Optical Instruments

Components of
Optical Instruments
Components of
Optical Instruments
Signal Processor
Source Wavelength Selector Sample Detector Readout
Emission Flame Photometer

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer
Absorption Spectrometer
Fluorescence and/or Scattering Spectrometer
Components of
Optical Instruments
Emission Flame Photometer
Signal Processor
Source Wavelength Selector Detector Readout
Sample
Components of
Optical Instruments
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer
Signal Processor
Source Wavelength Selector Detector Readout
Sample
Components of
Optical Instruments
Absorption Spectrometer
Signal Processor
Source Sample Wavelength Selector Detector Readout
Components of
Optical Instruments
Fluorescence and/or Scattering Spectrometer
Signal Processor
Sample Wavelength Selector Detector Readout
0-90o
Source
Components of Optical Instruments
(a) Construction materials
(b) wavelength selectors for spectroscopic instruments."
(a) Sources
(b) detectors for spectroscopic instruments
Sources
UV-Visible-Near IR Region
H2 - D2
160 - 375 nm, must use Quartz windows and cuvettes
Xe arc lamps
250 - 600 nm, max I at 500 nm
W filament
320 - 2500 nm, needs close V control
Sources
IR Region
Nernst glower - rare earth oxides
globar - silicon carbide rod
incandescent wire - nichrome wire
Sources
Line Sources
metal vapor - Hg and Na
hollow cathode - 65 elements
Sources
Lasers
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
"Schematic representation of a typical laser source."

Lasers
"Four processes important in laser action: (a) pumping
(excitation by electrical, radiant, or chemical energy)."
Lasers
"Four processes important in laser action: (b) spontaneous
emission."
Lasers
"Four processes important in laser action: (c) stimulated
emission."
Lasers
"Four processes important in laser action: (d) absorption."
Wavelength Selection
Filters
interference filters
interference wedges
absorption filters
Monochromators
Components
entrance slit
collimating element (lens or mirror)
prism or grating as dispersing element
focusing element (lens or mirror)
exit slit
"Two types of
monochromators:
(a) Czerney-Turner
grating
monochromator
(b) Bunsen prism
monochromator."
"Dispersion for three types of monochromators. The
points A and B on the scale in (c) correspond to the
points shown in the Figure "
Prism Monochromators
UV-Visible-Near IR - quartz
IR - NaCl
Cornu type
Littrow type
Angular dispersion of prisms
d d dn
--- = -----  -----
d dn d
where  => angle
 => wavelength
n => refractive index
Resolving Power of
Prism Monochromators
R => resolving power
 dn
R = ------ = b  -----
d d
where b=> length of prism base

Grating Monochromator
”Mechanism of diffraction from an echellette-type grating."
___ ___
n = ( CD - AB )
where ___
CD = d sin i
___
AB = - d sin r
___
CD = d sin i
where n => order of diffraction

d => spacing of grooves,
inverse of grooves/cm, etc
i => angle of incidence
relative to normal to grating
___
AB = - d sin r
where n => order of diffraction
d => spacing of grooves,
inverse of grooves/cm, etc
r => angle of reflection
relative to normal to grating
___ ___
n = ( CD - AB )
___ ___
CD = d sin i and AB = - d sin r
n = (d sin i - (- d sin r))
 n = d ( sin i + sin r )
Dispersion of Gratings
dr n
---- = ------------
d d cos r
where d => #nm/blaze

Reciprocal Linear Dispersion
d d cos r
D-1 = ----- = -----------
dy nF
where F => focal length

Reciprocal Linear Dispersion
D-1 = d/nF
Resolving Power of Grating

R = ----- = n N
d
where N => number of lines illuminated

by the radiation from
entrance slit
Gratings vs. Prisms
Advantages
Gratings
– dispersion nearly constant w/ wavelength
– simpler monochromator
– better dispersion for same size
Gratings vs. Prisms
Advantages
Prisms
– cheaper in the past
Gratings vs. Prisms
Disadvantages
Gratings
– stray radiation
– higher order spectra
Gratings vs. Prisms
Disadvantages
Prisms
– larger
– may be unstable to atmosphere of lab
Monochromator Slits
Construction of slits
Monochromator Slits
“Illumination of an
exit slit by
monochromatic
radiation 2 at
various
monochromator
settings. Exit and
entrance slits are
identical.”
Monochromator Slits
“The effect of the slit
width on spectra. The
entrance slit is
illuminated with 1, 2,
and 3 only. Entrance
and exit slits are
identical. Plots on the
right show changes in
emitted power as the
setting of
monochromator is
varied.”
Sample Containers
Ultra-Violet
– quartz
Visible
– quartz
– glass
Infrared
– NaCl
– AgCl
– KBr
Radiation Detection
S = kP + kd
where S => electrical response
k => sensitivity of detector
P => power
kd => dark current
Types of Radiation Detection
UV-Visible
– Photon Detectors
– Vacuum Phototubes
– Photomultiplier Tubes
– Photodiodes
– Linear Photodiode arrays
– Charge-Transfer
Infrared
– Heat Detectors
Photon Detectors
Photovoltaic or Barrier-Layer Cell
"Schematic of a typical barrier-layer cell."
Vacuum Phototubes
"A phototube and
accessory circuit.
The photocurrent
induced by the
radiation causes a
potential drop across
R, which is then
amplified to drive a
meter or recorder."
“Spectral response of some typical photo-emissive surfaces.”
Photomultiplier Tubes
"Photomultiplier tube:
(a) cross section of the
tube
(b) electrical circuit."
Photodiodes
“(a)Schematic of a
silicon diode.
(b)Formation of
depletion layer, which
prevents flow of
electricity under
reverse bias.”
Photodiodes
“A reverse-biased
linear diode-array
detector: (a) cross
section and (b) top
view.”
Linear Photodiode arrays
"Block diagram of a photodiode array detector chip."
Charge-Injection Device
“Cross section of a CTD detector in the charge
integration mode. The positive hole produced by the
photo h is collected under the negative electrode.”
Charge-Transfer
“Duty cycle of a charge-
transfer device: (a.)
production and storage of
charge (b.) first charge
measurement (c.) second
charge measurement
after charge transfer (d.)
re-injection of charge into
the semiconductor.”
Charge-Couple Device
“A charge-couple
device array:
(a) arrangement of
512x320 pixels and
(b) schematic
showing four of the
individual detectors.”
Advantages of Fourier
Transform Spectroscopy
Time domain spectroscopy
"Illustratio
ns of time
domain
plots (a) and
(b);
frequency
domain
plots (c),
(d), and
(e)."
"Time domain
spectrum of a
source made
up of several
wavelengths."
Michelson
Interferometer
"Schematic of a
Michelson
interferometer
illuminated by a
monochromatic
source."
“Comparison of
interferograms
and optical
spectra.”
FT-IR

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Optical Instruments

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Components of

Emission Flame Photometer

"Schematic representation of a typical laser source."

where b=> length of prism base

where n => order of diffraction

where d => #nm/blaze

where F => focal length

where N => number of lines illuminated

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