CompositeStructuresVol. 40, Nos 3-4, pp.

313-322, 1998
© 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Printed in Great Britain
0263-8223/98/$19.00 + 0.00
ELSEVIER PII:S0263-8223 (98)00033-6

A step-by-step method of rule-of-mixture of

fiber- and particle-reinforced composite
materials
G. R. Liu
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore
119260, Singapore

A new method of rule-of-mixture is presented for predicting the mechanical

properties of fiber- and particle-reinforced composite materials. The
composite material is composed through a hypothetical process in which
the matrix is reinforced one-by-one with reinforcing materials (fibers or
particles). The mechanical properties of the composed material are
obtained step-by-step using the cylinder model for fiber-reinforced
materials and the sphere model for particle-reinforced materials. Results
obtained by the present method are compared with those of other methods
and experimental results. It is found that, for the longitudinal modulus, the
present method gives equally good prediction as other methods. For the
transverse modulus and shear modulus, the results obtained by the present
method show better agreement with experimental results. © 1998 Published
by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

P particle
NOMENCLATURE C composite
X the direction of fiber orientation
K bulk modulus x-y the plane perpendicular to fiber
G shear modulus 1,2, ...,n number of composition times
E Young's modulus
V Poisson's ratio
A area of cross-section INTRODUCTION
V volume fraction
thermal expansion coefficient Composite materials, such as fiber- and particle-
P property including K, E, G, v, e, etc. reinforced materials, are widely used in
a radius of reinforcing material (fiber engineering structures. The macroscopic mech-
or particle) anical (effective) properties of such composites
b radius of composite (or the external are very important in design of the composite
radius of 'matrix') structures. These effective properties can be
obtained using methods of rule-of-mixture
Superscripts derived from the micromechanics by using the
(+) upper-bound solution properties of the matrix and reinforcements.
(-) lower-bound solution The rule-of-mixture of composite materials has
been investigated for many years as summarized
Subscripts by Tsai & Hahn, [1] and Jones. [2] Since Cox
[3] presented a network method in 1952, a
m matrix number of methods have been proposed, such
f fiber as the cylinder model method, [4,5] and the

313
314 G. R. Liu

three-phase model method. [6,7] Hill [8] and P, p,,, p~ P, P~ e2

Hashin [9-11] obtained some bound solutions
of effective mechanical properties. Recently,
Miller & Torquato [12] gave an improved
bound solution for fiber-reinforced composite
materials. Benveniste & Miloh [13] formulated Pr : P,-, : e. Pt : e,~., : P~v
effective thermal conductivity of coated short-
fiber composites. In addition, the finite element
method (e.g. see Ref. [14]) has also been used
to determine the effective properties of compo-
site materials. Moreover, many-experience Fig. 1. Concept of the SBS method.
factor methods [1,2] have been presented. It
has been found that these methods can give
including elastic moduli and thermal expansion
good predictions of longitudinal modulus.
coefficient, are denoted by P.
However, the results for transverse modulus,
At the first step, the matrix with annular
especially shear modulus, obtained by these
cross-section and property of P m is reinforced at
methods are different from each other and do
the center by one fiber with circular cross-
not agree well with experimental results, except
section and property Pe. The property of the
some experience-factor methods.
'composite' at step 1 can be obtained by using
In this paper, a step-by-step (SBS) method is
the cylinder model. [5] If the radius of the fiber
presented for predicting the mechanical proper-
is a and the external radius of the matrix is b,
ties of fiber- and particle-reinforced composite
the areas of the fiber and the matrix are
materials. For particle-reinforced composite
A f = na 2 and A m = n ( b 2 - a 2) respectively (see
materials, the matrix and particles are assumed
Fig. 2). The fiber volume fraction of the 'com-
to be isotropic materials. For fiber-reinforced
posite' with property of P1 can be given by
composite materials the matrix and fibers are
assumed to be transverse isotropic materials. In ~a 2 a2
the SBS method, the composite material is
composed through a hypothetical process in Vfl_ xb 2 _ 2b (1)
which the matrix is reinforced one-by-one with
reinforcing materials (fibers or particles). The At the second step, the 'composite' with the
mechanical properties of the composite property of P1 is treated as a new 'matrix'.
materials are obtained step-by-step using the Another fiber of Pf is composed with the new
cylinder model for fiber-reinforced materials matrix of area Am. The 'composite' of P2 is
and the sphere model (e.g. see Ref. [7]) for again obtained using the cylinder model. The
particle-reinforced materials. Results obtained
by the present method are compared with those

(particle)
obtained by other methods and experimental
results. It is found that, for the longitudinal
modulus, the present method gives equally good x
predictions as other methods. For the trans-
verse modulus and shear modulus, the results
obtained by the present method show better
agreement with experimental results.

THE BASIC IDEA OF THE SBS M E T H O D

The fiber-reinforced composite with the fiber

volume fraction of Ve is first considered. The
composite is composed through a hypothetical
process in which the matrix is reinforced
one-by-one by fibers, as illustrated in Fig. 1.
"X, j atrix
The mechanical properties of the composite, Fig. 2. Transverse plane of cylinder model.
 An SBS method of rule-of-mixture 315

fiber volume fraction of the composite at step 2 remained a constant of A m. In this 'constant
increases to area composition', the fiber volume fraction for
each step is a constant of Vn. In actual fact, the
Vf2 = Vfl-b(1 -- Vf,) Vn = Vfl-l-Vmi Vfl (2)
area of the new matrix grows after each step of
where the composition, since a fiber has been added
Vm 1 = 1 -- Vfl (3) in. Taking into account the growing of the new
matrix area, a 'growing area composition' can
In the same way, the 'composite' at step 3 can also be made. In the growing area composition,
be composed and its property P3 can be the fiber volume fraction for each step is
obtained in the same manner. The total fiber changing, and the relation between N, Vn, and
volume fraction is now given by Vf can be easily derived as follows:
Vf3 ~-~Vfl+(1 --Vfl)Vf2 ~-~Vfl'l-VmlVf2 (4)
Vf(1 - Vfl )
After n steps of composition, the 'composite' N = (8)
with the property of Pn can be obtained, and Vfl(1 --Vf)
the total fiber volume fraction is given by
It has been confirmed that results obtained by
Vfn = Vfl"l'Vml Vf(n-1) the 'constant area composition' and 'growing
= V f l + V m l ( V f l + W m l El(n_2)) area composition' are equivalent, if N is large
= VflWVmI[VfI-t-VmI(VflWVmlVf(n_3))]
enough. However, the 'growing area composi-
2 3 tion' needs more steps to reach the desired fiber
= VfI'-FVflVmI-FVflVmI-FVmlVr(n_3) (5)
volume fraction Vf for a given fiber size. Results
in this paper are obtained by the 'constant area
= Vfl (1 + V m l + V 2 1 + .....1_ Vmin-l) composition'.
= 1-V n ml For particle-reinforced composite materials,
Hence we have the same idea can be employed. The only dif-
ference is that the sphere model is used for the
Ve. = 1 - ( 1 - gfl) n (6) particle-reinforced composites instead of the
Finally, if VfN = Vf after N step compositions, cylinder model for the fiber-reinforced compo-
we obtain the property of the composite sites. Hence eqns (2)-(8) are valid if Vn is
Pc "~PN, and N is given by replaced by Vpl and eqn (1) is replaced by
Vpl = a3[b 3 (9)
In(1 - VO
N= (7) The detailed formulae for computing the
ln(1 - Vf0
mechanical properties, including elastic moduli
It should be mentioned that in each step of and thermal expansion coefficient, are given in
composition, the area of the new matrix the next section.

FORMULATION

Fiber-reinforced c o m p o s i t e material

For fiber-reinforced composite materials, the cylinder model can be used in each step of composi-
tion. In the cylinder model, the composite material is modeled with a cylinder fiber located in the
center of a cylinder matrix. The section of the model is shown in Fig. 2. Hashin [5] has presented the
formulae of the elastic moduli and the thermal expansion coefficient of transversely isotropic fiber-
reinforced composite materials by using the cylinder model. These formulae can be used in the nth
step of composition, but the quantities of the matrix are replaced by those of the 'composite'
obtained in the ( n - 1)th step.

Vfl
Kn = Kn_ ,+ (10)
l/( Kf-- Kn- O+Vml/(K.- l+Gyz(.,-1))
316 G. R. Liu

2
Ex,, = Ex(,,_ l)Vml-i-ExfVfl+ 4(Vxyf-- l~xy(n-- 1)) VflVml (11)
V m l / K t + V f f f K n - l + l / G y z ( n - 1)

Vfl
G xyn = G xy(n - 1)+ (12)
1](Gxyf - Gxy(n- 1))+ V m l / ( 2 G x y ( n - 1))

( V x y f - - ])xy(n-- ,))(1/K._ 1 -- l/Kf)Vfl Vml

Vxyn = Vxy(n -- 1) V m 1+ V x y f V f l + (13)
V m , / K f + V f l [ K n_ ,+ 1]Gyz(n _ ,)

G yzn
( )<(7,
~ y z n <-~(+)
-- Vyzn (14)
where if ayzf > ayz( n _ 1) and Kf > K,, _,
Vfl
G~-~ ) = Gy~(,,_,)+ (15)
1 V m I (K,,_ , + 2 G y z ( n _ ,))
+
Gyzf - Gyz(n -- 1) 2Gyz(~_ , )(K . _ l+Gyz( n_ i))

(l+fll)Vf ' }
G w(+)
, , -- Gyz(n 1) l+ 2 2 3 (16)
p -- V n [ 1 +3fl 1Vm f f ( ~ V f l + 1)]

~I -- '~f12
,p= ~-l-]~l (17)
1 +7fl2 ~ -- 1

l K. _, Kf Gyzf
= ,f12-- ,~= (18)
K,,_ 1+2Gyz( n_ 1) Kf+2Gyzf Gyz(n- l)

and if Gyzf<Gy~(~_,) and K f < K ~ _ ,

Vfl
G(+)
yzn = Gyz( n_ l)+ (19)
1 V m, (K,, _ 1+2Gyz(n- 1))
+
Gyzf -- Gyz(n -- 1 ) 2Gyz( n_ ,)(K,,_ l +Gyz( n_ ,))

G (yzn
- ) - G--y z ( n ' 1) 1+
(l+fl,)Vf, } (20)
-- 2 2 3
P -- Vn [1+3fll Vml/(OW n -- ill)]
with

(+_)_ 4KG(v +) (+)_ K - m ' G ( D 4KV2y

Ev - , -. ( + ) ,Vyz - ----yz m'=l+ (21)
K+m Gvz K+m ' Gy(g)
z ' E~

It is seen that the formulae for Gyz, Ey and Vyz are given in the form of upper and lower bounds.
In the SBS method, however, the definite formulae must be used. Hence the following modification
for these formulae has to be made.
 An SBS method of rule-of-mixture 317

From eqns (15), (16), (19) and (20), the following two facts are found:

the first is

G(+) I
yznl vfl
(--)
= o = G y z n Ivf, = o
(22)

and the second is

dG~yz+~ v,, _ dG(-) v,,

yzn (23)
dVfl =o dVn =o

Eqns (22) and (23) indicate that G<~+) and G(yz) are very close when V f l is small. Hence Gyz can be
a (+) if Vn is small enough. Fortunately, in the SBS method the composite is
given by G(fi-) or -yz
composed many times, and at each step the fiber volume fraction Vn is very small. Hence Gyz can be
approximately given by
I tf~_(+)a_/Z.(_)] (24)
Gyzn = ~ V yzn--,,ayzn :

For the same reason, the definite formulae of Ey and Vyz can also be obtained:

ev-
4KG
zz
K--m'Gyz (25)
- K+mrGyz ' Vyz- K+mrGyz

Finally, with the use of the definite formulae of the elastic moduli, the formulae of the thermal
expansion coefficient can be obtained as follows:

O~xn = O~x(n-- I ) -- (O~x(n-- I ) -- O~xf)ExfVfl (26)

ExeVf1+Ex(,,_ ~)Vm

2(~y(,,_, ) - (~yf) V f i (27)

O~yn= (~y(n -- 1)'[- E y ( n - 1)..
(1 - - Vyz( n _ l)) Wfl +( l +Vyz(n - 1))+(1 - - Vyzf) V m l
Eyf

Particle-reinforced composite material

For particle-reinforced composite materials, the sphere model is used in the SBS method. The
formulae of the elastic moduli and the thermal expansion coefficient of the particle-reinforced
composite can be found in Ref. [7]. Using these formulae, the formulae for the nth step of
composition can be written as

Kn=Kn_l + (3Kn-l+4Gn-1)(Kpl--Kn-l)Vpl (28)

(3K._ l+4Gn - 1)+3(Kpl - - K n_ 1)V;1

G,, = Gn_ l - 5(3K,,_ l+4Gn_ 0(G,,_ 1- - G p ) G n - 1 V p l (29)

9 K n _ lGn_ I+8G 2_ l+6(Kn_ 1+2G,,_ 1)Vpl
318 G. R. Liu

O~n= ~n 1V'ml't- Kpl(3Kn-l+4Gn-1)0~pl+4(Kn- 1 -- Kpl)(Zn- 1Gn-I V'ml Vpl , (30)

(3Kp+4G,,_ 1) - 4(K,,_ 1--Kpl)G,,-1Vpl
where
Vm, = 1 - Vpl (31)

9KG E
E- - - , v = - - - - 1 (32)
3K+G 2G

It should be noted that for the 'growing area composition', the fiber volume fraction in the nth
step is not a constant, but a function of n given by the following equation:

gfl
Vfl(n) - l+(n+l)Vfl (33)

Hence Vfl in eqns (10)-(27) must be replaced by Vfl(n ). For the same reason, for particle-reinforced
composite Vp~ must be replaced by Vpa(n) given by

gpl
gpl(n) = l + ( n + l ) V p l (34)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 0-005, 0.001, 0.0005, and 0.0001, while Vf = 0"3
and 0.7. Results show that Ex and V~yare almost
In the practical computation, none of PN can be independent of N, and results obtained by the
obtained to be exactly equal to Pc. However, we SBS method are very close to those obtained by
can obtain PN--1 and PN which satisfy the linear rule-of-mixture. However, Ey, Vyz and
PN-I <Pc<PN. Hence the Pc can be obtained G~ depend on N as shown in Fig. 3. From this
by linear interpolation of PN ~ and PN. figure it can be also seen that G~y is most
greatly dependent on N, and that all results
Convergence of results

To compose the composite with a volume E~

E,. 6 L)yz
fraction of Vr (or Vp), a proper volume fraction r Gx~ (Vf=0.7)
at one step, Vn (or Vpl), must be chosen. When
- 0.5
Vfl (or Vpl) is determined, the external radius b
of the composite can be obtained from eqn (1) L)yz(Vf=0.7)
(or eqn (9)) for a given a. The number of com- 4 0.4
position steps N can then be obtained from eqn
Ey (Vf=0.7)
(7). It is confirmed that results of the properties - 0.3
converge as N increases (as Vn or Vpl
decreases). As an example, a graphite-epoxy 2 - 0.2
composite is computed. The properties of the r

G ~ (vf=o.3)
matrix and fiber are given as follows:
1 0.1
E xf E xf G xyf ~ 0 I I I , I ~ I , D0
-80, k- -10, ---20,[
Em Eyf Gm ( 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
) N
])xyf = 0.25, ~)yz = 0.30, vm = 0-34 Fig. 3. Convergence of the elastic moduli of a unidirec-
tional graphite-epoxy composite obtained by the SBS
Vfa is taken as 1-0, 0-2, 0.15, 0-1, 0-05, 0-01, method.
 An SBS method of rule-of-mixture 319

GLASSE/ POXY
converge very quickly to constants. When Vf is
smaller (Vf = 0.3), G~ converges more quickly. 25
It can be found from Fig. 3 that the proper- Ey
ties of the composite are approximately inde-
pendent of N (hence are independent of
20
Vfl = a2/b2), when N is large enough. That is,
for a given a, the properties of the composite 15
are approximately independent of b, when b/a is
greater than a critical value, say, q. In the other
words, when b > qa, the macroscopic mechan-
ical properties converge and, therefore, are
valid for use. Hence, the critical value q actually
gives the boundary between the macroscopic
10

5 \rl,= 1.0
=0.5
and microscopic mechanical properties. The
macroscopic mechanical properties are only
valid for computing average effects over an area 0 , I , I , I' , I ,

of b > qa. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

For Vf = 0.7 we obtained G~y = 6"023Gm by
using Vn =0"0001 ( N = 12057). If Gxy=
Vf
6"023Gm is considered as an accurate result, and Fig. 4. Theoretical predictions and experimental data for
transverse modulus (solid line: SBS method; dot line and
a tolerance of error of 1% is given, an approxi- dot-dash line: Tsai's prediction with q-factor [1]).
mate result of G~ can be obtained by using
Vn = 0.0208, which is equivalent to N = 50.
Under this condition, we obtain q ~ 6-5. For the and lower bound solutions. Comparing the
graphite fiber we have a ~ 7 pm, hence the present method with Tsai's prediction in the
radius of the composite material b must be case of C = 0.2, a difference between results is
greater than 46 pm in order to use the macro- observed when the Vf is smaller than 0"7, and
scopic elastic moduli (within 1% error) for the good agreement is observed when Vf is greater
global analysis. than 0.7; also, the results obtained by the SBS
method agree better with the experimental
Results for glass-epoxy and boron-epoxy results.
The transverse Young's modulus and shear
modulus of glass- and boron-fiber-reinforced
composite materials are calculated by choosing
Vn = 0"01. The results are compared with those
obtained by existing methods and experimental
results.
Gxy
10
8
GLASSE/ Pi OX[
Fig. 4 shows the transverse Young's modulus
of glass-epoxy materials obtained by the SBS 6
method, Tsai's prediction with q-factors, [1] and
with the experimental results. [15] Results for
shear modulus are shown in Fig. 5, and the
experimental results are taken from Ref. [16].
4 ~" 0.5
From these figures, it can be seen that results
obtained by the SBS method are close to Tsai's 2
prediction with q = 0.5, and agree well with
experimental results.
0 , I , I , I , I ,
Figure 6 shows the shear modulus of glass-
epoxy materials obtained by the SBS method, 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Hashin bounds, [11] Tsai's prediction with Vf
C-factor, [2] and with the experimental results. Fig. 5. Theoretical predictions and experimental data for
[6,15,17-21] From this figure it can be found shear modulus (Gf = 20Gm; solid line: SBS method; dot
that the present results are within the upper line and dot-dash line: Tsai's prediction with q-factor [1]).
320 G. R. Liu

,Gxy14
Gm
/ Gm 0.0~
12 GLASS/EPOXY Gxyl4i
12 GLASS/EPOXY 0;1 i
I

I0
/
/ ,oI
8 8 0.3
,L ,.o,i
6 ji '~/
4 ¢ / ':"

2
0 I.--.~ 01 , ! , I I I , I ,
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Vf Vf
Fig. 6. Theoretical predictions and experimental data for Fig. 8. Theoretical predictions and experimental data for
shear modulus (Gf = 20Gm; solid line: SBS method; dot shear modulus (Gf = 20Gm; solid line: SBS method; dot
line: Tsai's prediction with C-factor; [2] dot-dash line line: FEM [14] based on a random model' with a factor
Hashin bounds [11]). /~).

70
-~z14 i

!I
Gxy
Gm 0.0
12 GLASS/EPOXY I 60 BORON/EPOXY
0.1
50
0.2
8 o 40
0.3
°
30 B=0.4

4 :
20 i
I0 j
. ....-~

0 , I , I , I , I , O ~ , I ,
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.G 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Vf v~
Fig. 7. Theoretical predictions and experimental data for Fig. 9. Theoretical predictions and experimental data for
shear modulus (Ge = 20Gin; solid line: SBS method; dot shear modulus (Gf = 120Gm; solid line: SBS method; dot
line: FEM based on square array; [8] dot-dash line: FEM line: FEM [14] based on a i'andom model' with a factor
based on hexagonal array [14]). /~).
 An SBS method of rule-of-mixture 321

From this figure it can be seen that results

10 0.5 obtained by the SBS method are close to those
E obtained by the three-phase method, and agree
Em 8 ...... •.,.........~ - 0.4 with experimental results better than the three-
phase method. The critical value q obtained is
about 6.1, under the condition that the macro-
6 )u - 0.3 scopic elastic moduli can be used within 1%
error.

4 jx" im
l -0.2
CONCLUSION
2 - o.1 A new SBS method of rule-of-mixture, is pre-
sented in this paper. Results obtained by the
0 , I , I , I , I , 0.0 SBS method agree better with experimental
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 results than existing methods, especially for the
shear modulus of unidirectional fiber-reinforced
Vf composite materials. Moreover, the SBS
Fig. 10. Theoretical predictions and experimental data for
elastic modulus of a particle-reinforced composite (solid method is very easy to use. This method may
line: SBS method; dot line: three-phase model [7]). also be extended to predict other mechanical
and physical properties of fiber- and particle-
reinforced composite materials, such as the
The comparison of the shear modulus electrical properties, optical properties and so
obtained by the present method and the finite on.
element method is shown in Figs 7 and 8. In the
finite element method the fibers in the compo-
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