Sharma 2000 PDF
Sharma 2000 PDF
Sharma 2000 PDF
Assessment Guide
A Brief Guide on How to Conduct a
Needs Assessment
Prepared by
Aparna Sharma B.S, Mindy Lanum B.S., and Yolanda
Suarez-Balcazar Ph.D
Center for Urban Research and Learning and the Department of Psychology
Loyola University Chicago
September 2000
Acknowledgments
A. Information gathering 2
B. Learn about the organization and the program 3
C. Identify goals and objectives for the needs assessment 3
A. Getting Ready 4
B. Developing a Needs Assessment Survey 5
C. Creating a Needs Assessment Survey 8
Appendices 18
A Community Needs Assessment Guide
What is a Community Needs Assessment?
The goal of a needs assessment is to identify the assets of a community and determine
potential concerns that it faces. A straightforward way to estimate the needs of a community is to
simply ask residents their opinions about the development of services within the community, their
satisfaction with services, and what particular services are needed. Their opinions can be used in
building an agenda aimed at community change that can build the capacity of community-based
organizations that are designed to provide its resident’s services and development opportunities.
The following is a brief guide on how to conduct a needs assessment for your own organization in
partnership with an academic unit or other organizations. This guide is an adaptation of the
Concerns Report Method developed by Fawcett, Suarez, Johnson, Whang-Ramos, Seekins, and
Bradford (1987) and Suarez, Balcazar, and Keys (1999) “Self help guide: Community needs
assessment and action planning”.
1
I. The Planning and Organizing Phase
The planning phase begins with establishing a partnership between those
organizations that are likely to be involved in the needs assessment. During this first
phase, partners who are working together should have the opportunity to get to know
each other and develop specific goals and objectives for the needs assessment process.
The first step in this process is information gathering and is followed by learning more
about the organization sponsoring the needs assessment and identification of goals and
objectives. The steps outlined below form the planning and organizing phase of a needs
assessment. These steps need to be completed prior to moving on to the next phase.
A. Information gathering
Have several introductory meetings between organization staff and other partners
(e.g. grassroots groups or university researchers).
During these meetings…!
♦ Identify the relevant stakeholders. This includes stakeholders of the program being
assessed, the program staff, the funders, and the consumers of the program.
♦ Learn more about the community the organization serves and its residents.
♦ Review already existing material developed by the program staff and look at any
archival information pertaining to the development or history of the program.
♦ Share your expectations and approach regarding the needs assessment with the other
partners.
♦ Discuss and identify potential users of the agenda likely to be generated by the needs
assessment process.
2
B. Learn about the organization and the program that is being
assessed
Partners outside the sponsoring agency need to:
!Learn about the organizational culture and its philosophy by interviewing staff, including
!!the executive director, review any existing material, touring the community and learning
!!more about the target population that the organization serves.
!Conduct a literature review to see what the recent research has to offer (e.g.
!!methodology), review relevant archival information and what previous needs
assessments by the organization have found?
!Where is the program in terms of implementation and development of service delivery?
!What current resources do the organization and its programs offer?
!Identify and learn about the program that would most benefit from a needs assessment.
3
II. The Needs Assessment Methodology
This will help your committee identify what needs to be done to collect the data.
A. Getting Ready
!Identify the participants whom you want to survey.
!Identify your needs assessment strategy.
!Determine the types of measures that you will use to collect your information –
this will include using focus groups, developing and using a needs assessment
survey, and information gathered at community public forums.
!How will the data be collected? For example, door-to-door surveys are often used
!!in needs assessments
!How will the information be analyzed?
!How will the information be summarized and presented in a final report?
• It is necessary that all of the information above be incorporated into the “selecting
methodology phase” meetings in order to insure that you have a strong foundation
to support the needs assessment findings.
♦ You must define the population you are targeting so that you can determine
whom the needs assessment will be focused on (e.g. community residents,
small business owners, teachers within a certain school district, or all people
within certain geographic boundaries).
4
B. Developing a Needs Assessment Survey
Several needs assessment strategies have been suggested in the literature.
The model adapted from the Concerns Report Method involves qualitative
and quantitative components and includes the following phases: The use of
focus groups, creating a needs assessment survey, collecting and analyzing
data, community public forums, writing the final report and planning action
committees. The focus of this methodology is to create an agenda based on
the perceived needs and concerns of community residents
There are several phases when developing a needs assessment survey that must be
followed in order to accurately represent the concerns and strengths of a community.
These include organizing a focus group and developing a needs assessment survey.
5
2. How to Prepare for a Focus Group
!Prepare an invitation list for each focus group, including their name,
phone number, and address. There should be no more than 8-10 people for
each focus group.
!Set up a date, time (usually 2 hours), and location for the focus group.
!Call each potential participant and personally request him/her to attend the
focus group. Briefly describe the purpose of the focus group and let them
know that refreshments will be served.
!Choose your facilitator, this person will lead the discussion. We
recommend choosing someone from the partnership who can be regarded
as an “outsider” so that the participants don’t feel threatened by an agency
presence (e.g. a university partner).
!Arrange for someone who can take notes and be in charge of audio-taping
the discussion.
!Make food arrangements for the focus group sessions.
!Send out a flyer/invitation to each invitee along with a brief explanation of
the purpose of the focus group and the needs assessment.
!Reminder phone calls need to be made the evening prior to the focus
group.
!When focus group members arrive, have them sign in and put a name-tag
on. Allow 15 minutes for participants to introduce themselves and mingle.
A Few Reminders
For the facilitators of the focus groups, it is a good idea to have a list of issues
that are important to the agency staff to make sure that important topics are
discussed within these focus groups. These areas should reflect themes of
interest to the agency such as; safety at schools, access and affordability of
medical services, housing, transportation, city work, business opportunities,
activities for youth, and other service agencies. These are determined in part,
by the focus or goal of the needs assessment.
6
3. Conducting the focus group
When the focus of the needs assessment is to identify community strengths
and concerns, we recommend the following questions to guide the
discussion:
• What do you think are some of the strengths of this community? With what
aspects of your community are you satisfied? Be careful to keep the discussion
on track. You will find that some of the participants want to immediately talk
about their concerns.
• What do you think are some of the concerns of this community? You
might want use the checklist to make sure that some important topics are
covered (e.g. health, education, safety). If towards the end of this part of the
discussion, no one has brought up a certain topic, introduce it into the discussion.
7
4. Ending the Focus Group
♦ Before ending the focus group, the facilitator should do a quick summary of what was
discussed and highlight some of the main points.
!End the discussion by thanking everyone for participating and letting them know
what the next step will be (developing the survey). If they want more information on
how they could help, direct them to the program manager.
!We recommend sending a thank you card to all of the participants as a gesture of your
appreciation and letting them know how to contact the agency if they want to
continue helping in this process. This is a good way of getting some volunteers to
help with the upcoming data collection.
!Announce when the survey will be ready and recruit their help if residents express
interest in helping with the data collection and also invite them to upcoming the
public forum.
8
1. When Developing a Survey
!♦ Have members of the needs assessment partnership check each item for
! accuracy and completeness
!
!♦ Have various stakeholders check the wording of the items. Is it user-friendly?
! Is it clear and simple? This includes pilot testing the survey with a few
! participants.
!♦ Make sure all key areas are covered (e.g. education, health, safety, housing
! etc.)
!♦ Make sure that you have accurate translations of the survey when needed
!!(see Appendix B for Spanish version)
!♦ Check the list of items yielded from the focus groups.
!♦ Write affirmative simple statements.
!♦ Make sure each item is asking only one question.
!♦ Delete repeated items that are worded differently
!♦ The demographics page is placed at the end of the survey and it provides a
!
descriptive profile of the individual respondents.
!
!
We also included several open-ended questions within the survey. This qualitative
component allows the respondent to voice their opinion and to add what they feel is
important in their community. These questions could include:
1. What are 3 things you like most about living in your community?
2. What are 3 things you would like to improve about your community?
3. What is an effective way to get residents involved in their community?
!
The survey consists of items that have 2 corresponding questions. Once question asks
about that person’s opinion on the importance of that issue and the other asks about
the person’s satisfaction regarding the community’s efforts to address the issue (taken
from Fawcett et al.). When respondents are asked to rate the satisfaction and
importance for each item, the strengths and concerns of the community can be
identified. The items that are rated high in importance and low in satisfaction
represent a concern in the community. Items that are rated high in importance and
high in satisfaction indicate a strength in the community.
For example
How important is this How satisfied
To you… are you with…
Availability of good grocery stores 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Availability of affordable daycare centers 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
The above scale is:
Please circle the appropriate score using the following scale:
1 = completely unimportant 1 = completely unsatisfied
2 = unimportant 2 = unsatisfied
3 = important 3 = satisfied
4 = very important 4 = very satisfied
9
III. Needs Assessment Survey Data Collection
Once you have developed your needs assessment survey, you can now begin data
collection!
10
• For door-to-door data collection, we suggest forming dyads with staff from the
sponsoring agency or people from the community with the staff from other partners
(e.g. students, community fellows).
• You will instruct all of your data collecting dyads that once they start on one
corner of the block (e.g. the south-west corner), they should count two houses and
knock on the third house and to continue this pattern until they finish the block.
Double – check…
!Before you begin to randomly select the blocks to be surveyed, meet with the
needs assessment partnership, particularly those who know the area very well and
block off any area that might be considered extremely dangerous (i.e. would put
the data collectors at extreme risk) such areas that have as high gang activity or
violence.
!After randomly selecting the blocks using the above method, double check with
agency staff if the areas to be surveyed are relatively safe.
!As a fail-safe, we recommend that you double-check your surveyed areas with an
outside source preferably someone from the community. For example, contact
another local agency and have someone look over your map
B. Providing incentives
We recommend that as a gesture of your appreciation for completing a survey that you
offer the potential respondents something that could also act as an incentive to
participate. For example, you could provide $5 or $10 dollar gift certificates to a local
grocery store or video store. This would be one way of helping a fellow community
member and would reinforce the importance of small businesses within the community.
If resources are not available for an incentive, you could offer the residents a chance to
enter a $20.00 raffle.
11
C. Flyers advertising the public forum
As will be discussed later, the public forums are held so community residents can
discuss the findings of the needs assessment survey. It is important that you give
survey respondents the information pertaining to the public forum when they are doing
the survey so that they know you fully intend to bring the findings back into the
community. Prior to data collection date confirm the location (e.g. local church or
library), date, and time in order to make the flyers that will be handed out while
collecting data.
12
1. Data Collection Kit
Here is a list of what you should include in your data-collection kit for each dyad
! !Envelope #1: Taped to a large envelope is a map with the dyad’s 3 blocks to be
surveyed and the alternate fourth block highlighted in a different color. On the
map, you should include emergency contact numbers (e.g. agency number, cell
phone numbers etc.) In the envelope are all of the blank surveys, several pens, a
back-up copy of the map with the dyad’s four blocks highlighted
! !Envelope #2: Taped to the large envelope is a sign-in sheet that the respondent
must sign as proof that they have received the incentive for completing the
survey. In the envelope, agency paraphernalia (e.g. brochures, pens, stickers etc.),
the flyers advertising the upcoming public forums, and the incentive (e.g. usually
a $5 –$10 gift certificate).
! !Clipboard: containing a tracking sheet to keep track of the houses that have been
visited (See Appendix E for example).
!Clearly read each item of the survey and repeat what the scale represents (e.g.
important, not important etc.) as many times as necessary.
!Read the survey in such a way that both the data-collector and the respondent can
see the survey and so that the respondent can correct any misunderstandings as
the data-collector fills in his/her responses.
!When writing down the answers to the open-ended questions, do not paraphrase
what the respondent is saying but write down the exact words
!Once the survey is complete, hand the respondent information on the agency and
the upcoming public forum and give them their “thank-you” gift. Have them sign
a sheet of paper saying that they received the thank-you gift.
13
IV. Summarizing and Disseminating the Needs Assessment
Survey Results
!
A. Summarizing the Data
To compute the results of the survey, you will likely have to use a computer database
or computer-analysis program such as ACCESS or SPSS. For this particular survey
design we are comparing importance and satisfaction of each item. By using a
program like SPSS, we can calculate cross-tabulations to see what percentage of
respondents fit into the four possible categories with respect to the survey items. Of
the four possible combinations of survey responses, the two that should be your focus
are:
1) Items ranked as important/very important and unsatisfied/very unsatisfied
(a concern)
2) Items ranked as important/very important and satisfied/very satisfied (a strength)
• See Appendix H for instructions on how to calculate these cross-tabulations
The next step in summarizing the data is to prepare a one page summary of the main
strengths and concerns identified by the survey respondents. This usually is in the
form a “top five” list of concerns and strengths. This one page summary will be what
you may present to the needs assessment committee as the main findings and it will
also be part of the agenda for the public forum.
14
1. Planning the Public Forum
!Find a location, such as public library or a local church that is accessible and
! centrally located in the community.
!Reserve the location for 2 dates for at least 3 hours each (usually in the evening)
!Arrange for child care services or interpreter services as needed.
!Prepare a public forum flyer to be distributed during data collection, via mailing
! lists etc.
!Try to contact as many people as possible via telephone, especially those who
participated in the focus groups or in the data collection.
!Advertise the public forums on community bulletin boards, other agencies,
churches, local newspapers and radio stations.
!Make food arrangements.
15
3. Conducting the Public Forum
!Registration and Refreshments
!Introductions: Call the group to order and introduce the facilitators and other
members of the needs assessment committee present. Describe the purpose of
the public forum and phases already completed.
!Present a summary of the results: This is usually in the form of the top 5
strengths and concerns of the community
!Discuss the strengths of the community and how to reinforce them –write
down ideas on the poster paper
!Discuss the dimensions of concerns of the community and possible solutions –
write down the ideas on the poster paper
!If the group is large enough, you can break up into several sub-groups and
tackle individual areas – its dimensions and possible alternative solutions.
Once they have completed the group discussions, the participants should come
back into the large group and discuss the solutions to the problems they
discussed.
!Let the group know what the next step will be. The agency will take their ideas
and start to plan to implement or further discuss the solutions.
♦ Wrap-up by thanking all of the participants and volunteers. If possible, you can
also thank your participants by holding a raffle for a door prize or sending them a
thank you card.
16
V. Writing the Final Report
A. Report Outline
!Executive Summary: This is a short version of the overall report that includes the
purpose of the needs assessment, a very brief description of what each phase
involved, the results, and the conclusions (1 page).
!Chronology of Events: From the beginning meetings to the development of the
final report (1 page).
!Brief Agency History (1 page)
!Description of Current Study: This page details the purpose and steps involved (1
page).
!Participant Profile: This page includes graphs and tables describing the sample
that you surveyed (e.g. gender, ethnicity, level of education, age, number of years
living in the community)
!Brief Report: List the top 5-10 concerns and strengths identified by residents in
the survey (1 page)
!Open-Ended Survey Responses: If any qualitative questions were included in the
survey, you can include a sample of responses on this page
!Community Forum Discussion: This is a summary of issues discussed at the
public forums. This section can be divided into the separate issues discussed.
! For example: A. Issue: Community Safety
Dimension of the Issue: What participants had to say about
the issue
Suggestions for Action: Participant suggestions on how to
realistically deal with issue
!Recommendations: These recommendations need to be feasible and realistic
because any recommendations that require major programmatic changes will
often be dismissed by the stakeholders.
17
Appendices
18
Appendix A
Community Needs Survey
English Version
Instructions: I am going to read some Please circle the appropriate score using the
statements to you. I would like you to tell me following scale:
two things about the statement: how important it 1=completely unimportant 1=completely unsatisfied
is to you that the following services are in your 2=unimportant 2=unsatisfied
community, and how satisfied you are with each 3= important 3=satisfied
4=very important 4=very satisfied
service in Humboldt Park.
How important is How satisfied
This to you … are you with …
6. Safety at schools 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
19
How important is How satisfied
18. The city’s response to sanitation This to you … are you with …
complaints (Pests i.e. rats, raccoons and
trash) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
20
Appendix B
Community Needs Survey
Spanish Version
Instrucciones: le voy a leer algunas frases. Por favor, circule el número apropriado usando
Me gustaría que me diga dos cosas acerca de la siguiente escala:
cada frase: qué tan importante es para usted 1=completamente 1=completamente
que hayan estos servicios en su comunidad, y sin importancia insatisfecho(a)
qué tan satisfecho(a) está usted con cada uno 2=sin importancia 2=insatisfecho(a)
3=importante 3=satisfecho(a)
de esos servicios en Humboldt Park.
4=muy importante 4=muy satisfecho(a)
Qué tan importante Qué tan satisfecho(a)
Es esto para usted … está usted …
1. Facilidad de acceso a buenos supermercados 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
21
Qué tan importante Qué tan satisfecho(a)
Es esto para usted … está usted …
22
Appendix C
Everything You Wanted to Know About Door-to-Door Surveying
But Were Afraid to Ask
Youth Service Project Data Collection
April 15, 2000
So what’s up for today?
8:30 - 8:45 Have a donut, blueberry bagel and a cup of coffee
8:45 - 9:45 The Professor (Yolanda Suarez-Balcazar) speaks about methodology
9:45 - 10:00 Travel to your surveying destination
10:00 - 1:00 Do some assessing!!!!!
1:00 to ..... Return to homebase for some pizza
Rules of engagement
1. Trust your instincts, if you don’t have a good feeling about the environment, don’t go.
2. Emergency contact numbers are on the tracking sheets.
3. Remember we want this to be FUN but we also want to collect reliable and useful data.
23
Appendix D
Good morning,
We are from Youth Service Project and Loyola University Chicago and we would like to invite
you to answer some questions about your community. Your opinion about the assets and
concerns of Humboldt Park is important and that is why we are asking for your help. The
information you give us will be used by Youth Service Project to develop a Community Building
program. A program that will help you address the needs of your community.
If you agree to complete the survey you will receive a $10 gift certificate to Universal Music and
Art Shop. Your participation in this survey is completely voluntary and your answers will be
kept confidential.
It will take about 15 minutes to complete the survey. It is divided into 3 parts. The first section
identifies community issues that may be important to people in Humboldt Park, and we want your
opinion about how important these issues are for you and how satisfied you are with these issues
in your community. The second part of the survey consists of some open-ended questions about
your community and Youth Service Project. Finally, the third section covers important
demographic data that helps us to identify particular characteristics of Humboldt Park.
____________________
Researcher
___________________ __________
Signature Date
24
Appendix D
Buenos días:
Si usted está de acuerdo en completar la entrevista, usted recibirá un certificado de $10.00 para
latienda de musica Universal Music and Art Shop. Su participación en esta entrevista es
completamente voluntaria y sus respuestas serán confidenciales.
Muchas gracias
___________________
Investigador(a)
Yo, ____________________________ declaro que tengo más de 18 años de edad, he leído esta
carta, y he decidido voluntariamente participar en esta entrevista
_______________________________ ___________________________
Firma Fecha
25
Appendix E
No Said Contact
Street Address Answer Agreed NO Later Comments
26
Appendix F
27
Appendix G
English
1. Overall, how satisfied or unsatisfied are you with your neighborhood as a place to live?
1 = completely unsatisfied
2 = unsatisfied
3 = satisfied
4 = completely satisfied
2. What are the 3 things you like most about your neighborhood?
3. What are 3 things you would like to change/improve about your community?
28
Demographics
1. Gender: ______ Male _______Female
8. Given the opportunity would you move out of this neighborhood? YES NO
29
Appendix G
Spanish
5. En general, qué tan satisfecho(a) o insatisfecho(a) esta usted con su barrio como un lugar para vivir?
1 = completamente insatisfecho(a)
2 = insatisfecho(a)
3 = satisfecho(a)
4 = completamente satisfecho(a)
8. De qué manera efectiva se puede hacer que los residentes participen más en la comunidad?
30
Información Demográfica
9. Por favor coloque una “X” cerca a su identificacion ethnica o raza. Es usted:
_____ Indio-Americano
_____ Asiatico
_____ Afro-Americano
_____ Mexicano
_____ Puerto Riqueno
_____ Blanco
_____ Otro: ______________________
Muchas Gracias!
31
Appendix H
Calculating Cross-Tabs
To identify the concerns and strengths from the needs assessment data we
used SPSS. The following steps can be used to analyze needs assessment data
which is collected using the important/satisfaction approach discussed in this
guide.
1. Enter data into an SPSS data sheet.
2. Recode the data so that very important and important are represented by the same
number, and very unimportant and unimportant are represented by the same number.
Do the same for the satisfied variables. Recode the data so that very satisfied and
satisfied are represented by the same number and very unsatisfied and unsatisfied are
represented by the same number. This can be done using the RECODE command in
SPSS.
3. For each item cross the important variable with the satisfied variable. Use the
CROSS-TAB command in SPSS to do complete this task. Depending on the number
of items in the survey this can take a significant amount of time.
4. After running the CROSS-TAB command an output window will appear. This
window will contain a box divided into quarters.
Important Unimportant
Satisfied Strength --------------
Unsatisfied Concern --------------
The 2 areas that you will be interested in are the one that is the box where important
and satisfied cross. This box will be how you identify the strengths. The other box
you are interested in is where important and unsatisfied cross. This box represents
the concerns.
5. In each box there will be several percentages, you are interested in the total
percentage in each box. For example, in the strength box, the total percentage
indicates the percent of respondents for that question who ranked the issue as
important and being satisfied.
To identify the strengths and concerns you must determine a cut-off percent. For example, our
cut-off was 50%, so every item that had a total percentage of 50% or greater in the
important/satisfied was considered a strength. Every item that had a total percentage of 50% or
greater in the important/unsatisfied category was considered a potential concern. It is important
that the needs assessment committee adapt this cut-off percent for each specific project.
32
Appendix I
INTERESTED IN YOUR
COMMUNITY?
Join Us to Discuss the Results of theYouth
Service Project’s Needs Assessment Survey!
33