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    Lecture 30 Chloroform PDF

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    Rinette Visca
    Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3 that is a colorless, dense liquid with a sweet smell. It readily volatilizes from soil and water, degrading to produce hazardous gases. It was discovered in the 1830s by three researchers preparing it from acetone or ethanol with chlorine bleach. Around 1 million tons are annually produced as a precursor to refrigerants and plastics, though its use in refrigerants is being phased out. It is manufactured on an industrial scale by adding bleaching powder to acetone in a heated reactor. Chloroform poses health risks like liver damage if inhaled and was previously used as a surgical anesthetic but was abandoned and banned due to

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    Lecture 30 Chloroform PDF

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    Rinette Visca
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    Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3 that is a colorless, dense liquid with a sweet smell. It readily volatilizes from soil and water, degrading to produce hazardous gases. It was discovered in the 1830s by three researchers preparing it from acetone or ethanol with chlorine bleach. Around 1 million tons are annually produced as a precursor to refrigerants and plastics, though its use in refrigerants is being phased out. It is manufactured on an industrial scale by adding bleaching powder to acetone in a heated reactor. Chloroform poses health risks like liver damage if inhaled and was previously used as a surgical anesthetic but was abandoned and banned due to

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    Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3 that is a colorless, dense liquid with a sweet smell. It readily volatilizes from soil and water, degrading to produce hazardous gases. It was discovered in the 1830s by three researchers preparing it from acetone or ethanol with chlorine bleach. Around 1 million tons are annually produced as a precursor to refrigerants and plastics, though its use in refrigerants is being phased out. It is manufactured on an industrial scale by adding bleaching powder to acetone in a heated reactor. Chloroform poses health risks like liver damage if inhaled and was previously used as a surgical anesthetic but was abandoned and banned due to

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    140 views4 pages

    Lecture 30 Chloroform PDF

    Uploaded by

    Rinette Visca
    Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3 that is a colorless, dense liquid with a sweet smell. It readily volatilizes from soil and water, degrading to produce hazardous gases. It was discovered in the 1830s by three researchers preparing it from acetone or ethanol with chlorine bleach. Around 1 million tons are annually produced as a precursor to refrigerants and plastics, though its use in refrigerants is being phased out. It is manufactured on an industrial scale by adding bleaching powder to acetone in a heated reactor. Chloroform poses health risks like liver damage if inhaled and was previously used as a surgical anesthetic but was abandoned and banned due to

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    Module:5

    Dr. N. K. Patel
    Lecture:30Chloroform

    Module: 5
    Lecture: 30
    CHLOROFOrm

    INTRODUCTION

    Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl 3. It is a


    colourless, sweet-smelling dense liquid and it is a trihalomethane which is
    considered somewhat hazardous. It is one of the four chloromethanes.

    Chloroform readily volatilizes from soil and surface water, which then
    produced phosgene, dichloromethane, formyl chloride, carbon monoxide,
    carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride as undergoes degradation in air.

    Chloroform was discovered by three researchers independently of one


    another. The French chemist EugèneSoubeiran was reported chloroform in
    1831. It was prepared from acetone (2-propanone) as well as ethanol
    through the action of chlorine bleach powder (calcium hypochlorite).
    Chloroform was named and characterized in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas.
    Several million tons are produced annually as a precursor to PTFE and
    refrigerants, but its use for refrigerants is being phased out. Chloroform has a
    multitude of natural sources, both abiotic and biogenic. Greater than 90% of
    atmospheric chloroform is of natural origin.

    The American physician Samuel Guthrie prepared gallons of the


    material and described its "deliciousness of flavor." Independently, Justus von
    Liebig also described the same compound. All early preparations used
    variations of the haloform reaction.

    MANUFACTURE

    1. From acetone and bleaching powder

    Raw material

    Basis: 1000kg chloroform from acetone and bleaching powder (88%


    yield)
    Chlorine 1602kg

    NPTEL 1
    Module:5
    Dr. N. K. Patel
    Lecture:30Chloroform

    Methane (STP) 200kg

    Reaction

    Manufacture process

    Bleaching Cooler
    powder
    Acetone Water
    Chlrorform

    Water

    Water

    Reactor Sulfuric
    and Still acid Lime

    Acidifier Still

    Waste

    Spent
    Waste
    acid

    Figure: Manufacture of Chloroform from acetone and bleaching powder

    Block diagram of manufacturing process

    Diagram with process equipment

    Animation

    The bleaching powder containing about 34% available chlorine was


    slowly added in the ratio of about 0.161kg per kg of water to the cast-iron still,
    fitted with efficient agitation, cooling coils and heating coils. The suspension
    of bleaching powder in water was properly agitated.

    NPTEL 2
    Module:5
    Dr. N. K. Patel
    Lecture:30Chloroform

    Acetone (0.045kg of acetone per 0.45kg of bleaching powder) was


    slowly charged into the still and mixed with bleaching powder, where the
    temperature was maintained below 430C with the help of cooling coils and
    rate of addition. The pot temperature was increased upto 560C, after all the
    acetone has been added. Then gradually increasing the temperature to
    650C where all the chloroform formed was distilled out from the still. The
    chloroform vapour were passed through a cooler and collected in a tank
    fitted with an agitator. The crude material containing chloroform and water
    mixturewas purified by agitation with concentrated sulfuric acid in a weight
    ratio of about 0.9kg of crude chloroform (distillate) per 0.45kg of sulfuric acid.
    After 2 - 3hr agitation, the crude chloroform was decanted from the acid and
    charged to a still, where it was distilled over lime (calcium oxide).

    The purified chloroform having purity of 99% and was obtained in


    86 - 91% yield based on the acetone charged.

    Continuos process

    These processes may be run on a continuous basis and may use the
    mixture of acetone and acetaldehyde as the raw material. Industrial ethyl
    alcohol has been used to make chloroform and was the basis for the original
    bleaching powder process.

    2. From methane by chlorination

    As described in Module:5, Lecture:29

    Storage and handling

    All person should be instructed and supervised in appropriate method


    while handling chloroform to prevent the exposure. Proper supervision should
    be given while disposing this chemical. It should be stored and place in
    cooled in place. Dark green glass containers should be used for storage of
    this chemical. Bulk storage containers should be proper galvanized. The
    storage tanks should be equipped with vent dryer which is packed with
    calcium chloride. It can be transported via trucks, rail cars, ships and drums.

    Health and safety

    Due to inhalation of chloroform liver and kidney get damaged. This is

    NPTEL 3
    Module:5
    Dr. N. K. Patel
    Lecture:30Chloroform

    the principal hazard of chloroform. If the concentration of chloroform inhaled


    more it leads to unconsciousness and disturbance in equilibrium, upon
    coontct with skin it irritates to skin as well as affect the mucous membrane but
    still it is believed that medically significant quantity of chloroform are not
    affect through skin contact.

    Chloroform was first used as surgical anesthetic in the past years. But
    later it was abandoned as narcotic concentration always leads to death.
    Chloroform was also banned by FDA for use in various foods. Repeated
    contact with skin and clothes results into inflammation. In open flame, at
    elevated temperature, chloroform converts into the various product like
    phosgene, hydrogen chloride and chlorine etc.

    PROPERTIES

     Molecular formula : CHCl3


     Molecular weight : 119.38gm/mole
     Appearance : Colourless liquid
     Odour : Ethereal
     Boiling point : 61.20C
     Melting point : -63.50C
     Freezing point : -63.50C
     Density : 1.498gm/cm3 at 150C
     Vapour pressure : 100mm at 10.40C
     Solubility : Miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene,
    Petroleum ether, oils,carbon disulfide
    and carbon tetrachloride

    USES

     Chloroform is used in a manufacturing of the chlorodifluoromethane


    which is precursor to tetrafluoroethylene
     As solvent in dyes, pesticides and pharmaceutical, rubber industry
     Used to bond pieces of acrylic glass
     As a solvent for rubber, fats oils, alkaloids, waxes, gutta-percha, resins
     As cleansing agent and as a fire extinguishers to lower freezing
    temperature of carbon tetrachloride
     For anesthetic application

    NPTEL 4

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