Scribd
Upload
53 views2 pages

Causes of Evolution: Chapter 24: The Origin of Species

The document discusses several causes and mechanisms of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, the founder effect, and gene flow. It also discusses how populations preserve genetic variation through mechanisms like diploidy, balancing selection, and heterozygote advantage. The document then describes speciation, the origin of new species, which can occur through geographic isolation (allopatric speciation) or evolving within overlapping populations (sympatric speciation). It also discusses different patterns of evolution such as divergent, convergent, parallel, and coevolution.

Uploaded by

Johan Moreno
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
53 views2 pages

Causes of Evolution: Chapter 24: The Origin of Species

The document discusses several causes and mechanisms of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, the founder effect, and gene flow. It also discusses how populations preserve genetic variation through mechanisms like diploidy, balancing selection, and heterozygote advantage. The document then describes speciation, the origin of new species, which can occur through geographic isolation (allopatric speciation) or evolving within overlapping populations (sympatric speciation). It also discusses different patterns of evolution such as divergent, convergent, parallel, and coevolution.

Uploaded by

Johan Moreno
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Causes of Evolution

-Natural selection
-Alleles passed on to the next generation
-in different proportions to those in the current generation
-only factor that adapts a population to its environment
-Genetic Drift
-Changes that occur in the gene frequency due to a small population size
-Smaller the sample size, the greater the effect of change
-ex. In a small population, genetic drift can eliminate certain alleles naturally
-The Founder Effect
-A few individuals become isolated from the larger population
-Gene pool is no longer representative of the original population
-ex. Amish, colonists
-The Bottleneck Effect
-A sudden change in the environment dramatically reduces population size
-only those that pass through the severe restriction survive
-resulting gene pool may over represent some alleles and under represent others
-some may be eliminated completely
-Gene Flow
-A population’s gain and/or loss of alleles due to the movement of fertile individuals
-Reduces difference between populations
-Can merge neighboring populations into one
-ex. Migration, traveling
Preservation of Genetic Variation
-Diploidy: some recessive alleles are kept “safe” in the heterozygous form
-appears only as homozygous recessive
-the rarer the allele, the greater the heterozygous protection
-Balancing Selection: balanced polymorphism
-two or more phenotypes are maintained in a population
-Heterozygote Advantage: heterozygotes have a greater fitness than homozygotes
-muliple allelic forms maintained at a given locus
-ex. Sickle-cell anemia (Ss)
-no sickle cell disease but resistant to malaria
-Frequency-dependent selection (A.K.A. minority advantage)
-frequency of common phenotypes decrease while less common ones increase
-ex. Predator-prey relationships
-search image, or standard representation of prey
-Neutral variation
-genetic variations that do not influence fitness are unaffected
-ex. Fingerprints and bloodtypes
What about Humans? What did we do to survive natural selection?
-Mortality selection
-Some 30% of pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion
-5% in still births and infant deaths
-3% in childhood deaths
-Sexual selection
-About 20% will survive to adulthood but never marry
-Fecundity selection
-Of those that do marry, 10% will have no children

Chapter 24: The Origin of Species


Macroevolution
-Start of a new species
-Species: a group of populations that can be interbreed
-Must be able to produce viable, fertile offspring
-Lions and tigers can, but don’t
-Horses and donkeys aren’t
-Speciation: production of a new species
-designation is based on fertility, NOT physical similarity
-usually requires reproductive isolation
Reproductive Isolation
-One member becomes separated from another by a barrier
-Two evolve separately through time, interbreeding between the two becomes impossible
-speciation has taken place
-Prezygotic barriers: prevent fertilization
-Post zygotic: prevent the development of the fertile adult
Allopatric vs. Sympathric Speciation
-Allopatric Speciation: gene flow is interrupted by geographic separation
-Sympatric Speciation: speciation occurs within geographically overlapping populations
Allopatric Speciation
-Mountain ranges or land bridges divide a population into isolated groups
-Partially dependent on the organism’s ability to move about
-To confirm speciation: two populations must no longer be able to interbreed
Sympatric Speciation
-Polypolidy: caused by nondisjunction
-produced 2n gametes
-will result in 3n daughter cells
-cannot pair properly and is sterile
-Tetraploid (4n) can self-pollinate and mate with other tetraploids
-speciation has occurred
-Sympatric speciation includes:
-postzygotic barriers
-prezygotic barriers
Types of Evolution
-Gradulism: organisms descend from a common ancestor
-change gradually over a long period of time (Darwin)
-Punctuated equilibrium: new species appears somewhat abruptly after long periods of stasis (Gould
and Eldridge)
-current belief
Patterns of Evolution
-Divergent evolution: population is exposed to new environment pressures
-Becomes isolated from its species and evolves into new ones
-Convergent evolution: unrelated species, due to similar environments, have similar adaptations
-Parallel evolution: two related species evolve independently of one another
-Maintain a level of similarity due to similar adaptations
-Occurs after divergent
-Coevolution: two interacting species in response to each other
-ex. Prey-predator relationships
Adapative Radiation
-Emergence of a diverse species from a common ancestor
-In response to new environmental pressures
-Sudden environmental changes can cause extinctions
-Newly emerged form fills the opened environmental niche

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy