Module 1 and 2 - Intro & Meter Basics 2014

Engr. Dennis A.
Maningo
Davao City Water District
Manager, Water Meter Maintenance Division
June 23-25, 2014
 Introduction
 Importance of Metering
 Water Meter Defined
 Four Basic Components
 Metrology and Metrological
Characteristics
 Legal Metrology
 Summary
 Why study water meter?
1) __________
2) __________
3) __________
 What is water meter tampering?
 Types of meter tampering?
1) __________
2) __________
3) __________
The IWA Water Balance
“Water meters are
the cash registers
of water utilities.”
 A device that measures the volume of
water usage.
 Volume can be expressed in cubic feet,

cubic meter, or gallons.
 Can be mechanical or electronic type.

 Also called the measuring element.
 Is the device that detects the flow passing
through the meter.
Rotating Positive
Radial and Helical Vanes /
Displacement Sensor/
for velocity meters
For Volumetric Meter
 The transducer or measurement transducer
transfers the signal picked up by the sensor
to the rest of the meter.
Direct transducer in an open A magnetic transducer in a

wet dial meter sealed dry dial meter
 The part of the meter that accumulates the
flow readings it receives via the transducer.
 Holds the total volume of water that has
passed through the meter.
 Similar to the odometer of a car.
 Can be mechanical type or electronic.
 The part of the meter that displays the
measurement to a meter reader.
 Could be a rotating disc counter, rotating pointers
or electronic displays.
 In the broadest sense, metrology is the science of
measurement.
 It is the study of measurement accuracy,
including how to determine the accuracy of a
given measurement device and what sort of
accuracy is required when measuring different
things.
 Metrology deals with water meter accuracy ,
including the definition of terms and standards.
 Defines how close a measurement is to an
accepted value.
 Actual Volume is defined as the volume of water
that passes through a meter.
 Indicated volume is defined as the volume
registered in the meter that is being tested.
 Meter Error/ Error – the difference between the
indicated volume and the actual volume (Vi – Va)
 Relative Error – the error expressed in fraction or
percentage of the actual volume.
ACTUAL
VOLUME
INDICATED
VOLUME
Relative Error :
= (Vi – Va) x 100%
Va
Where:
Vi : indicated volume (meter)
Va: actual volume (reference/standard)
Example:
= (98 – 100) x 100%
100
= -2% 0r
Accurate
Inaccurate Accuracy = 100% - 2% = 98%
 A water meter has an initial reading of
123.456 m3. After exactly 200 l of water has
passed through the meter over a period of 5
minutes, the meter reading is changed to
123.654 m3. Determine the flow rate through
the meter, and the relative error of the meter
at this flow rate.
•Gives an indication of the accuracy of the meter
at different flow rates.
 Interpretation
 Set of values for which the instrument meets some specified accuracy
requirements
 An instrument should always be selected in such way that it works within
its measuring range (sizing of meters)
Qmin or minimum Flow
The lowest flow rate at which the water meter is required to operate
within the maximum permissible error of ± 5%.
Qt or Transitional Flow
A flow rate between the minimum flow rate and permanent flow rate at
which the maximum permissible error of the meter is reduced to ± 2%. .
Qp or Permanent Flow -
The designed flow @ which the meter is designed to operate
continuously. Accuracy is ± 2%. Can be exceeded but only for short
periods of time
Qmax or Maximum Flow

The highest flow rate at which the meter should be able to operate
(within the required accuracy) for a short period without permanent
damage to its accuracy.
 Measuring Range of a domestic water meter Class B
based on ISO 4064:1993
Typical ISO 4064:1993 domestic meters
2%
Qmax
Qt Qp
 Difficult to define because it does not appear in any
standard.
 Minimum flowrate to maintain the meter in motion.
Metrological Characteristics of common multi-jet meters

 The branch of metrology that is
most important for water meters is
called legal metrology.
 It deals with the legal requirements

of measurements and measuring
instruments in order to protect
consumers and ensure fair trade.
 Laws related to water meters:
 Consumer Act of the Philippines ( R.A. 7394)

 National Metrology Act of 2003 ( R.A. 9236)
 RA 8041 and Other Related Laws
 Administrative Circulars (LWUA, NWRB, etc.)
 RANGE OF EQUIPMENT SUBJECT TO
LEGAL METROLOGY:
 Under the National Internal Revenue Code and the Local
Tax Code, weighing scales, linear measures and volume
measures shall be officially sealed before use in any trade
or commercial transaction. All instruments for weights
and measures in all consumer and consumer related
transactions shall be tested, calibrated and sealed.
 Due to the limited calibration and testing capabilities of
government measurement or regulatory bodies, meters
used by companies providing basic utilities to the public
such as water, electric power (energy) and transportation
are calibrated by the same utilities providing the service.
 Republic Act No. 9236 encourages standardization
and modernization of units and standards of
measurements to comply with international
standards, protect the health, interest and safety of
every consumer and their environment from the
harmful effects of inaccurate or false measurements
and to facilitate the development of scientific and
technical knowledge and progress in the national
economy.
 Salient features of the law include the establishment of the
National Measurement Infrastructure System which provides
for measurement standards that are internationally traceable
and consistent with the Meter Convention.
 The law also creates the National Metrology Board and defines
its functions, duties and responsibilities. The law requires
entities using or keeping measuring equipment for transactions
under the regulated areas of application to register with the
Board.
 Furthermore, the law prescribes the mandatory use of the

system of units based on the International System of Units.
Section 5 of the IRR.
With respect to technical metrological terms, this IRR
adopts the definitions contained in the current edition of the
“International vocabulary of basic and general terms in
metrology” (Vocabulaire International des Termes
Fondamentaux et generaux de Metrologie - VIM), published
by International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau
International des Poids et Mesures - BIPM), International
Electrotechnical Commission, (Commission electrotechnique
internationale, CEI), International Organization on
Standardization (ISO), and International Organization of
Legal Metrology (Organisation Internationale de Metrologie
Legale - OIML)].
Prohibited Acts under Sec. 56 0f the IRR:
e. Failure to comply with the standards provided for
under this Act, such as, but not limited to:
1. Use of equipment that has not been verified or

with overdue verification in regulated areas of
application.
2. Use of equipment in regulated areas of
application by non-registered entity or whose
registration is under suspension.
Section 57. - Any person who violates any provision of this
Act shall be penalized by imprisonment of not less than two
(2) months but not more than one (1) year or fine of not less
than Five thousand pesos (Php 5,000.00) nor more than Fifty
thousand pesos (Php 50,000.00) or both upon the discretion
of the court: Provided, however, That if the violator is a
corporation, firm, partnership or association, the penalty
shall be imposed upon the president or the manager or any
officer thereof who knows or ought to have known the
commission of the offense: Provided, finally, That in case of
the offender is an alien engaged in business in the country,
his licensed shall be revoked and shall be ipso facto deported
after service of sentence without need of further
proceedings.
Sec. 8. Anti-Pilferage. - It is hereby declared unlawful for any
person to:
e. Tamper, install or use tampered water meters, sticks,

magnets, reversing water meters, shortening of vane wheels
and other devices of steal water or interfere with accurate
registry or metering or water usage, or otherwise result in its
diversion in a manner whereby water is stolen or wasted;
g. Steal or pilfer water meters, main lines, pipes and related or

ancillary facilities;
i. Knowingly possess stolen or tampered water meters ;

 Consider the following aspects:
 The measuring error of a meter is not constant with
flow
 Water consumption is done at different flow rates
 Water used at a flow rate lower than the starting flow
rate is not measured at all
 Therefore we need to know both:

 The way water is used by customers
 The metrological characteristics of the meter
 Materials
 Flow and Water Quality
 Seals
 Markings
 Copper Alloy – such as brass
 Stainless steel
 Plastics
 should be made of virgin plastics
 Should not be exposed to sun
 Exposed meters should be installed in meter
boxes
 Ferrous Materials
 Usually in 40 mm and larger Woltman meters
 All Materials of the water meter which are in
contact with the water flowing through the meter
shall be non-toxic and non-tainting.
 The water shall be made of materials of strength
adequate for the purpose for which it is to be used.
 The indicating device should be protected by a
transparent window.
 The water meter shall be provided with means for
the removal of condensation, if the latter can occur,
on the underside of the window of the indicating
device of the water meter.
 Use of accelerating device for increasing the
speed of the meter below qmin is prohibited.
 Volumetric and multi-jet meters shall be
provided with an internal strainer located
upstream of the measuring element.
 In case of flow reversal, shall be capable of
withstanding it w/o any deterioration or
change in their metrological properties, and
at the same time shall record such reversal.
 Meters must be sealed in the factory after
assembly and verification so that it is
impossible to tamper with the meter without
visible damage to the protective device or
seal.
 Name or trademark of the manufacturer;
 Metrological class, meter designation and pressure
loss;
 Year of manufacture and serial number;
 One or two arrows indicating the direction of the
flow;
 Mark of type approval
 Nominal pressure
 The letter V or H, if the meter can only operate in
the vertical or horizontal position;
 Meter size or nominal size (DN), if different from the
value provided in ISO 4064.
 “ A bad system will always defeat a good
person anytime.” – W. Edwards Deming
 American engineer, statistician, professor, author,

lecturer, and management consultant.
 Best known for his work in Japan after world WWII,
which many in Japan credit with being the inspiration
for what has become known as the Japanese post-war
economic miracle of 1950 to 1960, rising from the ashes
of war to become the second most powerful economy in
the world in less than a decade
DCWD Anti-Tampering
Management Model
Detection Investigation
Continuous
Research and
Trainings
(WMMD Calibration
Laboratory)
Apprehension

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Engr. Dennis A.

 Volume can be expressed in cubic feet,

 Can be mechanical or electronic type.

Direct transducer in an open A magnetic transducer in a

Qmax or Maximum Flow

Metrological Characteristics of common multi-jet meters

 It deals with the legal requirements

 Consumer Act of the Philippines ( R.A. 7394)

 Furthermore, the law prescribes the mandatory use of the

1. Use of equipment that has not been verified or

e. Tamper, install or use tampered water meters, sticks,

g. Steal or pilfer water meters, main lines, pipes and related or

i. Knowingly possess stolen or tampered water meters ;

 Therefore we need to know both:

 American engineer, statistician, professor, author,

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