Genesis 1:27 NIV =We are capable “to do good”= FREEDOM

26Then God said, "Let Us make man in

Our image, according to Our likeness; and With these powers, we can become THE BEST
let them rule over the fish of the sea and IN GOD’s creation—we are different and
over the birds of the sky and over the superior to other animals.
cattle and over all the earth, and over
every creeping thing that creeps on the When we used these powers for the
earth." 27God created man in His own GLORY/PURPOSE of God- IT PROMOTES OUR
image, in the image of God He created DIGNITY
him; male and female He created them.
HUMAN BEINGS AS ESSENTIALLY GOOD
28God blessed them; and God said to
them, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the -because we are created in the image and
earth, and subdue it; and rule over the fish likeness of God.--- it reflects God’s goodness
of the sea and over the birds of the sky
and over every living thing that moves on -natural inclination to do good and avoid evil
the earth."… and CAPACITY do distinguish bet right and
wrong
HUMAN PERSON AND THE HUMAN FREEDOM - the more we act accordingly the more we
reflect our Creator
The HUMAN person- is a creature made in the
image of God -we give glory to God by BEING
MAN/WOMAN
a. Local- based on myths and legends
b. Scientifc- based on facts and theories Gen 1:31- God look at everything He had
c. Biblical- based on faith and traditions made, and He found it good

GOD GAVE MAN HUMAN FREEDOM

1.LOCAL- - Our will and reason to act is
anchored to one’s responsibility
a. Malakas at Maganda
b. God’s baking TRUE / authentic Freedom- do what is good
c. Woman’s pounding and just
2.SCIENTIFIC- DIGNITATIS HUMANAE- people should act on
a. BIG-BANG- accidental events their own judgement,… not motivated by
b. EVOLUTION sense of duty
- Bone structures
CCC- CATHECHISM OF THE CATHOLIC
- Hairy bodies
CHURCH- “not the right to say and do
- Walking lifestyles
anything, but to DO GOOD”--- communal
3.BIBLICAL- dimension of freedom

IMAGE AND LIKENESS John 8:32- the truth will set you FREE

-Essentially good Man’s freedom is not unlimited--- called to

-Has intellect accept the moral law given by GOD;
-Has freedom
-Social/relational Human freedom- its authentic and complete
BODY (Physical) and SOUL (Spirit) fulfilment – is ACCEPTANCE of that LAW
=That’s WHY we are capable to
Jean Paul Sartre’s Concept of Freedom
understand=REASON
“freedom is existence, and in its existence VATICAN II- free choice is an exceptional sign
precedes essence.” of the divine image w/in human persons

-what we do determines our apparent POPE JOHN PAUL II- self-determining

qualities; character free choice

Each of us is responsible for everything we *The moral dimension of Christian Faith –

do. resides in responding to God’s grace by a
wholeheartedly--- we gradually become what
FREEDOM FROM- release from any physical
we morally are by what we morally do.
barriers: matter, energy, space and time.
Y-IELD YOURSELF
Ex: disordered passions, fears, personality
defects, prejudices, psychological imbalances E-XAMINE YOUR LIFE

Spiritual barriers: bad habits, vices S-URRENDER YOURSELF to God

FREEDOM FOR- means authentic freedom As embodied spirits and relational beings, we
growing as full persons and children of God, have natural inclinations towards---
sharing in the life of Christ; FOUND in foundations of freedom, refined by cultivating
authentic love; attaining the FULLNESS OF life virtues
or happiness
1.truth
CHRISTIAN FREEDOM- free from guilt; sin
2.the good/happiness
John 15:8 When you bear much fruit, my
3.preservation of being
Father is honored and glorified and you show
and prove yourselves to be true followers of 4.procreation and Marriage
Mine
5.friendship and Life in Society
CONCEPT of FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM
FUNDAMENTAL OPTION OF HUMAN
FREEDOM- at the center of human person FREEDOM
where he/she makes moral decision
(good/evil) a. Freedom for- inner; one’s growth as
full person and Christian charity
1. FF is exercised at the very core of b. Freedom from- external; forced to do
human person, the locus of self- sth against will
determination and moral c. Fundamental option- a free and
responsibility responsible determination of one with
2. Its object is not a particular action but regard to the totality of his existence
the entire self in its relation to God.
3. Its not an action but a PREFERENCE- THREATS TO INNER FREEDOM:
more like a stance or an attitude than a. Subhuman living conditions
act of choosing b. Arbitrary imprisonment
c. Inhuman working condition
HUMAN PERSON HAS A FREE CHOICE
d. Exploitation
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS- free choice- we e. Tyranny
become masters of our action
INTERIOR OBSTACLES TO AUTHENTIC
COUNCIL of TRENT- H.P are free to choose to FREEDOM
become what they want to be
a. Ignorance
b. Disordered passion
 c. Fears 1.yes to ourselves—seeing ourselves rooted in
d. Personality defects God
e. Bad habits
f. Psychological disturbances 2.Yes to others-compassion, acceptance,
g. Exterior forces such as violence mercy, forgiveness

+doing evil is NOT freedom, only a SIGN that RELATIONSHIP with OTHER human Beings
we have the capability to choose

+man GAINS dignity when he freely chooses + HUMANS are ACCOUNTABLE for what they
what is good; the freer we become when we have received. It is God’s prerogative.
do good.
Mission of man is to develop his/her talents
and potentials to the fullest and to reach the
INNER FREEDOM- refers to freedom to perfection he/she is called to attain.
become all we can possibly be Humans are responsible for their actions;
EXTERNAL FREEDOM- refers to the freedom accountable stewards
of action, the freedom to do whatever we “God has place happiness in the human heart
want to do. in order to draw man to the ONE who alone
HUMAN PERSON – can fulfill it. God alone satisfies.”
FREEDOM TO BE ONESELF: is a process of PRINCIPLE OF STEWARDSHIP- GEN 1:26-28
growth in freedom to reach the ultimate goal
of a person in life; freedom that promotes the *USEFUL DOMINION- all things are meant for
fulfillment of life. their use and service--- but to use things
reasonably, responsibly.
Responsible freedom lead us to the FRUITS of
the Spirit: *Human life becomes the basic and
fundamental requirement for persons to carry
-love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, out their mission
generosity, faithfulness, gentleness and self-
control WHO AM I?- grounded on Jesus Christ. HIS
“GRACE RESTORES what sin had DAMAGED in
us.”
GUIDE FOR RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKING MORAL LIFE MEANS TO FOLLOW CHIRST
1.RESPECT FOR YOURSELF JESUS IS THE FOUNDATION OF CHRISTIAN
2.RESPECT FOR FELLOW CHRISTIANS MORAL LIFE

3.RESPECT FOR CHURCH

4.R FOR THE OUTSIDERS

HUMAN PERSON AS RELATIONAL

1. BEING BY others (conception, birth, Galatians 5:16 (NIV)

upbringing) 16
So I say, walk by the Spirit, and
2. Being with others you will not gratify the desires of the
3. BEING for others (love and service)
flesh.
RELATIONSHIP with Himself/herself
We are other Christs—Alter Christus
 1. knowledge- know. Of the aspired object,
attention to the action, judgements on the
2nd ppt
value of the act
HUMAN ACTS
2. freedom- consent of the freewill w/c
- Christ. Moral life is – becoming implies freedom from any external or internal
loving persons compulsion

+all aspects are under the scrutiny of Christ. 2. voluntariness- anything that is object of the
Morality will IS called, WILLED- VOLITUM

+with our INTELLECT and freewill, we are the *not everything that is willed is necessarily an
moral agent; SUPPORTING actor; Christ- lead effect
actor
Ex: setting a house on fire—not caused but
CONCEPT AND NATURE OF HUMAN ACTS desired by someone—is willed but not the
effect of the will
HUMAN ACTS- actus humanus
VOLUNTARY- voluntarium; when what is
- Are actions that proceed from willed is both THE OBJECT and the EFFECT of
insight into the nature and the wil
purpose of one’s doing and from
the consent of free will. -Determined by the will of the agent
- Any thought, word, deed, desire,
-a.k.a INTENTION OF THE AGENT
omission which comes from a
person acting with FULL
knowledge OF What he/she is
doing 3rd ppt

Ex: thinking, loving, reading, studying, praying, WHERE AM I?

reciting in class Human ACTS- refers to acts w/c are fully
ACTS OF MAN- actus hominis human- deliberate act--- HAVE MORAL
QUALITY
- Are performed w/o intervention
of intellect and free will. -many human acts are morally indifferent—
- Spontaneous biological process, ordinarily, whether I wear the blue or white
like nutrition, breathing, sensual shirt
impressions; ACTs performed w/o Act of man- an act that a human being does
the USE of reason- lunatics,
drunk, asleep Ex: snoring
- Carried out against one’s personal
will
SOURCES DEFINING THE MORALITY OF THE
- Indeliberate, involuntary, not free,
HUMAN ACTS
not under one’s control; beyond
the mind and the will

CONSTITUENT PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN ACTS A. OBJECT/ACT ITSELF

B. INTENTION
 Knowledge C. CIRCUMSTANCES
 Freedom
 voluntariness
OBJECT/ACT ITSELF- the effect w/c an action The time- exact definite moment or hour
primarily and directly causes—FINIS OPERIS;
Manner- way the agent MANAGES to do
-RESULT of the ACT, independent of any his/her act
circumstances, or of the intention of the
Agent- answers the question, “in what
agent.
condition was the agent when she perfomed
Ex of MORAL OBJECTS: the act?- ignorant, influenced by fear, habits,
emotions?
She stole money.
The thing itself- special quality of the object
She lied under oath
Ex: religious icon, desecrated statue
CIRCUMSTANCES- conditions outside the act
(not part of the act) that influence or affect The means- by what means, by whose help?
the act by increasing or lessening its
Ex: inside job robbery
voluntariness or freedom, affecting the
morality of an act. INTENTION
-it increase the goodness or badness of an act. - Refers to the goal w/c the agent
aims to achieve thru his/her act
THE 7 CIRCUMSTANCES
- Reason, purpose or end why
1. The person- who
PRINCIPLES OF INTENTION:
2. The time- when
3. The place-where 1. An act w/c is good in itself and is done
4. The manner-how for a good end becomes DOUBLY
5. The condition of the agent- why GOOD.
6. The thing itself-what 2. An act w/c is bad done…
7. The means- by what means 3. An act w/c is GOOD in itself and done
THE PERSON- refers to the doer (agent) of the with bad intention BECOMES BAD.
act or to whom the act is done 4. An act w/c is BAD in itself and is done
with GOOD end DOES NOT BECOME
GOOD.
5. An indifferent act w/c is done for a
good end becomes GOOD.
6. An indifferent act w/c is done for a
bad end becomes BAD.

5 DERIVATIVE principles from Sources of

Defning the MORALITY OF human acts:
2 principles under the CIRCUMSTANCE of 1. An act is morally good if the act itself,
person: the purpose, circumstances- good
a. A good act can become better or a 2. If an act is evil, the act is not morally
bad act can become worse BY THE allowable regardless of the intention
REASON of the doer and circumstance.
b. A good act can become better or a 3. If an act itself is MORALLY good or at
bad act can become worse BY THE least indifferent, its morality will be
REASON of the PERSON to whom the judged by the purpose of
Act is done. circumstance.
4. Circumstance may create, mitigate or
THE PLACE- space of locality where it is done aggravate sin.
 5. If all three determinants of the - when one uses some, but not
morality of human acts are good, the enough diligence in an effort to
act is good. remove ignorance

If one performs an objectively wrong action

whose wrongness one is unaware of because
MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS
of simple ignorance, the action is culpable.
= factors that may diminish one’s culpability However the culpability is lessened by the
presence of that ignorance.
=knowns as OBSTACLES affecting the
voluntariness of human acts
CRASS OR SUPINE- - not directly willed,could
 *IGNORANCE and should be cleared up, left wholly
 *CONCUPISCENCE
undistributed; MERE LACK OF EFFORT
 *FEAR
 *VIOLENCE Here, crass or supine ignorance lessens the
 *HABIT imputability of an act, Still, it makes one
gravely culpable if it concerns a matter of
grave importance.
IGNORANCE- merely the lack of know. Of a
person capable of knowing a certain thing

 Invincible ignorance- unconquerable; AFFECTED VINCIBLE

cannot be cleared up or dispelled;
know. That is lacking cnt be acquired; - deliberately fostered in order to
eliminates responsibilty avoid any obligation that know.
Ex: 1. Dr. Makabuhay is seriously ill, Might bring to light; DELIBRATE
knows that he should take some UNWILLINGNESS
medicine or apply different methods Affected Ignorance in regard to a matter of
of treatment. He does all he can to serious importance is gravely culpable.
learn what he should do, but with no
success. His ignorance about the Ignorance of the law is lack of knowledge that
proper remedy is invincible a particular law exists

Ignorance of the fact is lack of realization that

 Vincible ignorance- which can and
one is violating a law
SHOULD be dispelled; can be cleared
up –diligent enough; does not FEAR- mental agitation of disturbance
eliminate moral respon. BUT LESSENS brought about by apprehension
it
Ex: A manila resident who violates 2 types of FEAR:
traffic laws due to his/her act because 1. GRAVE FEAR
his/her ignorance is vincible 2. SLIGHT FEAR

There are Three Kinds of Vincible GRAVE FEAR: aroused by the presence of
Ignorance danger; regarded as serious; judged to be
 simple VINCIBLE serious by the one concerned.
 CRASS or supine ignorance
 affected vincible ignorance SLIGHT FEAR- a danger not serious, not very
probable
SIMPLE V.
Principle of Fear
 1. One acts because of fear if it is the violence, the evil act to which one is
fear that induces him/her to act so. forced is in no wise culpable.
2. Actions that are performed because 2. If one does not resist the violence as
of fear, however great the fear may fully as possible, such as in the case of
be, are voluntary (at least imperfect violence, the culpability of
conditionally and so, are imputable. the evil act is lessened but not taken
3. One acts with fear if fear merely away
accompanies one’s act but does not 3. If one sees that any resistance would
cause it. be wholly ineffective, there is no
obligation to resist. The reason is that
Concupiscence- passion is a movement of the
one is not obliged to do what is
sensitive (irrational) appetite which is
useless
produced by good or evil as apprehended by
the mind Habits- inclination to perform some particular
action acquired by repetition; decreased
Passions are not evil in themselves, they are
power of resistance and an increased facility
usually called feelings or emotions: Love,
of performance.
hatred, joy, grief, desire, aversion, hope,
courage, fear, anger. If a Habit disposes to evil, it is a vice; if to
good, it is a virtue.
Two Types of Concupiscence
2 Principles on Habit
1. Antecedent
1. Evil habits do not lessen the imputability of
2. Consequent
evil actions performed by force of habit if the
Antecedent concupiscence is the type which habit has been recognized as evil and is freely
arises spontaneously before the previous permitted to continue.
judgment of reason and before the will
2. Evil habits lessen the imputability of evil
controls the psychological situation; lessens
actions performed by force of habit if one is
the voluntariness of an act; does not destroy
sincerely trying to correct the habit.
the vol of an act

Consequent concupiscence is deliberately

aroused by the will to ensure a more prompt
and willing operation; however great, does
not lesson the vol. of an act.

VIOLENCE- EXTERNAL force applied by a free

cause for the purpose of compelling person to
perform an act w/c against his will

2 Kinds of Violence

1. Perfect violence is one in which

complete resistance is given
2. imperfect violence occurs when some
resistance is shown but not as much
as should be

3 Principles on Violence

1. If one resists the violence as much as

possible, such as in the case of perfect