Finite Element Methods LAB Manual
Finite Element Methods LAB Manual
ANSYS :
AN APPLICATION IN
FINITE ELEMENT METHODS |
Prepared by
Prof.(Dr.) D G MAHTO
FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
This laboratory manual is written to accompany the textbook of the subject and gain practical
knowledge of the theoretical contents. The laboratory exercises are tied closely to the text, and cover
almost significant topics / theories of the chapters in the textbook.
Most of the laboratory exercises include the pertinent steps like the following: Aim Or Objective,
Apparatus / Equipment Required, Principle, Method, Procedure, Data Collections & Calculations,
Precautions and Viva Questions.
Instructors using these laboratory exercises should note the following:
1. It is recognized that the time and equipment available for teaching laboratory sessions vary
considerably. Therefore, instructors may need to modify the laboratory procedures (e.g.,
number of samples analyzed; replicates) to fit their needs and situation.
2. Some experiments include numerous parts/methods, and it is not assumed that an instructor
uses all parts of the experiment as written. It may be logical to have students work in pairs to
make things go faster. Also, it may be logical to have some students do one part of the
experiment/one type of sample, and other students to another part of the experiment/type of
sample.
3. It is recommended in the text of the experiments that a laboratory instructor may prepare many
parts of the experiments because of the time limitations for students in a laboratory session.
4. The lists of supplies and equipment for experiments do not necessarily include those needed
by the laboratory instructor in conducting for the laboratory session.
5. The data and calculations section of the laboratory exercises provides details on recording data
and doing calculations. In requesting laboratory reports from students, instructors will need to
specify if they require just sample calculations or all calculations.
6. The instructors are cautioned that this manual is prepared according to available version of
Ansys software. The changes in program may be possible if the version of the software used is
different.
Finally, Author is grateful to the expert faculty members who provided complete laboratory experiments
or the materials to develop the experiments. Likewise, former graduating students are thanked again
for their meticulously working out and testing the experimental procedures written in this edition.
Author
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2. General Steps
3. Bars of Constant Cross-section Area
4. Bars of Tapered Cross section Area
5. Stepped Bar
6. Trusses
7. Simply Supported Beam
8. Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly
varying load
9. Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly
distributed load
10. Beam with moment and overhung
11. Cantilever Beam
12. Beam with angular loads, one end hinged and
at other end roller support
13. Stress analysis of a rectangular plate with a
circular hole
14. Corner angle bracket
15. Thermal analysis
Modal Analysis of Cantilever beam for
16.
natural frequency determination
17. Fixed- fixed beam subjected to forcing
function
18. Bar subjected to forcing function
19. Additional problems
20. Viva questions
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Introduction to ANSYS
ANSYS is a general purpose finite element modeling and analysis package for numerically solving a wide
range of mechanical problems. These problems include: Static/dynamic structural analysis (linear and non
– linear), heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and electro-magnetic problems.
ANSYS is a complete FEA software package used by engineers worldwide in virtually all fields
of engineering:
o Structural
o Thermal
o Fluid (CFD, Acoustics, and other fluid analysis)
o Low – and High – frequency electromagnetics
A partial list of industries in which ANSYS is used:
o Aerospace – electronics & Appliances
o Automotive – Heavy equipment & Machinery
o Biomedical – MEMS – Micro electromechanical systems
o Bridges & Buildings
ANSYS Multiphysics is the flagship ANSYS product which includes all capabilities in all
engineering disciplines.
There are three main component products derived from ANSYS Multiphysics
o ANSYS Mechanical – Structural & Thermal capabilities
o ANSYS Emag – Electromagnetics
o ANSYS FLOTRAN – CFD capabilities
Other product lines:
o ANSYS LS-DYNA – for highly nonlinear structural problems
o ANSYS Professional – linear structural and thermal analysis, a subset of ANSYS
Mechanical capabilities in the workbench environment
Structural Analysis: is used to determine deformations, strains, stresses, and reaction forces.
Static Analysis:
o Used for static loading conditions.
oNonlinear behavior such as large deformations, large strain, contact, plasticity, hyper
elasticity, and creep can be simulated.
Dynamic Analysis:
o Includes mass and damping effects.
o Modal analysis calculated natural frequencies and mode shapes.
o Harmonic analysis determines a structure’s response to sinusoidal
loads of known amplitude and frequency.
o Transient dynamic analysis determines a structure’s response to time-varying loads and
can include nonlinear behavior.
Other structural capabilities
o Spectrum analysis
o Random vibrations
o Eigen value buckling
o Sub-structuring, sub-modeling
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
ANSYS
Start > programs > ANSYS 14.0 > Mechanical APDL (ANSYS) 14.0 ANSYS Menu:
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1. Utility Menu
2. Main Menu
3. Input Window
4. Tool Bar
5. Graphics Window
6. Output Window
Utility Menu:
a) File:
a) Select: This is very important option for viewing the results or applying the boundary conditions. The
parts of the model can be selected and can manipulate for data. This option contains
Entities: Entities to be selected like keypoints, lines, nodes, elements, areas, volumes, etc.
Components: Naming and grouping the selected components.
Everything: Selecting only that part
Everything below: Selecting the entities below that.
b) List: This option can be used to listing the elements, nodes, volumes, forces, displacements etc.
c) Plot: This option is used to plot the areas, volumes, nodes, elements etc.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
Pan Zoom Rotate: It opens another menu through which zooming and rotation of the model
possible.
View Setting: By default Z plane is perpendicular to the viewer. By this view option, view
settings can be changed.
Numbering: This is useful for setting on/off the entity numbering.
Symbols: To view the applied translations, forces, pressures, etc. this option should be used to
set them on.
Style: Sectioning, vector arrow sizing and real structural appearances is possible through this.
Window controls: Window positioning
Animate: Animation can be done for the output data using this.
Device Options: Wireframe models can be observed through this.
Hard Copy: Data can be sent either to printer or any external file.
Capture Image: To capture the graphics window output to a *.bmp image.
Multiplot Window Layout: To view the results in more than one window.
f) Work Plane: By default Z plane is perpendicular for data input. For any changes in the global X, Y
& Z planes, the work plane should be rotated to create the model or view the results.
g) Parameters: These are the scalar parameters represented with values.
h) Macros: These are grouping of ANSYS commands to fulfill particular work. These can be taken
equivalent to C, C++ & Java functions.
i) Menu Controls: This can be used to set on/off the menus.
Pre – Processor: This sub option can be used to build and mesh the model through proper element
selection and boundary conditions.
Solution: This option can be used solve the matrix equation through proper solver.
Post Processor: This option is used to interpret the results.
DesignXplorer: This option is used to optimize the structure.
Time History processor: For dynamic problems, results can be viewed through this option.
Run Stats: This option can be used to find the status of the model, time it takes for execution,
computer processor capabilities etc.
Input Window: This can be used to input commands or named selection.
Tool Bar: This contains options like saving the file, resuming the file database, quitting the ANSYS
session and graphics type.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
Graphics Window: This is where the model creation and plotting of results carried out.
Output Window: This shows the status of the work being carried out.
WORKPLANE:
Although the cursor appears as a point on the screen, it actually represents a line through space,
normal to the screen. In order to define an imaginary plane that, when interested by the normal line of
the cursor, will yield a unique point in space. This imaginary plane is called a working plane.
Working plane is an infinite plane with an origin, a 2D coordinate system, a snap increment and a
display grid. You can define only one working plane at a time. (Creating a new working plane
eliminates the existing working plane). The working plane is separate from the coordinate systems; for
example; the working plane can have a different plane of origin and rotation than the active coordinate
system. Work plane can be positioned wherever required and model can be created.
COORDINATE PLANE: The ANSYS program has several types of coordinate systems, each used
for a different reason:
Global and local coordinates systems are used to locate geometry items (Nodes, Keypoints,
etc.) in space.
The display coordinate system determines the system in which geometry items are listed or
displayed.
The nodal coordinate system defines the degree of freedom directions at each node and the
orientation of nodal results data.
The element coordinate system determines the orientation of material properties and element
results data.
The results coordinate system is used to transform nodal or element results data to a particular
coordinate system for listings, displays, or general post processing operations (POST1).
SCALAR PARAMETERS: These are useful to change the model dimensions at any time. These are
useful when macros or batch programs are coded. For example in b = 10, b is considered as scalar
parameter. For optimization the model should be represented in scalar parameters. Here is another way
to set parameters is *b = 10 and can be changed any time.
MACROS: These are grouping of commands for particular purpose. These are equivalent to functions
in C and sub – routines in FORTRAN. They are very powerful and are based on APDL (ANSYS
Parametric Design Language). To get expertise with ANSYS, one should be thorough with usage of
macros.
MODELING: This is the important step of creating the physical object in the system. They are two
types of modeling in ANSYS.
o Direct Modeling
o Solid Modeling
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
DIRECT MODELING: In this approach the physical structure is represented by nodes and
elements directly. The problem is solved once after the boundary conditions are applied. This
approach is simple and straightforward. Takes very little time computation. But this can be applied
only for simple problems. When problem becomes complex, this method becomes tedious to
apply.
SOLID MODELING: Models are directly created either using ANSYS preprocessor or imported
from popular CAD softwares like Mechanical desktop, ProE, CATIA, SOLID WORKS, etc. Once
the structural model created, by using mesh tool, the model can be meshed and problem can be
solved by applying the boundary conditions. In ANSYS solid modeling is carried out using two
methods:
o Bottom up Approach: To create model, Entities are required. Keypoints, lines, Areas,
Volumes are the entities in ANSYS. If model is constructed through keypoints to lines,
from lines to areas, and from areas to volumes the approach of modeling is
called bottom up approach. This approach is useful when models are complex.
o Top Down Approach: A 3D model can be created directly using the volumes. Once
volumes are created, all the entities below the volumes (areas, lines, Keypoints) are
automatically created. This approach is easy but can be applied to simple problems.
ELEMENTS: Elements are FE representation of physical structures or discretized parts of the
continuum. These elements are like functions designed for a specific purpose. For example bar
element can take only axial compressive or tensile loads. And a truss element can take only horizontal
and vertical loads in the global directions. So, a truss element cannot take any transverse loading
across the element or a moment. So, proper element should be selected based on the problem and
loading. Usually the number of elements of its library measures capacity of a software. ANSYS
contains more than 200 elements designed for specific purposes.
GRAPHICS DISPLAY: There are two methods available for graphic display.
Full mode display: This option can be used with all elements.
Power Graphics: Power graphics method is the default when ANSYS GUI is on. This method
is valid for all the element types except for circuit elements. Power graphics method offers
significantly faster performance than the full mode method.
ELEMENT TABLE: The primary data results are directly available for all elements in post
processor. The secondary data or derived data (Stresses, strains, Von misses stress, principal stress,
etc.) is available only for solid elements. The problems where solid model is created and meshed
directly through nodal solution results in the post processor, but not available to line elements like
(beam, link, etc.). To get the secondary data for line elements, we need to define the element table for
the particular element to get the required data. For example to get axial stress for the link element, you
must go to ANSYS help, type link1 and see the Link1 definitions and sequence no. for link1. Through
the post processor you have to create element table > define > by sequence no. – LS1 and Plot >
element table > LS1 gives the axial stress for the problem.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
In this course you will be using geometry entities such as volumes, areas, lines and Keypoints as well
as FEA entities such as nodes and elements. This topic introduces the following techniques used to
display and manipulated those entities within GUI
o Plotting
o Picking
o Select Logic
o Components and assemblies
PLOTTING:
It is often advantages to plot only certain entities in the model. Within the Utility Menu > Plot, you
will see that geometric, finite element and other entities can be plotted.
With Multi-plots, a combination of entities can be plotted.
Among these, changing the plot orientation (/view) and zooming are the most
commonly used function.
Use Dynamic mode – a way to orientation dynamically using the control key and
mouse buttons.
About screen X
About screen Y
Note, the shift Right button on a two – button mouse is equivalent to the middle mouse button on a
three – button mouse.
Use the model control toolbar icons to change view. The model control toolbar also includes a
dynamic rotate option.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
PICKING:
Left mouse button pick (or unpicks) the entity or location closet to the mouse pointer. Pressing
and dragging allows you to ―preview‖ the item being picked (or Unpicked).
Middle mouse button does apply. Saves the time required to move the mouse over to the
picker and press apply button. Use shift – right button on a two – button mouse.
Right mouse button toggles between pick and unpick mode.
Note, the shift – Right button on a two – button mouse is equivalent to the middle mouse
button on a three – button mouse.
Hotspot locations for picking:
Areas and volumes have one hotspot near the centroid of the solid model entity.
Lines have three hotspots – one in the middle and one near each end.
Why this is important: when you are required to ―pick‖ an entity, you must pick on the
hotspot.
Note:
o Show locational picking by creating a few keypoints. Also show the use of middle and
right mouse buttons.
o Show retrieval picking by creating a few lines.
o Show ―loop‖ by creating an All area
o Show ― pick all‖ by deleting area only
o Do KPLOT, LPLOT, etc. with and without numbering. Type in a few of these
commands.
o Show the use of Pan – zoom – Rotate
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Selecting Subsets
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Typical operations are applying loads, listing results for the subset, or simply plotting the
selected entities.
o The advantages of having a subset selected are that you can use the [Pick all] button
when the picker prompts you pick desired entities. Or you can use the ALL label when
using commands.
o Note that most operations in ANSYS, including the SOLVE command, act on the
currently selected subset.
Another ―operation‖ is to assign a name to the selected subset by creating a component.
Reactivating the full set
After all desired operations are done on the selected subset, you should reactivate the full set of
entities.
o If all nodes and all elements are not active for solution, the solver will issue a warning to
that effect.
The easiest way to reactivate the full set to select ―everything‖:
o Utility Menu > Select > Everything – or issue the command ALLSEL
You can also use the [Sele All] button in the select entities dialog box to reactive each entity set
separately. [Or issue KSEL, ALL; LSEL, ALL; etc.]
COMPONENTS
Components are user – named subsets of entities. The name can then be used in dialog boxes
or commands in place of entity numbers or the label ALL.
A group of nodes, or elements, or Keypoints, or lines, or areas, or volumes can be defined as a
component. Only one entity type is associated with a component.
Component can be selected or unselected. When you select a component, you are actually
selecting all of the entities in that component.
Component Manager is used to create, Display, List and Select components and Assemblies.
o Utility Menu > Select > Component Manager….
Creating a component
o Utility Menu > Select > Component Manager – Click on the
Create Component Icon
All of the currently selected entities will be included in the component, or you can select [pick]
the desired entities at this step.
Enter a name
o Up to 32 characters – letters, numbers, and _ [underscore] – are
allowed.
o Beginning a component with _ [underscore] will make it a ―hidden component‖ and it
cannot be picked from the list.
This is not recommended.
o Suggestion: Use the first letter of the name to indicate the entity type. For example, use
N_HOLES for a node component.
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Creating Assembly
o Highlight the components for the assembly
o Click on the create assembly Icon and enter a name
o Checking the box next to a component under the assembly number will also put a
component in an assembly.
Preliminary Decisions
o Which analysis type?
o What to model?
o Which element type?
Preprocessing
o Define Material
o Create or import the model geometry
o Mesh the geometry
Solution
o Apply loads
o Solve
Postprocessing
o Review results
o Check the validity of the solution
Which analysis type?
Structural : Motion of solid bodies, pressure on solid bodies, or contact of solid bodies.
Electromagnetic : Devices subjected to electric currents (AC or DC), Electromagnetic waves and
voltage or charge excitation.
Fluid : Motion of gases/fluids, or contained gases/fluids
Coupled – field : Combination of any.
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Once you have defined material properties, the next step in an analysis is generating a finite
element model-nodes and elements-that adequately describes the model geometry.
There are two methods to create the finite element model: solid modeling and direct
generation.
With solid modeling, you describe the geometric shape of your model, and then instruct the
ANSYS program to automatically mesh the geometry with nodes and elements. You can
control the size and shape of the elements that the program creates. With direct generation,
you "manually" define the location of each node and the connectivity of each element.
Several convenience operations, such as copying patterns of existing nodes and elements,
symmetry reflection, etc. are available.
Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
In this step, you use the SOLUTION processor to define the analysis type and analysis
options, apply loads, specify load step options, and initiate the finite element solution. You
also can apply loads using the PREP7 preprocessor.
Applying Loads
The word loads as used in this manual includes boundary conditions (constraints, supports,
or boundary field specifications) as well as other externally and internally applied loads.
Loads in the ANSYS program are divided into six categories:
DOF Constraints
Forces
Surface Loads
Body Loads
Inertia Loads
Coupled-field Loads
You can apply most of these loads either on the solid model (key points, lines, and areas) or
the finite element model (nodes and elements).
Two important load-related terms you need to know are load step and sub step. A load step
is simply a configuration of loads for which you obtain a solution. In a structural analysis,
for example, you may apply wind loads in one load step and gravity in a second load step.
Load steps are also useful in dividing a transient load history curve into several segments.
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RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
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Displacement: ______________________
Stress: ____________________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deformation
Stress
Reaction
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Solution: The tapered bar is modified into 2 elements as shown below with modified area
of cross section.
2
(A1 + A2)/2= (1000+500)/2=750 mm
2
A1 = (1000+750)/2= 875 mm
2
A2= (500+750)/2=625 mm
10. Meshing-mesh tool-mesh-pick the lines-ok (the color changes to light blue)
11. Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Displacement – on key points- pick key
point 1 – apply –DOFs to be constrained – ALL DOF, displacement value=0 – ok.
12. Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Force/Moment – on key points- pick last
key point – apply – direction of For/Mom – FX – Force/Moment value – 1000 (+ve
value) – ok.
13. Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.
14. Element table – Define table – Add –‘Results data item’ – By Sequence num – LS –
LS1 – ok.
15. Plot results – contour plot –Element table – item to be plotted LS,1, avg common
nodes- yes average- ok.
16. List Results – reaction solution – items to be listed – All items – ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
17. Plot results- nodal solution-ok-DOF solution- x component of displacement-ok.
18. Animation: PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed shape – def+undeformed-ok.
RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
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Displacement: ______________________
Stress: ____________________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deformation
Stress
Reaction
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RESULT: 24
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Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Displacement: ______________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deformation
Stress
Reaction
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2. TRUSSES
Problem 2.1: Consider the four bar truss shown in figure. For the given data, find
2
Stress in each element, Reaction forces, Nodal displacement. E = 210 GPa, A = 0.1 m .
11
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RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Displacement: ______________________
Stress: ____________________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deformation
Stress
Reaction
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
Problem 2.2: Consider the two bar truss shown in figure. For the given data, find
2
Stress in each element, Reaction forces, Nodal displacement. E = 210 GPa, A = 0.1 m .
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RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Displacement: ______________________
Stress: ____________________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deformation
Stress
Reaction
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Problem 2.3: Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss
system shown below(E = 200GPa, A = 3250mm2).
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deformation
Stress
Reaction
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3. BEAMS
Problem 3.1: Simply Supported Beam
Compute the Shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown and find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 100 mm * 100mm, Young’s
modulus of210 MPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.
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13. Plot results – contour plot – Line Element Results – Elem table item at node I –
SMIS6 – Elem table item at node J – SMIS19 – ok (Shear force diagram will be
displayed).
14. Plot results – contour plot – Line Element Results – Elem table item at node I –
SMIS3 – Elem table item at node J – SMIS16 – ok (bending moment diagram will
be displayed).
15. Reaction forces: List Results – reaction solution – items to be listed – All items – ok
(reaction forces will be displayed with the node numbers).
NOTE: For Shear Force Diagram use the combination SMISC 6 & SMISC 19, for
Bending Moment Diagram use the combination SMISC 3 & SMISC 16.
16. Animation: PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed results – DOF solution – USUM – ok.
RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Displacement: ______________________
Stress:_____________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deflection
Shear force
Bending moment
Stress
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15. Plot results – contour plot – Line Element Results – Elem table item at node I –
SMIS3 – Elem table item at node J – SMIS16 – ok (bending moment diagram will
be displayed).
16. Reaction forces: List Results – reaction solution – items to be listed – All items – ok
(reaction forces will be displayed with the node numbers).
17. Animation: PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed results – DOF solution – deformed +
undeformed – ok.
RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Deflection:______________________
Bending moment:___________________
Stress:_____________________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deflection
Shear force
Bending moment
Stress
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RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Deflection:______________________
Stress:_____________________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deflection
Shear force
Bending moment
Stress
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15. Reaction forces: List Results – reaction solution – items to be listed – All items – ok
(reaction forces will be displayed with the node numbers).
16. Animation: PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed results – DOF solution – deformed +
undeformed – ok.
RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Deflection: ______________________
Bending moment:____________________
Stress: ____________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deflection
SFD
BMD
Stress
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RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Deflection: ______________________
Stress: _____________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deflection
SFD
BMD
Stress
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RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Deflection:______________________
Stress:_____________________________
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deflection
Shear force
Bending moment
Stress
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RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
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Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Deformation
Stress
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Problem 4.2: The corner angle bracket is shown below. The upper left hand pin-hole is
constrained around its entire circumference and a tapered pressure load is applied to
the bottom of lower right hand pin-hole. Compute Maximum displacement, Von-Mises
stress.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
11. Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Displacement – on Lines – select the
inner lines of the upper circle – apply – DOFs to be constrained – ALL DOF – ok.
12. Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Pressure – on Lines – Pick line defining
bottom left part of the circle – apply – load PRES value – 50 – optional PRES value
– 500 – ok. Structural – Pressure – on Lines – Pick line defining bottom right part of
the circle – apply – load PRES value – 500 – optional PRES value – 50 – ok.
13. Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.
14. Plot Results – Deformed Shape – def+undeformed – ok.
15. Plot results – contour plot – Element solu – Stress – Von Mises Stress – ok (the
stress distribution diagram will be displayed).
16. PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed shape – def+undeformed-ok.
RESULT:
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THERMAL ANALYSIS
Problem 5.1: Solve the 2-D heat conduction problem for the temperature distribution
within the rectangular plate. Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=401 W/(m-K).
RESULT:
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o
Problem 5.2: A furnace wall is made up of silica brick (K=1.5W/m C) and outside
o
magnesia brick (K= 4.9 W/m C) each 10cm thick. The inner and outer surfaces are
o o
exposed to fluids at temperatures of 820 C and 110 C respectively. The contact
2o
resistance is 0.001m C/W. The heat transfer coefficient for inner and outer surfaces is
2
equal to 35 W/m K. Find the heat flow through the wall per unit area per unit time
2
and temperature distribution across the wall. Area= 1m .
o o o 2
Given: K1=1.5W/m C, K2= 1 W/m C, K3= 4.9 W/m C, h1=h4=35 W/m K, T1=820°C,
0
T6=110 C, L1=L2= 10 cm & L= 1mm.
1. Preferences-thermal-h method-ok
2. Preprocessor-Element type-add/edit/delete-add-link, 3d conduction 33,element type
reference N0.=1-apply-link, convection 34 element type reference no.2=2-ok-close
3. Real constant- add/edit/delete-add-real constant set no=1-C/S area =1-ok-close.
4. Real constant- add/edit/delete-add-real constant set no=2-C/S area =1-ok-close.
5. Material properties-material model-thermal conductivity-isotropic-KXX=1.5-
ok. From the define material model behavior menu bar-material new model
Enter define material id=2-ok Thermal-
conductivity-isotropic-Kxx=1-ok
Define material id=3-ok Thermal-
conductivity-isotropic-Kxx=4.9-ok
Define material id=4-ok-convection or film coefficient HF= 35,
close Modeling-create-nodes-in active CS
Enter node no=1,x=0,y=0,z=0-apply
Enter node no=2, X=0.001, Y=0, Z=0-apply
Enter node no=3, X=0.101, Y=0, Z=0-apply
Enter node no=4, X=0.102, Y=0, Z=0-apply
Enter node no=5, X=0.202, Y=0, Z=0-apply
Enter node no=6, X=0.203, Y=0, Z=0-ok.
Modeling-create-element-element attributes
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RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Ansys results:
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Ansys Theoretical
Nodal temperature
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Heat flux
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
Problem 5.3: The exterior wall of a building is constructed of four materials, 12mm
thick gypsum board, 75mm thick fibre glass insulation, 20mm thick plywood and
o o
20mm thick hardboard. The inside and outside air temperatures are 20 C and -10 C
respectively. The convective heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces
2o 2o
of the wall are 6W/m C and 10 W/m C respectively. Determine the heat flux and
o
the temperature distribution. Take K for gypsum=0.176W/m C, K for fibre
o o o
glass=0.036W/m C, K for plywood=0.115 W/m C and K for hardboard=0.215 W/m C.
2
Area= 1m .
1. Preferences-thermal-h method-ok
2. Element type-add/edit/delete-add-link, 3d conduction 33,element type reference
N0.=1-apply-link, convection 34 element type reference no.2=2-ok-close
3. Real constant- add/edit/delete-add-real constant set no=1-C/S area =1-ok-close.
4. Real constant- add/edit/delete-add-real constant set no=2-C/S area =1-ok-close.
5. Material properties-material model-convection film coefficient-enter HF=6-
ok From the define material model behavior menu bar-material new model
Enter define material id=2-ok Thermal-
conductivity-isotropic-Kxx=0.176-ok
Define material id=3-ok Thermal-
conductivity-isotropic-Kxx=0.036-ok
Define material id=4-ok Thermal-
conductivity-isotropic-Kxx=0.115-ok
Define material id=5-ok Thermal-
conductivity-isotropic-Kxx=0.215-ok
Define material id=6-convection or film coefficient HF= 10, close
Modeling-create-nodes-in active CS
Enter node no=1,x=0,y=0,z=0-apply
Enter node no=2, X=0.001, Y=0, Z=0-apply
Enter node no=3, X=0.013, Y=0, Z=0-apply
Enter node no=4, X=0.088, Y=0, Z=0-apply
Enter node no=5, X=0.108, Y=0, Z=0-apply
Enter node no=6, X=0.128, Y=0, Z=0-apply
Enter node no=7, X=0.129, Y=0, Z=0-ok
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
Modeling-create-element-element attributes
Enter element type no=2 LINK 34 (convection)
Material no=1 (convection or film coefficient)
Real constant set no=2 (convection)-ok
Modeling-create-element-auto numbered-through node-pick the nodes 1 & 2-ok
Modeling-create-element-element attributes
Enter element type no=1 LINK 33 (Conduction)
Material no=2 (conduction)
Real constant set no=1 (conduction)-ok
Modeling-create-element-auto numbered-through node-pick the nodes 2 & 3-ok
Modeling-create-element-element attributes
Enter element type no=1 LINK 33(Conduction)
Material no=3 (conduction)
Real constant set no=1 (conduction)-ok
Modeling-create-element-auto numbered-through node-pick the nodes 3 & 4-ok
Modeling-create-element-element attributes
Enter element type no=1 LINK 33 (Conduction)
Material no=4 (conduction)
Real constant set no=1 (conduction)-ok
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
Problem 5.4: A plane wall ‘X’ (K=75W/mK) is 60 mm thick and has volumetric heat
6 3
generation of 1.5×10 W/m . It is insulated on one side while the other side is in contact
with the surface of another wall ‘Y’ (K=150W/mK) which is 30mm thick and has no
0
heat generation. The free surface of wall ‘Y’ is exposed to a cooling fluid at 20 C with
2
a convection coefficient of 950 W/m K. Find steady state temperatures at salient
2
points across the composite wall. Area= 1m .
1. Preferences-Thermal-h method-ok
2. Element type-add/edit/delete- add-solid, quad 4node 55-enter reference
number=1-select options-element behaviour,K3= plane thickness-ok
3. Real constants- add/edit/delete-add- enter real constant set no. 1, thickness=2-ok-close
4. Material properties-Material models-material number 1-thermal-
conductivity-isotropic-KXX=75-ok.
5. From the menu bar select material-new model-enter material no. ID 2=2-select
6. Material model no.2- thermal-conductivity-isotropic-KXX=150-ok.
7. Modeling-create-areas-rectangles-by dimensions-X1=0, X2=0.06,
Y1=0,Y2=0.03-apply- X1=0.06, X2=0.09, Y1=0,Y2=0.03-OK Modeling-
operate-Boolean-glue-areas-pick the material-ok
8. Meshing-size controls-manual size-picked lines-pick the first vertical line, middle
line and the last vertical line-ok-number of element divisions-2-apply
Meshing-size controls-manual size-picked lines-pick the first rectangle top
and bottom lines-number of element divisions=60-apply
Meshing-size controls-manual size-picked lines-pick the top and bottom lines
of second rectangle-number of element divisions=30-ok.
Meshing-mesh areas- free-pick all-ok.
9. Solution-Analysis type-new analysis-steady state-ok
define loads-apply-thermal-heat generated on areas-pick the first rectangle-ok
define loads-apply-thermal-heat generated on areas-apply Hgen on areas as
constant value- load Hgen value=1.5e6
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
14. From the menu bar-plot ctrls-style-size and shape-display of the element-click on
real constant multiplier=0.2, don’t change other values-ok.
15. Plot results-contour plot-nodal solution-temperature-deformed shape only-ok
RESULT:
Analytical approach:
Calculation:
Ansys results:
Ansys Theoretical
Nodal temperature
T1
T2
T
3
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
Problem 6.1: Modal Analysis of Cantilever beam for natural frequency determination.
Modulus of elasticity = 200GPa, Density = 7800 Kg/m3.
RESULT:
Analytical solution:
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
Ansys results:
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RESULT:
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
1. Calculate the stresses and displacement for the plate shown below. Let the load be P =
100N applied at equal distance from both ends and E = 3e7 N/mm2.
2. Current passes through a stainless steel wire of 2.5 mm diameter (k=200 W/mK)
causing volumetric heat generation of 26.14X108 W/m3 .the wire is submerged in a
fluid maintained at 500 C and convective heat transfer coefficient at the wire surface is
4000W/m2 K . Find the steady state temperature at the centre and at the surface of the
wire.
3. Calculate the maximum value of Von-misses stresses in the stepped beam with a
rounded plate as shown in the figure. Where Young’s modulus, E=210Gpa, Poisson’s
ratio is 0.3 and the beam thickness is 10mm, the element size is 2mm
4. Loads will not be applied to the beam shown below in order to observe the deflection
caused by the weight of the beam itself. The beam is to be made of steel with a
Young’s modulus of elasticity of 200 Gpa.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
5. A beam has a force of 1000N applied as shown below. The purpose of this
optimization problem is to minimize the weight of the beam without exceeding the
allowable stress. It is necessary to find the cross sectional dimensions of the beam in
order to minimize the weight of the beam. However, the width and height of the beam
cannot be smaller than 10mm. The maximum stress anywhere in the beam cannot
exceed 200 MPa. The beam is to be made of steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200
GPa
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Theories of failure.
a. Maximum Principal Stress Theory- A material in complex state of stress fails, when the
maximum principal stress in it reaches the value of stress at elastic limit in simple
tension.
b. Maximum Shear Stress Theory- A material in complex state of stress fails when the
maximum shearing stress in it reaches the value of shearing stress at elastic limit in
uniaxial tension test.
d. Maximum Strain Energy Theory- A material in complex state of stress fails when the
maximum strain energy per unit volume at a point reaches the value of strain energy per
unit volume at elastic limit in simple tension test.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
The maximum strain energy which can be stored by a body without undergoing permanent
deformation is called proof resilience.
Both are used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method. In h version, the order of
polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant and the numbers of elements are
increased. In p version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order of
polynomial approximation of element is increased.
11. What is the difference between static analysis and dynamic analysis?
Static analysis: The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as static
analysis.E.g.: stress analysis on a beam.
Dynamic analysis: The solution of the problem varies with time is known as dynamic
analysis.E.g.: vibration analysis problem.
13. What are natural coordinates?A natural coordinate system is used to define any point
inside the element by a set of dimensionless number whose magnitude never exceeds
unity. This system is very useful in assembling of stiffness matrices.
Three node triangular elements are known as constant strain triangular element. It has 6
unknown degrees of freedom called u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3. The element is called CST because
it has constant strain throughout it.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally expressed by the
following approximate relation:
Φ (x,y) = N1(x,y) Φ1+ N2(x,y) Φ2+N3(x,y) Φ3+N4(x,y) Φ4 where Φ1, Φ2, Φ3 and Φ4 are the
values of the field variables at the nodes and N1, N2, N3 and N4 are interpolation function.
N1, N2, N3, N4 are called shape functions because they are used to express the geometry or
shape of the element.
19. What are the difference between boundary value problem and initial value problem?
The solution of differential equation obtained for physical problems which satisfies some
specified conditions known as boundary conditions. If the solution of differential equation is
obtained together with initial conditions then it is known as initial value
problem. If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with boundary conditions
then it is known as boundary value problem.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than the number of nodes used
for defining the displacements is known as sub parametric element.
A material is isotropic if its mechanical and thermal properties are the same in all directions.
Isotropic materials can have homogeneous or non-homogeneous microscopic structures.
Orthotropic materials: A material is orthotropic if its mechanical or thermal properties are
unique and independent in three mutually perpendicular directions.
Discretization
Selection of the displacement models
Deriving element stiffness matrices
Assembly of overall equations/ matrices
Solution for unknown displacements
Computations for the strains/stresses
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
Marks
mance
Experiment No & Title of the
Perfor
Citize
nship
with Date
Signature
Viva-
Total
Allotm
voce
of Lab In
Full
Lab
Lab
Experiment
(Y)
(X)
charge
ent
Note: Lab citizenship covers Discipline, Punctuality, Lab Meeting Participation, Note book Record Keeping and
contribution in up keeping of the lab
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS LAB MANUAL
References:
[1]. Reh, S., Beley, J.-D., Mukherjee, S., & Khor, E. H. (2006). Probabilistic finite element analysis
using ANSYS. Structural Safety, 28(1–2), 17–43. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2005.03.010
[2]. ANSYS Inc. (2012). ANSYS Mechanical APDL Element Reference. ANSYS Manual,
15317(October), 1377–1390. http://doi.org/www.ansys.com
[3]. Votano, J., Parham, M., & Hall, L. (2004). The Finite Element Method and Applications in
Engineering Using ANSYS. Chemistry &
[4]. Rust, W., & Schweizerhof, K. (2003). Finite element limit load analysis of thin-walled
structures by ANSYS (implicit), LS-DYNA (explicit) and in combination. In Thin-Walled
Structures (Vol. 41, pp. 227–244). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8231(02)00089-7
[5]. Chen, X., & Liu, Y. (2014). Finite element modeling and simulation with Ansys Workbench.
CRC Press. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/Wy1hkX
[6]. Ansys Inc. (2013). ANSYS Fluent UDF Manual. Knowledge Creation Diffusion Utilization,
15317(November), 724–746. Retrieved from
http://www1.ansys.com/customer/content/documentation/121/fluent/flwb.pdf
[7]. Dill, E. H. (2012). The finite element method for mechanics of solids with ANSYS applications.
Advances in engineering series.
[8]. Lafortune, P., & Aris, R. (2012). Coupled electromechanical model of the heart: parallel finite
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28(1), 72–86. http://doi.org/10.1002/cnm
[9]. Terriault, P., Viens, F., & Brailovski, V. (2006). Non-isothermal finite element modeling of a
shape memory alloy actuator using ANSYS. Computational Materials Science, 36(4), 397–410.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2005.05.010
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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.018871
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[12]. Nelson, T., & Wang, E. (2004). Reliable FE-Modeling with ANSYS. International ANSYS
Conference, 1–22. Retrieved from
https://support.ansys.com/staticassets/ANSYS/staticassets/resourcelibrary/confpaper/2004-Int-
ANSYS-Conf-24.PDF
[13]. Antonova, E. E., & Looman, D. C. (2005). Finite elements for thermoelectric device analysis in
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(2006). Hyperelastic modeling of rubber in commercial finite element software (ANSYSTM).
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http://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2007.07.058
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[17]. Stolarski, T., Nakasone, Y., & Yoshimoto, S. (2006). Engineering Analysis with ANSYS
Software. Engineering Analysis with ANSYS Software. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-
6875-0.X5030-3
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Utilization, 15317(April), 724–746. Retrieved from
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Engineering, 211(2), 1–15. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15939417
[20]. Rajendran, S., & Song, D. Q. (1998). Finite Element Modelling of Delamination Buckling of
Composite Panel Using ANSYS. Materials Technology, 1–13.
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