Non Ionizing Assign
Non Ionizing Assign
Non Ionizing Assign
FIBER LASER
Class : Radiology 4A
1 Introduction 3
6 Conclusion 16
7 References 17
INTRODUCTION
Fiber optics are made possible by a principle of total refraction, resulting in guiding of
light inside a medium with higher index of refraction than surrounding medium. Swiss
physicist Jean-Daniel Colladon and French physicist Jacques Babinet conducted an
experiment of guiding light inside a thin stream of water in 1842, proving the principle
of total reflection. Unclad optical fibers were first used in 1930s as a medical
instrument used to look inside otherwise inaccessible parts of the body. Early fiber
optic communications were limited with attenuation inside an optical fiber. First
useful fibers for communications were made in 1970 and had a loss of . Modern
fibers have losses as low as 0.2dB/km. Fiber lasers are a subtype of solid-state
lasers. Optical fibers with different dopants inside core, mainly rare-earth metal ions,
serve as a gain media. Mirrors are needed to form an optical resonator. Dichroic
dielectric mirrors can be used in simple laboratory setups of fiber lasers but fiber
Bragg gratings are used in most industrial products. Fiber lasers are mostly pumped
by one or several diode lasers. Fiber lasers have been demonstrated to span
wavelengths of light from below to above . Sensitivity to environment disturbances is
minimal due to compact in-fiber design resulting in high reliability. Fiber lasers are
used in many different applications. High power continuous-wave single-mode fiber
lasers are used for laser cutting and welding of various metals. Q-switched pulsed
lasers are used for maximum precision of drilling or cutting thin metal sheets.
Medical applications in surgery, cosmetic and aesthetic medicine use both
continuous wave and pulsed mode-locked and Q-switched lasers.
DESIGN OF FIBER LASER
A fiber laser or fibre laser is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical
fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium,
dysprosium, praseodymium, thulium and holmium. They are related to doped fiber
amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing. Unlike most other types of
lasers, the laser cavity in fiber lasers is constructed monolithically by fusion splicing
different types of fiber; fiber Bragg gratings replace conventional dielectric mirrors to
provide optical feedback. Another type is the single longitudinal mode operation of
ultra narrow distributed feedback lasers (DFB) where a phase-shifted Bragg grating
overlaps the gain medium. Fiber lasers are pumped by semiconductor laser diodes
or by other fiber lasers.
Doped fiber
A fused coupler basically consists of two, parallel optical fibers that have been
twisted, stretched and fused together so that their cores are very close to each other.
This forms a Coupling Region as shown in Figure 1 below. The length of this
Coupling Region, L, determines the coupling ratio from one fiber to the other. During
the manufacturing process, light is launched into an input port, P, and the output
power from each output port is carefully monitored. When the desired coupling ratio
is achieved, the fully automated manufacturing process is stopped. The resulting
coupler is essentially one fiber with two cores that are very near to one another. This
process is known as the Fused Biconical Taper (FBT) process.
Fiber laser is a flexible, adaptable and versatile piece of machinery that can be used
for a variety of fiber laser applications. The way they work means that they offer a
huge level of control to their users over beam intensity, duration, length and heat
output. This means that one single fiber laser setup can be used for multiple
applications and processes. For this reason, fiber lasers are suitable and
convenience for many different applications. Here are the lists and explanation of the
fiber laser’s application.
Laser marking
Laser marking is the process where a material is marked using a laser beam. It has
close similarities to laser engraving and laser ablation, but the difference is the laser
marking left only marks at the surface level.
Laser cutting
The laser cutting process is used to powerfully cut through a material. Many
industries may have traditionally used a blade cutter to achieve their cutting goals
but the obvious core advantage here is that a laser makes no contact with the
material, meaning there are no expensive cutting discs to replace and the machine
does not have to experience any downtime to replace other parts.
As with many of these fiber laser processes, the clue is in the name here, and this
laser process is used to weld two materials together. You will most often find that the
materials being welded together are metals, but they can also be dissimilar metals
too; metals which don’t possess the same qualities. This is especially useful in
industrial sectors, where a wide ranging number of metals are used.
Laser drilling
As with laser cutting, the laser drilling process replaces standard drilling tools to
instead help drill holes or dents using a powerful fiber laser beam instead.
Laser ablation
As already touched upon, laser ablation bears similarities to laser engraving and
laser marking in the way that the process is complete, but the primary aim here is not
to leave an engraving or a mark. Instead, the aim is to melt off the top surface layer
of a material, to reveal the surface layers below.
Additive manufacturing
Laser cleaning
The fiber laser cleaning process is extremely similar to that of laser ablation as it
involves the melting of a surface layer to reveal the layers beneath. It is sometimes
used at a deeper level to remove the whole entire upper layer of a material, but the
focus here is simply on cleaning a material.
Medicine
Medicine is one of the most important scientific fields, and fiber lasers have many
uses for this field, such as being used in medical technologies as they allow for much
more accurate measurements, diagnosis, and treatments. One such device is an
endoscope, which can be used to look inside a body cavity or organ. Another useful
medical device using fiber lasers is handheld sensors, which can be used quickly
and reliably to provide an efficient brain scan diagnosis to determine if there is
bleeding within the brain, which can be crucial in areas where medical equipment is
scarce, such as on a battlefield or high up a ski slope.
Metrology
Metrology is the science of measurement, both theoretical and practical. Fiber lasers
are used to produce femtosecond frequency combs, which are spectrums consisting
of equally spaced elements, and are useful for measuring both in metrology, as well
as general research. One such realistic example for a frequency comb would be as
an atomic clock for future-generation GPS satellites that give a much finer position
resolution on the ground. Not only will this help someone to know exactly where they
are on the street, but for science, it could be much more beneficial; for example, it
could be implemented into automated equipment so that it knows exactly where it is
and where it needs to go based on GPS measurements.
Spectroscopy
Military
The military weapons, equipment, and vehicles that are used today come from
scientific research, and there have been experiments conducted in recent years to
incorporate fiber laser technology into military uses. For example, once confined to
the realms of science fiction in films and television, there have been numerous laser
weapon prototypes in recent years which use optical fiber lasers due to their cheap,
robust and portable nature.
Product labelling, traceability, and plagiarism are widely used in the medical field for
a variety of different reasons, and it’s important that this information is accurate and
safe. A fiber laser beam can be used to mark tempered colours in metal or make
colour changes in plastic without changing the surface. This means that sterilisation
can be easily enabled at high temperatures. As we can see, fiber lasers have a large
number of scientific uses for a range of different functions, helping in biology,
chemistry, physics, astronomy, medicine, and defence. Their reliable, efficient and
cost-effective nature make them the perfect laser solution for the field of science,
and it is likely that we’ll see the technology integrated further and further into various
fields of science over the coming years.
FIBER LASER’S SAFETY
As we all know, there are many applications of fiber laser which ease the human’s
productivity and economy. Besides that, there are also advantages and
disadvantages coming out from the fiber laser itself. Below are the examples for the
fiber laser’s advantages and disadvantages.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
High Power: ease of Pulse pedestals from
cooling in long fiber non-ideal optical
High Stability: spliced spectrum for higher
waveguiding fibers energy pulses
High Reliability: operate Undesired nonlinear
24/7 for decades optical effects at high
Lower total cost of pulse energy, such as
ownership self-phase modulation
Low jitter and low and Raman scattering.
amplitude noise Only a small range of
Compact form factor wavelengths is
Turn-key operation available. Primarily
shape. available.
In conclusion, the fiber laser is essential for human uses in daily life. The fiber laser
application covers in many aspects especially in medicine, military, metal industries
and many more. The development of fiber laser is much more complicated than any
other laser but it gives more advantages in human application. The advantages of
the fiber laser also plays an important role in choosing the best machinery for the
suitable applications. In general each application needs to be evaluated for
determining what the best laser is depending on wavelength, BPP, peak power,
pulse length, flexibility, maintainability, initial cost, operating cost, etc. The best laser
for a given application may change over time and this fast improving technology
must be continually evaluated.
REFERENCES
1. http://www.newtechdev.com/newtech_future_fiber_disc.pdf
2. http://www.spilasers.com/industrial-fiber-lasers/how-fiber-lasers-work/
3. https://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-48/issue-
04/features/the-state-of-the-art.html
4. http://www.fiberlaser.fujikura.jp/eng/products/about-fiber-laser.html
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_laser
6. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/latj.201400021
7. https://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/2009/04/laser-safety-
equipment-fiber-lasers-present-new-safety-challenges.html
8. http://jmtusa.com/fiber-laser-dos-donts/
9. http://www.spilasers.com/industrial-fiber-lasers/fiber-laser-applications/
10. http://www.spilasers.com/case-study-scientific/scientific-uses-fiber-
laser-technology/
11. http://www.calmarlaser.com/docs/Fiber_Laser_Advantage_Rev_1.1_010
109.pdf
12. https://www.newport.com/medias/sys_master/images/images/h86/hb2/87
97287088158/Tech-Note-26-How-Fused-Fiber-Optic-Couplers-Work.pdf
13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofEqFlqkiS0
14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_field
15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_laser#cite_note-UeL-29
16. https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei
=0FDfWsOqE4nQvgT6hJ6wCg&q=fiber+laser+design&oq=fiber+laser+d
esign&gs_l=psy-
ab.3..0i24k1.126923907.126924784.0.126925910.6.4.0.2.2.0.339.339.3-
1.1.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..3.3.348....0.Vptbe8C8Jbc#imgrc=_
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