classes are | | preserved in the output. | ‘You will use the Land Use layer and the Hlood Areas layer as the input layers. 2. Inthe Search results, click the Union tool to open ts dialog box. Use the drop-doven box and set Input Features to Flood Areas. B. Use the drop-down box again to-add Land Use tothe Input Features list. Click the Browse button next to “Output Featare Class,” name this feature class FloodAreaOfStudy (do not include any spaces), and store it in LandUseReport. mdb in. the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerss Turon Pinging wine's nedo CEST 5 When your dialog box matches the graphic to the right, click OK. ‘The resulting feature class has the selected parcels that fell within the floodplain, as well as the floodplain from throughout the city. Some portions of the parcels that are not within the floodplain are still in this layer, and some portions of the floodplain that are not part of this analysis are still in the output layer. You can remove them ‘with a definition query. ArcMap makes this easy to do. Any parcel feature that did not Intersect the food zone layer will have an FID_FloodZone value of -1, and any floodplain area that did not intersect a parcel will have an FID_Parcels value of - The definition query will exclude features with an FID_FloodZone of and an FID_ Parcels of 1. The query includes the operator “< >, which means “nat equal 10” G Switch back to List By Drawing Order in the table of contente and right-click the FloodAreaO Study layer, thon click Properties. Goto the Definition Query tab ad select Query Builder, Build the query shown in the graphic and verify it. ‘Then click OK and OR again, The Flood AreaO Study ayer nowy sows only the areas that arebath within the selected se of parcels and the floodplain sdllbcly al bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterFinding what init crstoroniaLa Next you want to calculate acreage. ‘There's afield in the attribute table called Acreage that you may be able rouse, Calculate acreage 1 Right-click the FloodAreaofStudy layer and open the attribute table. Look for the Acreage field. 55 teresa ‘There are values in the Acreage Customize Mode. sdllcly all bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerd ECTS veins wesc neaey cis turowat2 B. Goto the Commands tab scroll through the Categories, and cick Selection In the right window, dlick the Buffer Selection tool and dragit to the Tools toolbar. When you have it onthe toolbar, release {he mouse button. Close the Customize dialog box. While dragging 2 tool toa toclbar,a blackbar will be displayed to show ‘where the toal willbe placed when released. When you have tine, scroll through these categories of tools in the Customize dialog box. These tools are not on the default toolbars but add great functionality to the program. Some of the commands can be found in menus, sof you use the commands frequently it’s helpful to add a button on the Tools toolbar. search box on the Commands tab can help you find tools, or you may just browse by category. 4 Click the now Buffer Selection tool IB. Selec the TarrantRtvers layer and set the distance to 50 feet. “Then click OK 5 Using the Selec Features tool clic the purple creek feature to telectit. The Buffer Selection toot draws. 50-foot btferaround the selected features, Look closely tthe creekcand you'l se the buffer. ‘This is great for visual analysis. ‘When you print the document, the selection buffer will print, This will et you clearly see which parcels will get notified. Unfortunately, itis a visual reference tool only. No features in the parcels dataset were selected, so there's no way to make a list. This tool is better suited for other urnoses, o you'd better try another method. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center[5 TUTORIAL 2 Binding what's nearby G Open the Batfer Selection tool again, elect TarrantRivers, and set the bufer distance ‘to @. Click OK to close the dialog box. Previously you used the Select By Location tool. One parameter of tis tool that you did not useis the ability to select within a diseance of the selected features. The ereck feature should still be selected from the last procedure, but ‘not, just selec it again, -t by location with a distance buffer 1. Onthe main menu toolbar, click Selection > Select By Location to open the dialog box ‘You need to write out the objective of the search co that you can understand what parameters to use in the selection dialog box: Twantto select features from the target layer Land Use that are within 50 fect ofthe features inthe source layer TarrantRivers. 2 tillout the selection dialog box as shown, in the image, Make sure that both the “Use selected features" and “Apply a search distance” bores are checked. Set the distance 1 50 feet, When your dialog ‘box matches the imaze, clic OK to make the selection, You should have a selection, but the cyan outlines won't look very good on the printed map. You will change the selection color to red, but ony for the Land rae ‘Notice that even thouga you used a buffer distance in the selection, there is no buffer cing drawn on the map. set the selection symbol and list the results 1. Right-ick the Land Use layer and open the properties, Goto the Selection tb. Check the radio button next to with this symbol” hen click the cyan box to open the Symbol Selector dialog box. In the Symbol Selector, set the outline color to Flame Red and the outline with to 4, Click Oi, then OK again to close the properties. sdllclyal bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center“28 ) 07s cisturoniat2 ‘The map now shows clearly which parcels fall within the selection zone of the creek. Since you are only after alistof addresses, you doatt need these features to bein a separate feature class. You only need to get the list from the attribute table, Q Right-click the Land Use layer and select Open Attribute Table Click the Show selected vecorde batton at the bottom of the table to view only the selected records. ‘There's thelist which can be exported to DBF table and used to Seek caning acl B_ leyou are working on this tutorial in a dlassroom environment, print the lict for the completed project (lable Options > Print), When you are done, close the attribute table, and click Selection > Clear Selected Features. Notice what happens to the map. Save your map document as ‘Tatorial 5-1mxd in the \GIST2\ MyBsercies folder. Ifyou are not continuing on to the exercise, exit ArcMap. geile Laleal aly AIS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar‘eis TuroniaL 2 Finding whe’ neorhy CSEEEEEIGTE Exercise 5-1 ‘The tutorial showed how to use a selected feature, and the Select By Location tool, to select land-use parcels within 50 feet of the selected creek, Tn this exercise, you will repeat the process for one ofthe ather creeks the county wishes to inspect. + Continue using the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial S-L.maxd from the \GIST2\Maps folder. + Go tothe bookmark Creek Area 2 + Select the creek in that region, + Use the Select By Location tool to select al the land-use parcels within 50 feet ofthe creek. + Print the resulting ist of addresses + Change elements such as the titles, colors, and legend to make a visually pleasing map. + Save the results as Exercise S-Lmad in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder. WHAT TO TURN IN Ifyou ate working in a dassroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit the maps you created in tutorial 5. ‘Turn in a printed map or screen capture of the following: ‘Tutorial 5-1.mxd and a printed list of the selected addresses Exercise 5-1.mxd and a printed list of the selected addresses salle bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterHaale abana custurontat2 Tutorial 5-1 review ‘The selection processes in this tutorial used a straight-line distance from che selected features ta select other features. A buffer zone is temporarily created by the software, and featlres that touch that zone are selected. The buffer is never really seen and can't be drawn ona map; it existed only for the moment necessary tomake the selection, ‘The selected set can be used to get lists or counts of features within the distance But since no hard boundaries are dravrn, that’s the limit of what can be done with the selection. 1f the desired result is to measure areas or calculate densities, then other more advanced tools would need to be used. STUDY QUESTION 4. When would it be appropriate to do summary operations against the selected data? Other real-world examples ‘The public works department might use a straight-line distance selection to get alist of property. oumers along a street that is being scheduled for repaics. ‘The health department might identify 2 hazardous site such as an abandoned lead smelter, ‘They would select houses within a certain distance of the site to alert residents of upcoming cleanup efforts ‘The economic development department might select census tracts around a business center to compile demogranhic data about the area. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIs TUTORIAL 2 Tutorial 5-2 Creating buffer features A straight-line distance buffer can be created around selected features. This new feature can be symbolized on the map and used in overlay analysis to clip other features. Learning objectives Preparation + Select features + Review pages 115-128 in The + Create buffers ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1 Introduction Scenario Butfers can be created on a more permanent basis than the selections you did in the ‘previous tutorial. They can be saved as their own feature class, letting you then do the same type of inside-outside analysis as before. The difference now is that the region we've using was created by applying a distance toa selected set of features. Again, you have the choice of three overlay analysis tools to use with the bufers Identity, Intersect, and Union, Review these in the ArcGIS Desktop Help to determine their functionality. Once you do the overlay function, the resulting feature class can be used fr calculations such as sum of area. This also creates a feature that can be symbolized in the map showing the area of stud. Every time a zoning change is proposed, the property owners within 200 feet of the subject tract must be notified by mail. They are given the date and time of the city council meeting at which the change willbe discussed. You've been told ofa certain tract ofand where 2 zoning change s belng proposed, and the cty secretary is requesting ais of adjacent property adresses ‘The process is pretty simple. You'll select the subject tract, buffer it 200 feet, and select the parcels that intersect the buffer. You could do this with only a selection, but the map needs tohave a graphic showing the notification boundary. piel eld IS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center vincingwnee'seerty QUESTER ic : Winding whats neachy eisuromiata Data All youneed for this tutorial is the parcel dataset for the City of Oleander. Youll be using the fields Addno, Prefix, StName, Suffix, and SufDir to get the street address for each selected parcel. Create a buffer In ArcMap, open Tutorial 5-2.mxd. The purple-hatched parcel isthe one subject toa zoning AP, OPS , change. The property owner wants to change from C-2 (Community Businese District) to C-2(A) (Community Business District with Alcohol Sales) for a new convenience store. ‘The first thing you'll need to do is create 2 200-foot buffer around the subject tract, It is already selected, and the selection color is the purple hatch that you see. 2 ClicktheSearchtab and enter buster Clic: Bulfer to open the buffer dialog box cose 1B Inthe Butter dialog box, click the deop- down mens for Input Features and select the Land Use layer. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 4 Name the output feature ZoningCasel and store it in the MyData mdb geodatabase in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder 5 Set the linear distance to 200 and the units to feet. When your dialog box matches the image, click OK. buffer features crested around the selected parcel. Notice that it's nota circle! The buffer tool buffers the edge of che parcel polygon, so the resulting feature takes on the shape of the original feature, This s the desired result, but it can be made a litle pretie for your map. Finding what's nearby [ cuatten 5 (134 salle al bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘CenterPEEDEESEETED cing wher noasy cis rurowiat2 Update the symbology L._ Right-click the ZoningCase1 layer and open the properties. Go to the Symbology tab. 2 Click the Symbol box to open the Symbol Selector, and then select Lilac. Click OK. B_ Goto the Display tab. Set the Transparent value to 60%. Click | Ears prem OK to losethe Properties dialog | —_ : box. That looks a lot better. The map Seen ns eras clearly dolineates the subject tract (pag and the 200-foot boundary. Print or save your map document as ‘Tutorial $-2a.muxd in the \GIST2, MyBxercises folder before you move on to the selection step, since the selection will turn alot more parcels purple ‘The next step willbe to da the selection process. Once again, you'l use the Select By Location tool and build a selection sentence. You don't need to specifically select the buffer feature because it is the only feature in that feature class. You also don't need to use a distance with the selection since the buffer already represents the 200-foot buffer that you need. The selection sentence will be the following: want to select the features from the Land Use layer that intersect the features inthe ZoningCasel layer, piety IS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centeris TUTORIAL 2 Finding what's ncorby QQUREERENOEY the attributes of selected features 1. Onthe main menu, click Selection > Select By Location. Determine on your own what the selection parameters will be; then start the Select By Location tool. When you have confirmed that your dialog box matches the fllowing image, click OK. The selected features turn purple because you set the layer properties to do this, All you need isthe lis from the attribute table 2 Right-click the Land Use layer and select Open Attribute Table, Click the Show selected records bution to view only the selected features Customizing a menu Notice the extra too! on the menu in the} Selected Features. category, 3. On the Toolbars tab, check the box ne: 4, Find Open Table Showing Selected Fea the Feature Layer context ment 8. Close the Customize Mode dialog box. R sdlllcly al bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterExporting a table : The results ofthis analysis cou se table, asa dBase file, or asa delimited ‘éxop-down menu to export all records B_ Print or save your map document as Tutorial 5-2b.mzd in the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. If you are not continuing to the exercise, close ArcMap. geile Laleal aly AIS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar me Finding what's nearby GIS TUTORIAL 2 ‘The resulting table can now be used to create mailing labels, printed to showalist [eames z of properties, orexported to atableand = PE saved for future use 7Exercise 5-2 ‘The tutorial showed how to create a buffer feature from the selected features. A distance was specified, and a new feature was created by extending the boundary of the selected feature by the given distance. In this exercise, you will repeat the process using a different parcel. The property owner requesting the zoning change in the tutorial has selected a second lot for another location, The request also is to change from C-2 (Community Business District) to C-2(A) (Community Business District with Alcohol Sales) ‘+ Continue using the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 5-2.mxd from the \GIST2\Maps folder. + Move to the bookmark Zoning Case 2 + Select the vacant lot on the southwest corner of North Main Street and Bear Creek Drive. «+ Create a 200-foot buffer feature around the subject tract. + Select the parcels that will need to be notified of the impending zoning change. + Save the results as Exercise 5-2.mxd in the \GIST2\MyExercises folder. WHAT TO TURN IN {If you are working in a classroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit the maps you created in tutorial 5-2. ‘Turn in a printed map or screen capture of the following: ‘Tutorial 5-2a.mxd, Tutorial 5-2b.mad, and a printout ofthe selected parcel addresses Exercise 5-2.mxd and a printout of the selected parcel addresses act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centeracing ne 7 crs uTowtat2 te oe oy Tutorial 5-2 review Unlike a straight line distance selection, this time you created a new feature to use forthe selections ‘Tae buffer that was createds the veoult ofa straight line measurement from the selected featur, ‘whether iti point ine, or polygon. ‘With the buffer being a separate feature, things can he done with it that could not be done from the “straight-line selection process, Most importantly, it can be symbolized on the map. Also, sinceit is 2 feature its area can be measured “Another important difference would be seen ifthe butfer was done on multiple features. The butfers, can each produce a unique selection set, while the straight-line selection will always produce a single set of features as a result. STUDY QUESTIONS 4, Will the selection with a buffer always yield the same results as the straight-line selection? 2, Name three characteristics of a buffer feature thata straight-line selection does not have. Other real-world examples “The police department buffers schoels, playgrounds, and arcades to produce zones of strict drug, ‘enforcement. Each of these types of facilities is given a different buffer size, which could not be done with a straight-line selection, The buffers are also depicted on a map to show field offcers the boundaries ofthe zones. | ‘The local hospital butfers its facilities 500 feet to produce quiet zone, A printed graphic of the zones is distributed to local citizens, [t may also be used by the police department to help enforce ‘the restrictions. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterGIS TUTORIAL 2 nding whats neaoy CEEEEEIEVOR? Tutorial 5-3 Clipping features Besides providing a symbolized graphic on the map, a buffer layer can be used with the overlay analysis tools. This will cut features out of other layers, allowing you to determine the area of features inside the buffer. Learning objectives Preparation + Select features + Review pages 115-128 in The b SSRI Guide to GIS Analysis, + Create buffers lysis, ac Volume 1 + Analyze overlays Introduction ‘Scenario Data ‘The feature created with the Buffer tool is just that, a feature. Just like any other polygon, it can be used with the overlay analysis tools. Features can be clipped using the buffer ring like a cookie cutter. The resulting features are clipped at the boundary and have a new area. ‘With the selection tools, you could only get lists and counts of features, Once the features are clipped, you can do summaries en area, and with density values you can calculate the proportion or percentage of a value within the buffer. ‘The zoning notification process from the previous tutorial has been challenged by the ‘homeowners group adjacent to the subject tract. All of the owners ofthe residential lots signed the petition to block the zoning change, The city council stil votes and decides the issue. However, if 60 percent of the area inside your notification buffer is residential, the city council vote would have to bea super majority (7 to 2) in order for the ordinance to pass. ‘You will need to provide the city attorney an exhibit showing the percentage of each land-use type inside the notification zone. He will advise the city council what the vote count would need to be in order for the requested zoning change to be approved, Allyou need for this tutorial i the parcel dataset fr the City of Oleander. You'll beusing the field UseCode and Shape_Area to get the data you need. ssllcly eal bls 1S ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterFinding wha’ neaehy crs torontat Dissolve a layer L._ mArchiap, open Tutorial 5-B.mxd. Notice the buffer feature you created in the previous ‘tutorial. You will be using the buffer feature as a “cookie cutter” to clip out the parcels that fall within it. ‘This time you cant just use the Select Features tool because parcels that are partially inside the buffer would be selected in their entirety. Instead you'll use the Intersect tool to cut out the desired parcels, The resulting parcel segments can be used to get an exact area inside thebatfer. ‘When the Intersect tool is rum i will act upon only the selected features—unless no features are selected—in which case it will act upon the entire dataset. In some cases, this can be very useful. Imagine having a countywide dataset from which you wanted to do an Intersect in only a certain region. Ifyou selected that region first, the unselected features would not be used in the intersect process, thus saving a lot of processing time. In this case, itis OK to have the Intersect tool use the entire Parcels dataset. If yon wanted to check for selected features, you could go to the Selection tab at the bottom of the table of contents and see which layers have selected features. In this particular analysis, itis best to start ‘with no selected features, 2 onthe Tools toolbar, click the Clea Selected Features button ifnecessaryto ensure that pict seat weet tel pdldiclyeallsals JS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterB_ Open the Search tab and type in Intersect. Click the tool in the results box to run it. ‘The Intersect tol will output anew feature class that contains the areas common to both input layers. ‘The Intersect tol conmputes a geometric intersection ofthe Input Features, on | be written to the Output Feature Class, inthe Input Features drop-down mens, select Land Use toad it to the list of layers. a Repeat the process to add the Notification Buffer layer to the ist. G6 Name the ou:put file ZoneCase1LandUse in the Data mab geodatabase in the \GIST2 \MyExercises folder. When your dialog box matches the graphic, click OK to rum the : Intersect process Anew layers created and added to the map document. This layer is the clipped features common to both input layers. You need to get the percentage of each land-use type in this new coverage. To do this, youll dissolve the layer by the UseCode field, creating a new feature lass with ‘one polygon for each unique land- use code. Fach will havean area calculated fort, and youcan use that to get the percentage. {7 Use the Search dialog box to find and run the Dissolve tool. 8 Inthe Dissolve dialog box, set Input Features to ZoneCaselLandUse. sdlllclyal bh aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centeree cis teroma2 Q Save the Output Feature Class as LandUseDissolve in the MyData geodatabase in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder. 10 Set the Dissolve Field to UseCode by checking the box next toit in the list. Note that the UseCode field was duplicated in the intersect process because ic existed in both input feature classes. When your dialog box matches the graphic, click OK to start the dissolve process. Analyze the dissolved layer’s data “The dissolve process creates a new feature class, but in reality you only need the data 4 contains, The attribute table for this new layer contains the area for each unique occurrence of UseCode in the original file, Take a look at the table, then add a field to calculate the percent of the total. Remember that ifthe residential category exceeds 60 percent, the city attorney will requive a super-majority vote at the city council meeting. A. Right clickthe LanaUeDissolve layer and select Open Attribute Table. Note the UreCode Feld values and che ‘ArcMap-generated Shape_Avea field. Right-click the Shape_Area field and select Statistics. Make anote ofthe Sum value. Be aware that yours may be slightly diferent from the value shown in the following image. Close the Statistics window. 2 Clickthe Table Optionsbuttonatthetop of the attribute table and select Add : Field. In the Add Field dialog box, type in Percentage for Name, Click the ‘Type drop-down menu and select Float. Click OK to create the new feld. In the attribute table, right-click the new Percentage field and select Field Calculator. ig Click Yes if you receive a message about calculating outside of an edit session. act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center eerTUTORIAL 2 Inthe Feld Calculator dialog box, double- lick the Shape_Avea field to ada it to the calculation, Type the rest of the calculation as /175899.395528 * 100. click OK. 5 Click OK to calculate the new feld values, nge a table’s appearance You can see thatthe percentage of residential property (A4) does not exceed 60 percent. Your value may differ from the value in the image to the right, This data can be added to the map layout, but first you need to clean itup and set some symbology so that twill ook nice. ular tsi 1. Atthetop ofthe table, cick the Table Options button and select Appearance. 2. SetthetablefonttoArial Blackandthesize to 10 and then click OK to finish, This will snalte the Font eney to xead on the final mp, bbutyou don’ need all the extra fields tobe visible. You'll tun some of them of and change their names to aliases that make ‘more sense. You'll also format the numbers foreasice readability B_ Move the table out of the main map window oF dock it to the bottom of the display. Open the properties of the LandUseDissolve layer and go to the Fels tab, Clear ll the field check boxes except UseCode and Percentage. pil elyelb IS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘Center1g what’s nearby 4 Highlighe the UseCode field. Inthe Appearance pane, change the Alias to Land Use Code. Then highlight the Percentage field and make its Alias % of Total Area. 5 Highlight the Number Format line and click the Number Format button. In the sesulting window, set the number of decimal places to GIS TUTORIAL 2 6 (Click OK, then OK again. Resize the field widths and table box so that just the data ie visible J Click the Table Options button and select ‘Add Table to Layout. Then close the table sdllcly al bls 1S ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerais TorontAL2 Finding what's easty QOEEEVER Tho tableis dropped into the midale of the map. Drag it over to the left and place ion the title bar. Make sure thatthe only visible layers are Land Use, Notifcation_Bu‘fer, and Lot Boundaries. Much of the work you did on this data, and some of the layers you create, are not visible on the final map. They were important steps in calculating the desired result the percentage of land use inside the buffer. They didnt, however, add much graphically to the map layout ‘The percent of residential land use in the area did not require the city council to achieve a super-majority vote to either pass or deny this request, Oddly enough, the city council unanimously voted down this request because of what else was nearby as demonstrated in ‘your exhibit: two city parks. The land remains vacant. Save your map document as Tutorial 5-3.mud in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder. Ifyou are not continuing on to the exercise, exit ArcMap. salle bl aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerrestlag oh aurhy cis roronia2 Exercise 5-3 “The tutorial showed how to clip a layer using a buffer as the boundary. The resulting table was used for a generalization operation to extract the necessary data. In this exercise, you will repeat the process using a difforent parcel. With the original project denied, the applicant is putting all efforts into getting a second-choice site approved. The homeowners in that area have algo filed a petition to force a super-majority vote, and the city attorney has asked for the same percentage breakdown of land-use types. + Continue using the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 5-3.mxd from the \GIST2\Maps folder. + Move to the bookmark Zoning Case 2. + You will be working with the vacant lot on the southwest corner of North Main Street and. Boar Creek Drive. + Use the buffer created in exercise 5-2 along with the Intersect and Dissolve tools to derive ‘the necessary information, + Create a summary table to include on the layout. + Save the results as Exercise 5-8.mxd in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder. WHAT TO TURN IN ‘the maps you created in tutorial 53 Turn in a printed map or screen capture of the following: If you are working in a dlassroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit ‘Tutorial 5-3.mxd Exercise 5-3.mxd act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Ar ‘CenteriS TUTORIAL 2 Binding what's nearby torial 5-3 review used for selections could only provide lists and counts, but with the overlay tools is to start calculating arcas of intersection. The same type of buffer is created as the _ selections, but now the overlay tools can be used to clip out only the portions of features that _ fll within the buffer. Once thase are placed into a new feature class, they ean be manipulated is important to note that any summary values that might be true for the whole piece ace nov no longer representative ofthe area. If census block with 2 value of 200 people is split in two, each ‘half will stil retain the value of 200. Summary statistics need to be calculated as densities before ‘the overlay operation to retain thelr elationship to the new area. STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What is the difference between Intersect and Identity? 2. When is Union the best choice? Other real-world examples | The health department might buffer water wells to show a spill hazard area and use the buffer to | clip out the soil polygons. The clipped features could be used to geta total amount of different soll "types in the hazard area in order ta evaluate soil permeability ‘The regional water authority may buffer 2 lakeshare by the distance of an access easement and use ‘the buifer to intersect property records. This will tell the percent af the easement that is owned by ‘each property owner, act lbh aS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center“148 ) CHAPTER 5 ) Finding what's nearby Gis TUTORIAL 2 Tutorial 5-4 Buffering values Buffering can be done with a single straight-line distance for all features. Or. with an optional setting, each feature can be buffered by a separate value. These values are stored in an attribute field and can be referenced in the Buffer command. Learning objectives Preparation + Work with buffers + Review page 124 in The ESRI + Work with attribute values Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1. + Perform distance analysis Introduction Scenario ‘The single distance buffer lets you define one distance for all the features. In the Buffer command, there is an option to derive the buffer distance from a Geld in the attribute table. ‘This means that every feature could have a unique buffer distance. ‘When the buffers are drawn, the option of merging the output features becomes critical Not merging the butters will create a separate polygon for e2ch feature in the input file ‘This may result ina large number of polygons, The option to merge them will dissolve the boundaries where the buffers overlap and make fewer polygons with larger areas, ‘The decision to merge may depend on the ultimate use of the buffers. For visual analysis, the dissolve method looks best. But if a one-to-one relationship between the buffers and the origin features needs to be preserved, then the dissolve function should not be used. Imagine a stream network with continuous and intermittent streams, each needing 2 buffer of a different distance, The required distance could be saved in a field and used in ‘the Buffer tool. Where two streams come together, the buffers could be made to merge sogether, with one buffer being derived from several stream segments. [fit were important to preserve the names of the streams in the output buffer features, the dissolve would not bbe used and a one-to-one relationship would be maintained. “The city council has received a zeport on the effects of noise pollution caused by cars driving on city streets. In an effort to get an idea of how much of the city might be affected by street noise, the council has asked you to prepare an exhibit map. A consultant has sent addlebyel bls lS) ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Centerthe noise coefficients for each street in the city, and they have been put into afield in the attribute table, You need to buffer the street centerlines to visually show the area affected. by vehicle noise. Data The street centerline data contains a field called CO_Code that represents the distance that noise of a high decibel evel travels from each street. ‘The parcel ayer is included for background interest. earch for a tool Lin Aretap, open Tutorial 5-4.mxd, Heré'sa pretty plain looking map. The street centerine files included in the table of contents, but itis not visible. You rally don't need ‘to see it; you'll just use it in a buffer analysis. ‘i 2 Open the Search dialog box and type in buffer. Click the Buffer tool in the results window. et buffer parameters Lin the Buffer dialog box, set Input Features to StreetCenterlines. QZ Set che Output Feature Class to \GIST2\MyBxercises\MyData.mndb and name the feature class NoiseBuffers. B_ Under Distance, click the radio button next to Field, In the drop-down box, set the field to CO_CODE. adlalclalbh aS ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.CenterFinding what's nearby GIS TUTORIAL 2 4 SecDissolve Type to ALL. When your dialog box matches the graphic, click OK. Asexpected, you got a wider buffer on ‘streets that are creating more noise and a smaller buffer on streets that are generating less noise. The city council will sow be able to visualize the table of values that the consultant delivered. 5 Save your map document as Tutorial 5-4.mxd in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder. Ifyou arenot continuing on to the exercise, exit AreMap. | sdllctpalls aSExercise 5-4 “The tutorial showed youhow to create a multidistance buffer using a value froma field in the attribute table. ‘The city council reviewed your map, but it would like to see the relationship between speed limit and the measured noise values. [n this exercise, you will create a set of multisized buffers using the speed limit field. Overlay the results on top of the noise buffers for a visual comparison, «+ Continue using the map document you created in this tutorial or open Tutorial 5-4.mxd_ from the \GIST2\Maps folder. + Use the Buffer tool and the field Speedlimit to create the buffers. «+ Symbolize and arrange the layers to make the best map possible + Save the results as Exercise 5-4.mxd in the \GIST2\MyBxercises folder. WHAT TO TURN IN Ifyou are working in a classroom setting with an instructor, you may be required to submit, the maps you created in tutorial 5-4. ‘Turn in aprinted map or screen capture of the following: ‘Tutorial 5-4.msd Exercise 5-4.mxd sdllcly al bl 1S ‘www facebook.com/Gis.Arab.Center