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    Experiment 132: Determination of The Viscosity Coefficient of A Liquid and The Temperature-Viscosity Dependence

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    Mphoentle Malebo
    This experiment aims to determine the viscosity coefficient of a liquid and study its temperature dependence. In part 1, a Stokes viscometer is used to measure the falling time of a ball through the liquid at room temperature, from which the viscosity is calculated. In part 2, a Höppler viscometer measures the falling time of the same ball in the liquid at various controlled temperatures. The activation energy of the liquid particles is then determined from the relationship between the natural log of viscosity and the inverse of temperature. The results are presented as the viscosity coefficient and activation energy values with their uncertainties. The relationships studied provide insight into the internal structure and behavior of liquid particles with temperature changes.

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    Experiment 132: Determination of The Viscosity Coefficient of A Liquid and The Temperature-Viscosity Dependence

    Uploaded by

    Mphoentle Malebo
    26 views3 pages
    This experiment aims to determine the viscosity coefficient of a liquid and study its temperature dependence. In part 1, a Stokes viscometer is used to measure the falling time of a ball through the liquid at room temperature, from which the viscosity is calculated. In part 2, a Höppler viscometer measures the falling time of the same ball in the liquid at various controlled temperatures. The activation energy of the liquid particles is then determined from the relationship between the natural log of viscosity and the inverse of temperature. The results are presented as the viscosity coefficient and activation energy values with their uncertainties. The relationships studied provide insight into the internal structure and behavior of liquid particles with temperature changes.

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    Ball bearing

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    132

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    This experiment aims to determine the viscosity coefficient of a liquid and study its temperature dependence. In part 1, a Stokes viscometer is used to measure the falling time of a ball through the liquid at room temperature, from which the viscosity is calculated. In part 2, a Höppler viscometer measures the falling time of the same ball in the liquid at various controlled temperatures. The activation energy of the liquid particles is then determined from the relationship between the natural log of viscosity and the inverse of temperature. The results are presented as the viscosity coefficient and activation energy values with their uncertainties. The relationships studied provide insight into the internal structure and behavior of liquid particles with temperature changes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views3 pages

    Experiment 132: Determination of The Viscosity Coefficient of A Liquid and The Temperature-Viscosity Dependence

    Uploaded by

    Mphoentle Malebo
    This experiment aims to determine the viscosity coefficient of a liquid and study its temperature dependence. In part 1, a Stokes viscometer is used to measure the falling time of a ball through the liquid at room temperature, from which the viscosity is calculated. In part 2, a Höppler viscometer measures the falling time of the same ball in the liquid at various controlled temperatures. The activation energy of the liquid particles is then determined from the relationship between the natural log of viscosity and the inverse of temperature. The results are presented as the viscosity coefficient and activation energy values with their uncertainties. The relationships studied provide insight into the internal structure and behavior of liquid particles with temperature changes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Experiment 132

    Determination of the viscosity coefficient of a liquid


    and the temperature-viscosity dependence
    Authors: Zbigniew Wiśniakowski and Magdalena Włodarska

    1. Theory
    1. Viscous resistance force, Newton formula, graphical interpretation. Stokes formula.
    Motion of a ball in the viscous medium, forces acting on the falling ball, determination
    of viscosity.[1,2,3,4]
    2. Laminar and turbulent flow, Reynolds number.[1,2,3,4]
    3. Qualitative description of the internal structure of liquid, activation energy of liquid
    particles. [4,5]

    2. Equipment:
    Part I: Stokes viscometer, timer
    Part II: Höppler viscometer, thermostat, thermometer, timer.

    Stokes L Höppler
    viscometer viscometer

    3. Measurement principle
    Part I: After some period of time, the velocity of a ball falling in a viscous liquid becomes
    constant. This is a result of equilibrium of three forces: gravity, buoyancy (described by the
    Archimedes law) and viscous resistance (Stokes force). The equilibrium condition gives a
    formula which can be used to compute the viscosity coefficient:
    (m − d 3πρ c / 6) gt
    η= (1)
    3dLπ
    where m – ball mass, d – ball diameter, ρc – liquid density, t – time during which the ball
    travels the distance L, g – gravity constant.

    Part II: In a Höppler viscometer the diameter of the tube filled with the investigated liquid is
    only slightly larger than the ball diameter and the tube is tilted from the vertical orientation to
    achieve constant velocity of the ball. The effect used in this device is the formation of a near-
    wall zone in a thin layer of liquid between the ball and the tube wall. Ball falling time (t) is
    proportional to the viscosity (η) and depends on the ball density (ρk) and liquid density (ρc):
    η = K ( ρ k − ρ c )t (2)
    where K is a viscometer-specific constant. The measurement tube is surrounded by a water
    mantle whose temperature is controlled by a thermostat, allowing to take measurements at
    various temperatures. The exact temperature can be read on the thermometer mounted in the
    viscometer. The relation between the viscosity coefficient and temperature (T) can be
    described using an exponential function, so after taking a natural logarithm of both sides of
    the equation the following formula is obtained:
    W
    ln(η ) = ln A + (3)
    kT
    where k – Boltzmann constant, A – a constant related to the investigated liquid.

    Utilizing the least-squares method one can obtain the regression coefficient (a) for the
    dependence of ln(η) on 1/T and calculate the activation energy of the liquid particles (W)
    using the formula:

    W=k⋅a (4)

    4. Description of the experiment


    Part I: The first task of the experiment is to determine the viscosity coefficient of the
    examined liquid using a Stokes viscometer. The main part of the device is a transparent tube
    filled with the examined liquid and tightly closed. Both ends of the tube are equipped with
    cone-shaped traps whose purpose is to direct the ball into the measurement zone. The idea of
    the experiment is to measure the time which a falling ball needs to pass the distance between
    two marks on the tube.

    Part II: In the second part of the experiment the task is to study the dependence of the
    viscosity factor on temperature with the use of a Höppler viscometer, and to determine the
    activation energy of the liquid particles. This can be achieved by taking multiple
    measurements of the ball falling time at the room temperature. Since the same liquid is used
    in both parts of the experiment, the viscosity coefficient which was determined in part I can
    now be used to obtain the viscometer constant K from the formula (2). In the next step, ball
    falling time should be measured and viscosity calculated - also using the formula (2) - at
    several temperatures. The activation energy of the liquid particles can then be obtained from
    the relation between ln(η) and 1/T – reciprocal temperature (in Kelvin scale).

    5. Sequence of actions
    Part I:
    1. Take measurements of the ball falling time ti in the Stokes viscometer (10 times).
    2. Write the following parameters in the table: falling time -ti and falling distance –L,
    ball diameter -d, ball mass -m, liquid density -ρ along with the measurement errors
    (supporting data should be printed on a label attached at the experiment site)

    Part II:
    1. Consult with the supervisor the number of measurements of the ball falling time in the
    Höppler viscometer at the room temperature.
    2. Consult with the supervisor the temperature range and the temperature step for taking
    the measurements.
    3. Check if the temperature of water in the thermostat is not higher than room
    temperature, if it is then ask for water change.
    4. Turn the thermostat on and set it to water flow without heating (set heater power to
    H0) and take the specified number of measurements of the ball falling time at the
    room temperature.
    5. Switch the thermostat to heating (the recommended heater power is H3) and set the
    required temperature.
    6. Wait until the temperature stabilizes.
    7. Read the temperature on the thermometer installed in the water mantle and measure
    the ball falling time.
    8. Repeat steps 5÷7 until the final temperature is reached.
    9. Write the results in a table.
    10. After completing the experiment set the temperature on the thermostat near the room
    temperature and turn off the power supply.

    6. Structure of the report


    1. Brief explanation of the measurement methods used in the experiment.
    2. Table with measurements data
    3. Computation to part I:
    a) calculate mean ball falling time and its error using the Student method (assuming
    the confidence level of 0.98)
    b) using the formula (1), determine the viscosity coefficient of the investigated liquid
    at room temperature
    c) estimate the error of the obtained value of the viscosity coefficient:
    ∆m + 0.5π d 2 ρ∆d ∆t ∆d ∆L
    ∆η = η ( + + + )
    m − π d 3ρ / 6 t d L
    where: ∆m – mass measurement error; ∆d – ball diameter measurement error; ∆L –
    measurement error of the distance L
    4. Computation to part II:
    a) calculate mean ball falling time and its error using the Student method (assuming
    the confidence level of 0.98) at room temperature
    b) assuming that liquid viscosity is known (the value obtained in part I), determine the
    viscometer constant K using the formula (2)
    c) use the formula (2) to obtain viscosity value at each of the selected temperatures
    d) write in a table subsequent values of the viscosity coefficient -η, temperature T
    (in Kelvin scale) along with the calculated values of ln(η) and reciprocal temperature
    1/T
    e) prepare a plot of ln(η) as a function of 1/T
    f) use the least-squares method to determine the regression factor of the plot (a) and its
    error – the resulting straight line should be drawn together with the data points
    g) compute the activation energy of the liquid particles using the formula (4)
    h) estimate the error ∆W from the computed error ∆a of the regression factor
    5. Final results, shown in the following form:
    η = η ± ∆η
    W = W ± ∆W
    6. Discussion of the results.

    7. References
    [1] J. Massalski, M. Massalska, Fizyka dla inŜynierów, t.1, WNT, Warszawa, 1975.
    [2] M. Skorko, Fizyka, PWN, 1973.
    [3] S. Szczeniowski, Fizyka doświadczalna, cz.1, PWN, Warszawa, 1980
    [4] H. Szydłowski, Pracownia fizyczna, PWN, Warszawa 1989.
    [5] Struktura materii – poradnik encyklopedyczny, PWN, Warszawa, 1980.

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