Table A. Equivalent length, (L/D ) EQ of valves and pipe fittings.

No. Item name & type Condition (L/D) EQ No. Item name & type Condition (L/D) EQ

1 Globe valve 6 Butterfly valve Fully open 40

A Plug type seat Fully open 340
B No bevel w/pin guide Fully open 450 7 Cock valve
C Y patern 60 degrees Fully open 175 A Straight Fully open 18
D 45 degrees Fully open 145 B Three way, straight flow Fully open 44
C Three way, to branch Fully open 140
2 Angle valve
A Plug type seat Fully open 145 8 Elbow
B No bevel w/pin guide Fully open 200 A LR 90 degrees 20
B SR 90 degrees 30
3 Gate valve C SR 45 degrees 16
A Wedge, double, plug disc Fully open 13
B 1/2 open 260 9 Standard Tee
C 1/4 open 900 A Straight flow 20
B To branch 60
4 Check valve
A Swing 135 10 Street Elbow
B Clearway swing 50 A 90 deg. 50
C Globe, lift or step 340 B 45 deg. 26
D Angle, lift or step 145
E In line ball check valve 150 11 Single mitter bend
A 45 deg. 15
5 Foot valve B 90 deg. 58
A With strainner & poppet 420
B With leather hinged 75 12 Return bend 50

Table B. Flow Resistance, K for several geometries

Note : (D1/Do) 2 or (D2/Do) where D1 or D2 is smaller diameter and flow is referred to upstream
No. Item name & type Condition K No. Item name & type Condition K
2
(D1/Do) D2/Do

1 Reducer 0.1 0.37 Open end (to ambient or infinite end space)
0.5 0.22
0.9 0.02 7 Nozzle ( angle 7 - 15 deg.) 0.4 45
Do D1 0.6 8.5
2 Sudden contraction 0 0.5 0.8 2.5
0.5 0.25 Do D2
0.9 0.05 8 Sharp nozzle 0.2 70
0.5 10
3 Sudden enlargement 0 1 0.9 1
0.5 0.25
0.9 0.01 9 Mitter bend Lb/D
D1 Do 0 1.2
Lb
4 Orifice or perforated plate 0.2 50 2 0.4
0.5 3.9 6 0.47
0.9 0.15
Or separated sheet calculation
5 Infinite contraction 0 0.5

6 Infinite enlargement 0 1
 PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION SHEET
FOR GAS

Item Unit Qty. Piping system components

Number of piping system components
1 Gas data Valve & fittings
2 Gas name Air Item code no. (L/D)iEQ Qty.
3 Volume flow (m3/hr) m3/hr 120 340 A.1.A 340 1
4 Pressure kg/cm2A 5 0 A.1.B 450 0
5 Temperature C 40 0 A.1.C 175 0
6 K 313.16 0 A.1.D 145 0
7 Viscosity cP 0.02 0 A.2.A 145 0
8 MW 28.97 0 A.2.B 200 0
9 k 1.4 26 A.3.A 13 2
10 Pcr kg/cm2A 38.454 0 A.3.B 260 0
11 Tcr K 132.8 0 A.3.C 900 0
12 Pred 0.130 0 A.4.A 135 0
13 Tred 2.358 0 A.4.B 50 0
14 Z, from chart 1 0 A.4.C 340 0
15 R 0.29 0 A.4.D 145 0
16 Density kg/m3 5.46 0 A.4.E 150 0
17 0.9 a = 0.9 (1000.k.T.Z.R)0.5 m/s 319.2 0 A.5.A 420 0
18 Pipe data 0 A.5.B 75 0
19 Inside pipe diameter, D mm 52.48 0 A.6 40 0
20 Pipe length, L m 50 0 A.7.A 18 0
21 Inside surface roughness, mm 0.045 0 A.7.B 44 0
22 Material surface roughness data 0 A.7.C 140 0
23 Material (mm) 0 A.8.A 20 0
24 Drawn tube, glass, plastic 0.0015 - 0.0025 0 A.8.B 30 0
25 Forged, structural steel 0.025 0 A.8.C 16 0
26 Commercial steel 0.045 0 A.9.A 20 0
27 Galvanized iron 0.15 0 A.9.B 60 0
28 Cast iron 0.25 0 A.10.A 50 0
29 Concrete new smooth/coarse 0.025/0.25 0 A.10.B 26 0
30 Water mains, old 1 0 A.11.A 15 0
31 Sewer, old 3 0 A.11.B 58 0
32 0 A.12 50 0
33 Pressure drop calculation 0 Other 0 0
34 Pipe (L/D) 952.74 Total (L/D)EQ 366
35 Gas velocity in pipe, V m/s 15.408
36 Reynold no., Re 2.21E+08 Other restriction component
37 Relative roughness, /D 0.000857 Item code no. Ki Qty.
38 Friction factor, f 0.02 0 B.1 0 0
39 Pressure drop, PLOSS kg/cm2 0.316 0.5 B.2 0.5 1
40 Check gas velocity at valve/orifice 1 B.3 1 1
41 Globe vlv seat, full open m/s 40.2 20 B.4 20 1
42 OK 0 B.5 0 0
43 Gate, …….% open,(L/D)eq.&vel 260 35.1 0 B.6 0 0
44 OK 0 B.7 0 0
45 Orifice, K & vel. 20 68.91 0 B.8 0 0
46 OK 0 B.9 0 0
0.5
47 Note : Velocity at smallest area V1 = 0.9 a {f(L/D)} for 0 Other 0 0
0.5
48 valves and V1 = 0.9 a (K) for orifice Total flow resistance, K 21.5
49
 RESTRICTION ORIFICE DESIGN
FOR GAS

Item Unit Qty. Piping system components

Number of piping system components
1 Gas data Valve & fittings
2 Gas name CO2 Item code no. (L/D)iEQ Qty.
3 Volume flow (m3/hr) m3/hr 300 340 A.1.A 340 1
4 Pressure kg/cm2A 16 0 A.1.B 450 0
5 Design P kg/cm2 2 0 A.1.C 175 0
6 Temperature C 40 0 A.1.D 145 0
7 K 313.16 0 A.2.A 145 0
8 Viscosity cP 0.015 0 A.2.B 200 0
9 MW 44.01 26 A.3.A 13 2
10 k 1.3 0 A.3.B 260 0
11 Pcr kg/cm2A 74 0 A.3.C 900 0
12 Tcr K 304.4 0 A.4.A 135 0
13 Pred 0.216 0 A.4.B 50 0
14 Tred 1.029 0 A.4.C 340 0
15 Z, from chart 0.93 0 A.4.D 145 0
16 R 0.19 0 A.4.E 150 0
17 Density kg/m3 28.53 0 A.5.A 420 0
18 0.9 a = 0.9 (1000.k.T.Z.R)0.5 m/s 240.7 0 A.5.B 75 0
19 Pipe data 0 A.6 40 0
20 Inside pipe diameter, D mm 77.92 0 A.7.A 18 0
21 Pipe length, L m 65 0 A.7.B 44 0
22 Inside surface roughness, mm 0.045 0 A.7.C 140 0
23 Material surface roughness data 220 A.8.A 20 11
24 Material (mm) 0 A.8.B 30 0
25 Drawn tube, glass, plastic 0.0015 - 0.0025 0 A.8.C 16 0
26 Forged, structural steel 0.025 120 A.9.A 20 6
27 Commercial steel 0.045 0 A.9.B 60 0
28 Galvanized iron 0.15 0 A.10.A 50 0
29 Cast iron 0.25 0 A.10.B 26 0
30 Concrete new smooth/coarse 0.025/0.25 0 A.11.A 15 0
31 Water mains, old 1 0 A.11.B 58 0
32 Sewer, old 3 0 A.12 50 0
33 0 Other 0 0
34 Pressure drop calculation Total (L/D)EQ 706
35 Pipe (L/D) 834.19
36 Gas velocity in pipe, V m/s 17.473 Other restriction component
37 Reynold no. in pipe, Re 2.59E+09 Item code no. Ki Qty.
38 Relative roughness, /D 0.000578 0 B.1 0 0
39 Friction factor, f 0.0175 0.5 B.2 0.5 1
40 Pipe pressure drop, PLOSS kg/cm2 1.26 1 B.3 1 1
41 Orifice pres.drop, P ORI kg/cm2 0.74 0
42 PORI / Po 0.046 0 B.5 0 0
43 Trial diameter ratio, note 1) 0.615 0 B.6 0 0
44 Y, fig. 9 or note 2) 0.984 0 B.7 0 0
2
45 V1, (V/ ) m/s 46.20 0 B.8 0 0
46 Required C, eq. (20) 0.660 0 B.9 0 0
47 0 Other 0 0
48 Total flow resistance, K 1.5
49 Note : 1). Trial until value of C conform with C curve
50 of orifice in figure 6 or 8.
51 2). Y of flange taps orifice also can be calculated by :
49 Y = 1- ( 0.41+0.35 ).( P/Po)/ k
 RESTRICTION ORIFICE DESIGN
FOR GAS

Item Unit Qty. Piping system components

Number of piping system components
1 Gas data Valve & fittings
2 Gas name NH3 Item code no. (L/D)iEQ Qty.
3 Volume flow (m3/hr) m3/hr 100 340 A.1.A 340 1
4 Pressure kg/cm2A 16 0 A.1.B 450 0
5 Design P kg/cm2 2 0 A.1.C 175 0
6 Temperature C 40 0 A.1.D 145 0
7 K 313.16 0 A.2.A 145 0
8 Viscosity cP 0.015 0 A.2.B 200 0
9 MW 17.03 26 A.3.A 13 2
10 k 1.31 0 A.3.B 260 0
11 Pcr kg/cm2A 112.8 0 A.3.C 900 0
12 Tcr K 406.1 0 A.4.A 135 0
13 Pred 0.142 0 A.4.B 50 0
14 Tred 0.771 0 A.4.C 340 0
15 Z, from chart 0.86 0 A.4.D 145 0
16 R 0.49 0 A.4.E 150 0
17 Density kg/m3 11.94 0 A.5.A 420 0
18 0.9 a = 0.9 (1000.k.T.Z.R)0.5 m/s 373.5 0 A.5.B 75 0
19 Pipe data 0 A.6 40 0
20 Inside pipe diameter, D mm 77.92 0 A.7.A 18 0
21 Pipe length, L m 65 0 A.7.B 44 0
22 Inside surface roughness, mm 0.045 0 A.7.C 140 0
23 Material surface roughness data 220 A.8.A 20 11
24 Material (mm) 0 A.8.B 30 0
25 Drawn tube, glass, plastic 0.0015 - 0.0025 0 A.8.C 16 0
26 Forged, structural steel 0.025 120 A.9.A 20 6
27 Commercial steel 0.045 0 A.9.B 60 0
28 Galvanized iron 0.15 0 A.10.A 50 0
29 Cast iron 0.25 0 A.10.B 26 0
30 Concrete new smooth/coarse 0.025/0.25 0 A.11.A 15 0
31 Water mains, old 1 0 A.11.B 58 0
32 Sewer, old 3 0 A.12 50 0
33 0 Other 0 0
34 Pressure drop calculation Total (L/D)EQ 706
35 Pipe (L/D) 834.19
36 Gas velocity in pipe, V m/s 5.824 Other restriction component
37 Reynold no. in pipe, Re 3.61E+08 Item code no. Ki Qty.
38 Relative roughness, /D 0.000578 0 B.1 0 0
39 Friction factor, f 0.0175 0.5 B.2 0.5 1
40 Pipe pressure drop, PLOSS kg/cm2 0.06 1 B.3 1 1
41 Orifice pres.drop, P ORI kg/cm2 1.94 0
42 PORI / Po 0.121 0 B.5 0 0
43 Trial diameter ratio, 0.24 0 B.6 0 0
44 Y, fig. 9 0.962 0 B.7 0 0
2
45 V1, (V/ ) m/s 101.12 0 B.8 0 0
46 Required C, eq. (20) 0.589 0 B.9 0 0
47 0 Other 0 0
48 Total flow resistance, K 1.5
49 Note : Trial until value of C conform with C curve of
50 orifice in figure 6 or 8.
51
49