ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 1 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 2

Allowable Stress: Factor of Safety Comparison of Shear and Bending Stresses

 Design: against failure
Consider the bending of simply supported rectangular beam subjected to a central
 Select materials and dimensions of individual components so that load. The max. bending moment occurring at mid-span has a value of PL/4 and
no failure occurs under the prescribed loading conditions the shear force has a constant value of P/2 between each support and load P.
 Select an adequate factor of safety
 Strength: resist to the loads 
 The yield stress  Y  f E’
 The ultimate stress  u
u
 Factor of Safety (n): f
D

Y B C
E  xy  P/ 2
 pl
Y u A

 all  or  all   P/ 2 x
n n P
Mxz Mmax  PL/ 4 6P  h  2 
 xy  3    y1 
2

bh  2  
Y u O 
 max  or  max  Perfect Strain Necking 3P 3P
n n
Linear
region plasticity hardening At y1  0,  xy   max  
or yielding L/2 x 2bh 2 A

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 3 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 4

3 Fxy 3 P / 2 3 P
Thus, max. shear stress  max    (a) Example 3.5
2 A 2 bh 4 bh
The part of hydraulic controlled loader arm is depicted in the Figure. The arm is
Mc ( PL / 4)( h / 2) 3 PL made of steel tubing, for which the ultimate stresses in tension and shear are
and max. bending stress  max    (b)  u  450 MPa, and  u  290 MPa, respectively. The dimensions of the member are
I bh 3 / 12 2 bh 2
c2  60 mm, c1  45 mm, L  2.4 mm. Find the maximum stress and factor of
 max 1  h   max (3P ) /( 4bh ) h safety.
The ratio  max /  max is given by     
(3PL) /( 2bh 2 ) 2 L (c)
 max 2  L   max
If, for instance, L  10h , the quotient is only 1/20. For a slender beam, h  L ,
the shearing stress  xy is therefore much smaller that of the bending stress  xx .
The applied load is primarily by the bending stress in a slender beam. We
emphasize that only in very short beams are the shear stresses likely to be
of importance in comparison with the bending stresses. z
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 5 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 6

Solution. Assume the most likely failure point is at fixed end through H. The maximum shearing stress takes place at the neutral axis z and is parallel to
The effect of shear in the stress distribution is neglected. y axis. By Eq. (3.4), we have
The location of the critical point is at K, where the maximum moment and 4 Fxy c22  c2c1  c12 4(10  103 ) 602  (60)( 45)  452
the shear force are  max   
3A c22  c12 3( 4.948  103 ) 602  452
M   PL  10( 2.4)  24 kNm  3.98 MPa
Fxy   P  10 kN
This is a very low stress for the specified material. The bending stress
The cross-sectional area properties are z vanishes at the neutral axis,  H  0. The factor of safety is therefore
A   (c22  c12 )   (602  452 )  4.948  103 mm2
u 450
 4.948  103 m 2 n   2.17
 max 207
 
I ( c24  c14 )  (604  454 )  6.958  106 mm4
4 4
 6.958  106 m 4 z

The maximum tensile stress due to the bending occurs at point K.

Mc2 24(103 )(0.06)
 max     207 MPa
I 6.958(106 )

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 7 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 8

Solution. (a) The properties of the circular cross-sectional area of the

Example 3.6
wrench are
As the user tighten a lug nut on a lug bolt of an all- d 20
terrain vehicle, a force F is applied to the wrench as c   10 mm  0.01 m
2 2
shown in the Fig. (a). The model of the wrench of
d 2  (20)2
diameter d and length L is illustrated in Fig. (b). The A   314.159 mm2  314.159  106 m 2
wrench is made of a high strength steel with yield 4 4
strength in tension  Y and yield strength in shear  Y . d 4  (20)4
I   7.854  103 mm4  7.854  109 m 4
The data are as follows: 64 64
d  20 mm, L  300 mm, F  500 N
 Y  345 MPa,  Y  210 MPa

Find: (a) The maximum bending stress and the

maximum shear stress in the wrench. (b) Factor of N
safety y
Fxy
(b) z A
Assumption: The load F acts perpendicular to the axis y B

of the wrench in the vertical (xy) plane. d  20 mm

x
ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 9 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 10

From inspection, we see that the maximum tensile stress is at a stress element A Upon substituting the numerical values into the preceding equations, we obtain
on the top surface at left end, while the largest shear stress occurs at an element the maximum stresses:
point B at the neutral axis along longitudinal axis of the wrench as shown in the
Figure. The bending moment M at the left end and the shear force Fxy at any Mc 150(0.01)
 max     191 MPa
Cross-section are I 7.854(109 )
c 4 c 2 4c
M   FL  500(0.3)  150 Nm I z  , Q  A* y    
2c 3
2  3  4F 4(500)
Fxy   F  500 N
4 3
 max  xy    2.12 MPa
b  2c  3A 3(314.159  106 )
Hence, the stresses at A and B are respectively: F Q F ( 2c 3 / 3) F ( 2 / 3)
 max  xy  xy4  xy 2 (b) The factor of safety against yielding in bending is
Mc 4F I zb (c / 4)( 2c ) (c / 4)2
 max  ,  max  xy Fxy ( 2 / 3) 4 Fxy 4 Fxy
I 3A    Y 345
c 2 / 2 3c 2 3A n   1.81
 max 191

The maximum shear stress,  2.12 MPa, is very low compared with the shear
yield strength (210 MPa) of the steel.
N
Fxy y
z A
B

d  20 mm

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 11 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 12

1. Statics • Particles
Parallelogram Law
• Problem Solving
Vector

 Statics revolves just two main equations F1 or F1

F  0 M  0
Scalar
and
F1
 General solution procedure
1) Read and understand the problem
2) Draw FBD (important and crucial in solving the problems) Magnitude and direction of FR can be obtained by the Law of cosines
3) Think through and apply relevant equations or Law of sines
4) Perform calculation using symbols
5) Substitute in the numerical values and compute answers FR  F12  F22  2 F1F2 cos  R Law of cosine

 Numerical values rounded to 4 significant digits without lost of F1 F FR

 2  Law of sine
accuracy. sin 1 sin  2 sin  R
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 13 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 14

• Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies 2-Force Member FB  FA

Moment of a Force & a Couple F3 F2 FA B
Moment of a couple A FA
F F1 (a)
F A A A
M = Fd FA
d d (c)
= F
A B B B A B B
A B
d1  M  Fd
d F6 FA (b) FB  FA
Moment of a force d2 F5 F4 FB  FA FB  FA
A
F
B
Drawing Free Body Diagram 3-Force Member
F2 F1 F3

F1 F3 F2

(a) Concurrent Forces (b) Parallel Forces

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 15 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 16

• Analysis of Pin-Connected Structures Method of Section

Analysis of Trusses
15 kN 5 kN
15 kN 5 kN Method of Joint 4 C E
4 C 3
E
3
1m
1m
A B D F
A B D F
9 kN
1m 1m 1m
1m 1m 1m 31/3 kN
20/3 kN

Special Joint & Zero Force Member

FAC
Assume tensile
A 45o forces initially
FAB
9 kN
56.7 kN
20/3 kN
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 17 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 18

Analysis of Frames/Machines
2. Transformation of Stresses and Strains
• Principal stresses and max. in-plane shear stress
x y x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
x y x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
M  0: A  T M  0:
C  FBE 2 2
Element A
F  0:  Ax M  0:  Cy x  y
x E  xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
F  0:
y  Ay F  0:
x  Cx 2

Stresses on element A
Shear Stresses Sign Convention inclined at θ counter-
clockwise to the x-axis
y y

  xy   xy
M
AC
A  0 and  M B  0  C x , C y
CB
M
ACB
A  0  By M
ACB
B  0  Ay

F x  0  Ax F y  0  Ay or M
AC
C  0  Ax F
AC
x  0  Cx
AC AC
x x
F x  0  Bx F y  0  By F
AC
y  0  Cy F
ACB
x  0  Bx Positive shear Negative shear
CB CB

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 19 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 20

In-Plane Principal Stress • Mohr’s Circle for 2D Stresses

Sign convention for stresses when constructing and analysing Mohr’s circle:
x y   y 
2

1    x    xy2 Shear stresses–if the shear stresses on opposite faces of the element produce
2  2  forces that result in a clockwise couple, these stresses are taken as positive.
Hence, shearing stresses on y faces of element is +ve, but those on x faces are -ve.
x y   y 
2

2    x    xy
2

2  2  on Plane B the shear stress direction

is clockwise, hence it is a +ve shear
stress on Mohr’s circle
Maximum Shear Stress
B
  y 
2

 max    x    xy
2

 2 
A

Mohr’s Circle for 2D Stresses on Plane A the shear stress direction

is anticlockwise, hence it is -ve
(   avg ) 2   2  R 2 shear stress on Mohr’s circle

x  y 
2
  y 
2
1
 avg  ( x   y ), R      xy2 R   x    xy
2
2  2   2 
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 21 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 22

IMPORTANT: Principal Stresses in Pressure Vessels

Do not confuse shear stress sign convention on Mohr’s circle with that of
• Principal Stress in Spherical Pressure Vessels
an entire element.
REMEMBER: Consider a spherical thin-walled ( r  t ) pressure vessel subjected to internal
Shear stress sign convention for an entire element. pressure p. The tangential stress of spherical pressure vessel is give by

y y pr State of stress on element C

t   
2t pr
  xy   xy 2 t
pr
t 2t
Shear stress sign convention C p
Positive shear x Negative shear x for a Mohr’s circle
p r 0
pr
y B 
xy pr 2t
on Plane B the shear stress direction
is anticlockwise, hence it is -ve shear 2t
stress on Mohr’s circle A
pr
C 1   2 
 2t For all points,
On a Mohr’s circle we consider sign of x  not just C
on Plane A the shear stress direction pr
shear stress on a plane and not entire is clockwise, hence it is a +ve shear p  3  0,  p 
element stress on Mohr’s circle
2t

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 23 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 24

• Principal Stress in Cylindrical Pressure Vessels Maximum Shear Stress in Vessels

Consider a long cylindrical thin-walled (r  t ) pressure vessel subjected to Radial stress  r varies from  r   p at inner surface of shell to  r  0 at
internal pressure p. The tangential and axial stresses of cylindrical pressure outer surface. For thin-walled shells,  r is much smaller than  t and  a
vessel are give by is generally omitted.
pr pr
t  , a  For cylindrical vessels, the principal stress are  t ,  a   t / 2 and 0.
t 2t State of stress on element C
Mohr’s circle of the biaxial state of stress is shown in the Fig. (b).
pr
1 pr
t p ( max ) a  ( t  0) 
t 2 2t
C r
p
pr pr For spherical vessels, the principal stress  t   a   and 0.
L 2t 2t 1 pr
( max )a  (  0) 
0 pr 2 4t
r-t plane
t t

C a pr pr r
C 1  , 2  a
p 2t t For all points,
 not just C
pr
 3  0,  p 
p t 2t a-r plane a-t plane
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 25 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 26

• Mohr’s Circle for Plane Strain Mohr’s circle of stress: x –axis represents normal stress 
y–axis represents shear stress 
x y x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2 (2.1)
2 2 Mohr’s circle of strain: x –axis represents normal strain 
x y x  y y –axis represents half shear stain  / 2
Plane Stresses  y   cos 2   xy sin 2 (2.2)
2 2 Mohr’s circle of stress:
 y   y 
2

 xy  
x  y
sin 2   xy cos 2 (2.3) Center at  x ,0  R   x    xy
2

2  2   2 
Mohr’s circle of strain:
x  y x  y  xy     y    xy 
2 2

 x  cos 2  sin 2 Center at   x   y  R   x

    
(2.18)  ,0 
2 2 2  2   2   2 
x  y x  y  xy
Plane Strains  y   cos 2  sin 2 (2.19) Mohr’s Circle of Strain
2 2 2 Sign convention for Mohr’s strain
 xy x  y  xy circle similar to Mohr’s stress circle
 sin 2  cos 2 (2.20)
2 2 2 Normal strain plotted along x-axis
elongation  +ve strain (on +ve side
Re-examining Eqs. (2.18), (2.19) & (2.20) and compare with Eqs. (2.1), (2.2) & (2.3) for of x-axis)
 x ,  y &  xy . The equations are similar in form. Hence a Mohr’s circle of strain can also
contraction  -ve strain (on –ve side
be constructed.
of x-axis)

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 27 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 28


Given the strain state  x ,  y ,  xy
Compressive strain on -ve side 2 Tensile strain on +ve side
the corresponding Mohr’s strain circle can be plotted.
The convention for constructing and reading B
shear strain values from Mohr’s strain circle 2  x 1
    y    xy 
2 2
is similar to that used for shear stress in y C 2 p  R   x    
Mohr’s stress circle. y  2   2 
 y y
A
B
Shear strain: Positive shear stress results in positive shear strain  xy
x
i.e. A positive shear strain corresponds to a clockwise shear stress couple.  xy  x
A negative shear strain corresponds to anti-clockwise shear stress couple.
 A
x
y

 xy

Hence the strain components  x ,  y and  xy at any orientation 

x can be determined.
+ve Shear stresses +ve Shear strains
ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 29 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 30

Beams of Circular Cross Section

3. Shear Stresses in Laterally Loaded c 4 c 2  4 c  2 c 3
Iz  , Q  A* y   
Symmetrical Beams 4 2  3  3
FxyQ 4 Fxy 4 Fxy
• Shear Stress Distribution in Rectangular b  2c   max  I b  3c 2  3 A
z
Beams
• Shear Stresses in Beams of Circular Cross
Section
• Shear Stress Distribution in Flanged Beams
• Design of Prismatic Beams

2 3 3
1 Fxy * F Q Q ( c2  c1 ), b  2( c2  c1 ), A   (c22  c12 ),
The Shear Formula  xy  A y  xy 3
b Iz I zb 
Iz  ( c24  c14 )
4
Q  A* y FxyQ 4 Fxy c22  c2c1  c12
 max  
I zb 3A c22  c12 Hollow circular cross-section

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 31 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 32

By using the shear formula, we have 1 Fxy * Fxy Q

 xy  A y
80 mm 20 mm 20 mm
6P  h 2
 b Iz I zb
30 mm yt  xy     y1 
2
A1
yt a a bh 3  2  
N.A. 100 mm
60 mm N.A.
A2 A3 a a yt
A4 20 mm
25 mm
P
80 mm

M xz y
P y x  
yt  56.7 mm
 avg 
A (compressive) Iz
 xx (-ve)
A1 20 mm
yt M M
16.7 mm 3P
40 mm  max  x N. A.
yt 2A
A2 A3
43.3 mm 120  yt  xx (+ve)
Shear stress distribution
A4 (tensile)
3P 3P
At y1  0,  xy   max   Bending stress distribution
2bh 2 A
ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 33

Final Exam

• Date: 1 Dec 2017, Friday

• Time: 9 am – 11 am
• Venue: MPSH1-A

My Office: E2-04-03E
Email: mpeqcg@nus.edu.sg
Tel: 65168089